ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
Appellate Court
In re Marriage of Tutor, 2011 IL App (2d) 100187
Appellate Court In re MARRIAGE OF TERRY TUTOR, Petitioner-Appellee, and
Caption BRIAN TUTOR, Respondent-Appellant.
District & No. Second District
Docket No. 2-10-0187
Filed August 26, 2011
Held The trial court properly awarded petitioner postjudgment interest on the
(Note: This syllabus amount respondent was ordered to pay her for her share of the marital
constitutes no part of estate, despite his bankruptcy and claims that the agreed bankruptcy
the opinion of the court order did not mention interest or that the interest was not dischargeable,
but has been prepared that the petition for interest was barred by res judicata, that he complied
by the Reporter of with the order for payments, and that laches applied.
Decisions for the
convenience of the
reader.)
Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of Kendall County, No. 01-D-132; the
Review Hon. Linda S. Abrahamson, Judge, presiding.
Judgment Affirmed.
Counsel on Stephen M. Cooper, Peter M. Storm, and Philip J. Piscopo, all of Cooper,
Appeal Storm & Piscopo, of Geneva, for appellant.
James A. Murphy, Grant S. Wegner, and R. Peter Grometer, all of
Mahoney, Silverman & Cross, LLC, of Joliet, for appellee.
Panel JUSTICE McLAREN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Presiding Justice Jorgensen and Justice Burke concurred in the judgment
and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Respondent, Brian Tutor, appeals an order awarding petitioner, Terry Tutor,
postjudgment interest for Brian’s failure to make timely payments he owed Terry for her
share of the parties’ marital estate. On appeal, Brian argues that (1) the trial court erred by
granting the petition for postjudgment interest, because the parties entered into a settlement
agreement that did not provide for interest on the marital property debt; (2) the trial court
violated the agreed bankruptcy order by imposing interest on a nondischarged debt; (3) the
trial court erred by failing to dismiss Terry’s petition for postjudgment interest because it
was barred by res judicata; (4) Brian was in full compliance with the agreed bankruptcy
order; and (5) Terry was guilty of laches by failing to file a petition for interest for more than
two years following the entry of the agreed bankruptcy order. We affirm.
¶2 I. FACTS
¶3 On June 23, 2004, after a bench trial, the trial court entered a judgment of dissolution of
marriage between the parties. Article 5.1C of the judgment provided:
“[Terry] shall receive a lump sum payment in the amount of $88,929.73 within 60 days
of the date of this order which represents her 65% share of the remaining marital estate
of $165,443.51 after $28,628.55 has been paid from the marital estate to pay off the
marital debts.”
Brian failed to pay Terry within 60 days of the date of the entry of the judgment of
dissolution of marriage.
¶4 On August 24, 2004, Brian filed for bankruptcy in the United States Bankruptcy Court
for the Northern District of Illinois. On January 5, 2005, Terry filed an adversary complaint
in bankruptcy court, asking the court to declare that Brian’s marital property debt owed to
Terry was nondischargeable.
¶5 On February 7, 2007, the bankruptcy court entered an agreed order stating that the
-2-
marital property debt was nondischargeable. The bankruptcy court then ordered that “the
Debtor, Brian Tutor, shall satisfy the debt due and owing to [Terry] as follows”:
(1) from February 15, 2007, through January 15, 2008, $300 per month, in addition
to maintenance;
(2) from February 15, 2008, $500 per month, until maintenance is terminated; and
(3) from the termination of maintenance until the marital property debt is paid in full,
$1,800 per month.
All monthly payments were due on or before the fifteenth of the month. The agreed
bankruptcy order also provided the following:
“In the event the Defendant, Brian Tutor fails to make any payment within 10 days of
the date any installment payment hereunder is due, the terms and provision of this order
providing for installment payments be and are hereby terminated instanter and Plaintiff,
Terry Tutor, upon notice, shall be entitled to appear before the Circuit Court of the
Sixteenth Judicial Circuit, Kendall County, Illinois to seek immediate enforcement of the
terms and provisions of Article 5.1C of the Judgment for Dissolution of Marriage.”
¶6 On April 24, 2007, the bankruptcy court entered a discharge order. On April 9, 2009,
Terry filed in the trial court a petition seeking postjudgment interest from the date of the
entry of the agreed bankruptcy order due to “delay in paying the judgment.” Brian filed a
motion to dismiss, arguing that Terry’s petition was barred by res judicata, accord and
satisfaction, the bankruptcy court’s discharge order, the agreed bankruptcy order, and laches.
The trial court denied Brian’s motion to dismiss.
¶7 On January 26, 2010, after hearing arguments of counsel, the trial court granted Terry’s
petition for postjudgment interest calculated pursuant to section 2-1303 of the Code of Civil
Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-1303 (West 2010)).
¶8 Brian filed this timely appeal.
¶9 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 10 We will not disturb a trial court’s award of postjudgment interest absent an abuse of
discretion. See In re Marriage of Polsky, 387 Ill. App. 3d 126, 141 (2008). A trial court
abuses its discretion where no reasonable person would take the view adopted by the trial
court. In re Marriage of O’Brien, 393 Ill. App. 3d 364, 382 (2009).
¶ 11 A. The Agreed Bankruptcy Order
¶ 12 On appeal, Brian first argues that the trial court erred by granting Terry’s petition for
postjudgment interest because nothing in the agreed bankruptcy order obligated Brian to pay
Terry interest on the marital property debt.
¶ 13 An agreed order is not a judicial determination of the parties’ rights; it is a recitation of
an agreement between the parties and is subject to the rules of contract interpretation.
Advance Iron Works, Inc. v. ECD Lincolnshire Theater, L.L.C., 339 Ill. App. 3d 882, 887
(2003). When construing a contract, the primary objective is to give effect to the intent of
the parties. Gallagher v. Lenart, 226 Ill. 2d 208, 232 (2007). The plain and ordinary meaning
-3-
of the language of the contract is the best indication of the intent of the parties. Gallagher,
226 Ill. 2d at 233. A court may not add to a contract terms that the parties have not expressly
included. Chatham Corp. v. Dann Insurance, 351 Ill. App. 3d 353, 359 (2004). Waiver is the
“intentional relinquishment of a known right” and must be explicit. Gallagher, 226 Ill. 2d
at 229.
¶ 14 In Borrowman v. Prastein, 356 Ill. App. 3d 546, 550 (2005), the appellate court held that
a contract’s silence on the issue of a workers’ compensation lien meant that the employer
chose to waive any such lien. In Harder v. Kelly, 369 Ill. App. 3d 937, 939 (2007), this court
disagreed with Borrowman. In Harder, the trial court ruled, based on Borrowman, that an
employer waived its workers’ compensation lien even though the settlement agreement was
silent regarding the issue. Harder, 369 Ill. App. 3d at 939. This court reversed the trial court,
reasoning:
“[W]e see no reason under the Act or general contract principles why an employer
should be required to include an affirmative reservation of rights in a settlement
agreement when there is nothing in the agreement otherwise suggestive of an intent to
waive the right to a lien ***.” Harder, 369 Ill. App. 3d at 943.
¶ 15 Further, in Gallagher, our supreme court held that, where a contract is silent regarding
waiver, an assumption of waiver contravenes the explicit-waiver rule. Gallagher, 226 Ill. 2d
at 238. The explicit-waiver rule provides that, where an important right is at issue, “an
explicit manifestation of intent is required before the right in question can be deemed
waived.” Gallagher, 226 Ill. 2d at 239.
¶ 16 In this case, the agreed bankruptcy order did not contain an explicit waiver of Terry’s
right to postjudgment interest. We see no reason under general contract principles why we
should impute to Terry an intent to waive her right, or a duty to affirmatively reserve her
right, to such postjudgment interest when the agreed bankruptcy order is silent regarding the
issue. Gallagher, 226 Ill. 2d at 238; see also Harder, 369 Ill. App. 3d at 942. Thus, the fact
that the agreed bankruptcy order is silent regarding the issue of interest does not establish
that the trial court abused its discretion by awarding interest.
¶ 17 Brian argues that this case is controlled by Solar v. Weinberg, 274 Ill. App. 3d 726
(1995). We disagree with Brian because, in Solar, the appellate court did not reach the issue
of whether a contract’s silence regarding interest precludes the award of such. Further, the
defendant in Solar did not breach the settlement agreement at issue, as Brian did in this case.
See Solar, 274 Ill. App. 3d at 732-33. Thus, Solar is not applicable to the case at bar.
¶ 18 Next, Brian argues that the agreed bankruptcy order’s terms and the amounts that it
required Brian to pay on the marital property debt reveal that the parties could not have
intended that he would have to pay interest. Brian cites to the following language contained
in the agreed bankruptcy order: “Debtor, Brian Tutor, shall satisfy the debt due and owing
to [Terry] as follows.” (Emphasis added.) Because the agreed bankruptcy order is silent
regarding the issue of interest, nothing indicates Terry’s intent to waive her right to such,
including the language cited by Brian. The language cited by Brian introduces the schedule
for payment and cannot reasonably be interpreted as a waiver of Terry’s right to interest.
¶ 19 B. Discharge Order
-4-
¶ 20 Next, Brian argues that nothing in the agreed bankruptcy order stated that interest on the
marital property debt was nondischargeable. Therefore, interest on the property debt was
discharged, like Brian’s other debt. This argument mistakenly assumes that the postjudgment
interest was a debt that existed prior to the entry of the discharge order. Because the
postjudgment interest debt did not exist until after the trial court ordered Brian to pay it on
January 26, 2010, it could not have been discharged by the bankruptcy court in its order on
April 24, 2007.
¶ 21 C. Res Judicata
¶ 22 Next, Brian argues that the trial court erred by failing to dismiss Terry’s petition for
postjudgment interest because it was barred by res judicata. “Three requirements must be
satisfied for res judicata to apply: (1) a final judgment on the merits has been rendered by
a court of competent jurisdiction; (2) an identity of cause of action exists; and (3) the parties
or their privies are identical in both actions.” Hudson v. City of Chicago, 228 Ill. 2d 462, 467
(2008).
¶ 23 In this case, the agreed bankruptcy order was not a final judgment on the merits. “A
judgment is deemed final, for purposes of res judicata, if it terminates litigation on the merits
so that the only issue remaining is proceeding with its execution.” SDS Partners, Inc. v.
Cramer, 305 Ill. App. 3d 893, 896 (1999). In this case, the agreed bankruptcy order did not
terminate the litigation; rather, it provided that, if Brian failed to comply, Terry had the right
to seek enforcement of the judgment of dissolution in the circuit court. Thus, the agreed
bankruptcy order did not resolve all of the issues.
¶ 24 Accordingly, Terry’s petition for postjudgment interest was not barred by res judicata.
¶ 25 D. Breach
¶ 26 Brian also argues that he was in full compliance with the agreed bankruptcy order. Brian
states, “the parties and trial court agree that [he] made his payments.” To support this
contention, Brian cites Terry’s petition for postjudgment interest and the trial court’s order
granting Terry’s petition. However, these documents do not support Brian’s statement. The
trial court’s order provides only that “both parties agree that Brian is current on his
payments.” (Emphasis added.) The fact that Brian was current on his payments does not
mean that he was in compliance with the agreed bankruptcy order, which required him to
make monthly payments of certain amounts. Further, Brian cites to nothing in the record to
support his claim that he was in compliance with the agreed bankruptcy order. In fact, Brian
failed to provide a complete record on appeal; most notably, he failed to include a transcript
of the hearing on the petition for postjudgment interest. “Any doubts which may arise from
the incompleteness of the record will be resolved against the appellant.” Foutch v. O’Bryant,
99 Ill. 2d 389, 392 (1984). Because the record is incomplete and Brian cites to nothing in the
record to support his argument, there is no basis to determine that he complied with the
agreed bankruptcy order. See Foutch, 99 Ill. 2d at 392.
¶ 27 Brian also cites to a chart attached to his reply brief to support his contention that he
made all his payments. Because this chart is attached to Brian’s brief on appeal and is not
-5-
contained in the record on appeal, we cannot consider it on review. See Lake v. State, 401
Ill. App. 3d 350, 352 (2010). Thus, Brian’s argument that he was in full compliance with the
agreed bankruptcy order fails.
¶ 28 E. Laches
¶ 29 Brian also argues that the trial court erred by awarding interest to Terry because the
award was barred by laches. Brian argues that Terry waited over two years after the agreed
bankruptcy order was entered before seeking interest on the marital property debt.
¶ 30 In order to prevail on the affirmative defense of laches, Brian was required to prove that:
(1) Terry lacked due diligence in bringing suit; and (2) this delay in bringing the suit resulted
in prejudice to Brian. See Lozman v. Putnam, 379 Ill. App. 3d 807, 822 (2008). A trial
court’s determination of whether laches bars a claim depends on the facts and circumstances
of each case. Lozman, 379 Ill. App. 3d at 822. We will not disturb a trial court’s
determination of laches unless it is clearly wrong and constitutes an abuse of discretion.
Lozman, 379 Ill. App. 3d at 822.
¶ 31 In this case, Brian claims that because Terry waited two years to file her petition, he now
has to pay $40,000 in interest until 2014. Brian fails to cite to any page in the record to
support his argument. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. Sept. 1, 2006) (providing that
appellate argument must include, inter alia, citation to pages of the record relied on). Thus,
this issue is forfeited. See Elder v. Bryant, 324 Ill. App. 3d 526, 533 (2001). Therefore, Brian
has failed to establish that Terry’s delay in filing the petition prejudiced him. Accordingly,
Brian has failed to establish that the award of interest was barred by laches.
¶ 32 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 33 For the reasons stated, the judgment of the circuit court of Kendall County is affirmed.
¶ 34 Affirmed.
-6-