FIFTH DIVISION
November 17, 2006
No. 1-05-1592
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County
)
v. )
)
ROBERT DELGADO, )
) Honorable
Defendant-Appellant. ) Robert M. Smierciak,
) Judge Presiding.
JUSTICE O’MARA FROSSARD delivered the opinion of the court:
Robert Delgado was convicted of aggravated criminal sexual abuse after a jury trial and
sentenced to four years in prison. Delgado raises four issues on appeal: The first two directly
challenge his conviction. Delgado argues the State failed to prove him guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt and the court failed to instruct the jury on the definition of “sexual conduct.”
Delgado’s final two arguments challenge the fines he was ordered to pay as part of his sentence.
BACKGROUND
Defendant was charged with criminal sexual assault, aggravated criminal sexual abuse,
criminal sexual abuse, and unlawful restraint. The State before trial entered a nolle prosequi on
all of the charges except criminal sexual assault and aggravated criminal sexual abuse. The jury
found defendant not guilty of criminal sexual assault, but guilty of aggravated criminal sexual
abuse.
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At trial, the State presented two witnesses to testify against defendant: the victim, Jeana
L., and Detective Michael Tardi. Jeana L. testified that in September 2002, when she was in
sixth grade, she began going to her mother’s car at night to use the CB radio. Jeana L. used the
handle “Sweetie,” and she often spoke to a man whose handle was “No. 1 Asshole.” Jeana L.
was 13 years old at the time, but when No. 1 Asshole asked her age, she lied and said she was 16.
Jeana L. testified that on the night of October 4, 2002, she spoke briefly to No. 1 Asshole,
then gave him her telephone number and asked him to call her in five minutes. Around 10 p.m.,
he called and they arranged to meet later that night at a public park a few blocks from Jeana L.’s
home. Jeana L. asked her mother if she could go out, but her mother said no. Contrary to her
mother’s wishes, Jeana L. left the house and went to the park around 11:30 p.m.
Shortly after she arrived, a man arrived on a bicycle. Jeana L. identified the man in court
as the defendant. The man asked if she was Jeana, she asked if he was No. 1 Asshole, and they
both said yes. Defendant asked Jeana L. whether she had a boyfriend and whether she was a
virgin, and Jeana L. answered yes to both questions. Defendant then asked Jeana L. if she
wanted to “do it,” which she understood to mean have sex, and she said no.
Defendant provided marijuana which they both shared. He began rubbing Jeana L.’s back
and kissing her neck, but she asked him to stop and he did. Jeana L. testified that she began to
feel uncomfortable and tried to leave, but defendant grabbed her arm and told her he was not
ready to leave yet. She sat down and they resumed talking for 10 to 20 minutes. Defendant
began rubbing Jeana L.’s back and kissing her neck again, and he asked her again if she wanted
to “do it.” Once again, she said no.
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At that point, Jeana L. testified, “somehow we ended up on the ground,” with defendant
on top of her. Jeana L. testified that defendant pinned her wrists above her head with one hand,
while using his other hand to unzip her jeans and pull them down. She also testified that he put
his other hand over her mouth. Defendant unzipped his pants, and inserted his penis into her
vagina. After 5 to 10 minutes, Jeana L. testified that she felt “something warm” on her stomach,
which defendant wiped off. She testified that she did not see defendant ejaculate, and she did not
see what he used to wipe her stomach.
On cross-examination, Jeana L. said she tried to scream but defendant’s hand was
covering her mouth. When asked how defendant could have pinned her arms above her head and
pulled down her pants, with his hand over her mouth, Jeana L. said he removed his hand from
her mouth to undress her for, “like, two seconds,” then put his hand back over her mouth.
After the incident, Jeana L. pulled up her pants, saw that it was 2 a.m. and left. When she
returned home, her mother was furious and told her that she had called the police and that they
had been to the home earlier. When the police officer returned later that night, Jeana L. told him
defendant did not touch her. Three days later, however, on October 8, 2002, Jeana L. told the
police and her mother that she had been raped.
The police asked Jeana L. to use the CB radio again to contact defendant, but he was
unavailable. Eventually she was successful in setting up the meeting. Jeana L. did not go to the
meeting, but the police did and arrested defendant. The following day she identified defendant in
a lineup.
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Jeana L. went to MacNeal Hospital on October 9, 2002, for a medical examination. She
testified that she waited nine hours but was not examined. She returned the following day and
was examined. Results of the examination were normal and neither confirmed nor excluded the
possibility that Jeana L. had been assaulted. Jeana L. had no bruises, marks or scratches on her
body after the incident and her clothes were not stained or torn.
Detective Tardi also testified for the State, and he confirmed Jeana L.’s account of their
attempts to contact defendant via the CB radio. On October 9, after Jeana L. had set up a
meeting, police saw a man riding a bicycle in the meeting area at the appointed time. The man,
identified in court as defendant, matched the description Jeana L. had earlier given to police.
Officers approached and arrested him.
The parties stipulated to the ages of Jeana L. (13) and Delgado (26) at the time of the
incident. The defense did not present any evidence at trial.
The jury found defendant not guilty of criminal sexual assault but guilty of aggravated
criminal sexual abuse. The trial court sentenced defendant to four years in prison, found he was
entitled to 363 days of sentencing credit, and assessed fines, costs and fees totaling $719.
ANALYSIS
I
Defendant’s first contention on appeal is that the State failed to prove him guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt because there was no physical evidence of any sexual conduct and the
complainant’s inconsistent and improbable testimony was overshadowed by her motive to lie.
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When reviewing a conviction to determine whether the prosecution has satisfied the
reasonable doubt standard, the court must determine “whether, after viewing the evidence in the
light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Emphasis omitted.) Jackson v. Virginia,
443 U.S. 307, 319, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560, 573, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2788-89 (1979). The Jackson standard
applies in all criminal cases, regardless of the nature of the evidence. People v. Pollock, 202 Ill.
2d 189, 217 (2002). “In conducting this inquiry, the reviewing court must not retry the
defendant.” People v. Cunningham, 212 Ill. 2d 274, 279 (2004). Rather, the reviewing court
must examine the record, keeping in mind that it was the trier of fact who saw and heard the
witness. Cunningham, 212 Ill. 2d at 280. Testimony may be found insufficient under the
Jackson standard only where it is clear from the record that no reasonable person could accept it
beyond a reasonable doubt. Cunningham, 212 Ill. 2d at 280.
Defendant relies on People v. Ford, 195 Ill. App. 3d 673, 675 (1990), for the proposition
that the testimony of a single witness is not sufficient to support a conviction if the testimony is
either vague or doubtful; however, Ford dealt narrowly with identification of an accused, not
with witness testimony generally. In People v. Smith, 185 Ill. 2d 532, 541 (1999), the court
recognized that the testimony of a single witness, if credible, is sufficient to convict. Moreover,
it is well settled that a lack of physical evidence does not establish that a sexual assault did not
occur. People v. Shum, 117 Ill. 2d 317, 356 (1987).
Where a conviction is based upon testimony that is “improbable, unconvincing and
contrary to human experience,” however, the conviction must be reversed. People v. Vasquez,
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233 Ill. App. 3d 517, 527 (1992). In Smith, the Illinois Supreme Court reversed a murder
conviction where the only witness to link the defendant to the crime was contradicted at trial by
other witnesses and was repeatedly impeached by inconsistent statements made five months
before trial. Smith, 185 Ill. 2d at 545.
In the instant case, there are several inconsistencies in the complainant’s testimony,
including her failure to recall how she and defendant ended up on the ground and her inability to
recall what the defendant used to wipe off her stomach. Defendant argues that the complainant
had a motive to lie, as she was no longer in trouble with her mother once she said that she had
been sexually assaulted. Defendant further claims that the lack of physical evidence raises a
reasonable doubt as to his guilt.
Inconsistencies in the complainant’s recollection of the incident – as well as her failure to
call for help – are not contrary to human experience. Jeana L. was a 13-year-old, 4-foot-9-inch
girl, whereas defendant was 26 years old and stood 5 feet 11 inches. The assault occurred late at
night in a deserted park and Jeana L. testified she was crying and scared. Although Jeana L.
testified on cross-examination that she was no longer in trouble when she told her mother she had
been raped, she also testified that, prior to telling her mother what had happened, she was scared:
“I was scared. Because I didn’t know what he was going to do. And, I didn’t know what my
mother was going to do, so I just kept quiet.” Thus, the delay by Jeana L. in reporting the
incident was explained by her fear that it would only aggravate her problems with her mother.
Finally, the lack of physical evidence is consistent with the fact that Jeana L. waited
several days before going to the hospital to have an examination. We are mindful that
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defendant’s conviction rested solely on the testimony of the complainant and her testimony was
inconsistent on some points. Viewed as a whole, however, her testimony was not so improbable,
unconvincing or contrary to human experience that we can say, as a matter of law, no reasonable
jury could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
II
In the alternative, defendant seeks a new trial. He contends the trial court, by not giving
any instruction defining “sexual conduct,” failed to properly instruct the jury on a key element of
the crime of aggravated criminal sexual abuse, thereby depriving defendant of a fair trial.
Whether the trial court failed to properly instruct the jury is a question of law subject to de novo
review. People v. Reddick, 123 Ill. 2d 184, 196-200 (1988). The State responds the defendant’s
claim is waived and contends omission of the jury instruction was not plain error because it did
not create a serious risk that jurors wrongly convicted the defendant.
“The purpose of jury instructions is to provide the jury with correct legal principals [to]
apply to the evidence, thus enabling the jury to reach a proper conclusion based on the applicable
law and the evidence presented.” People v. Jackson, 331 Ill. App. 3d 279, 290 (2002), citing
People v. Novak, 163 Ill. 2d 93, 115-16 (1994). In Illinois, the burden of preparing jury
instructions is primarily on the parties (People v. Underwood, 72 Ill. 2d 124, 129 (1978)), and the
failure to offer an instruction or an objection to an instruction at trial will usually waive the issue
on review (People v. Huckstead, 91 Ill. 2d 536, 543 (1982); 155 Ill. 2d R. 366). However, in a
criminal case the trial court is responsible for fully instructing the jury on the elements of the
offense, the burden of proof and the presumption of innocence. People v. Williams, 181 Ill. 2d
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297, 318 (1998). Where the instruction error was in a definition essential to the jury’s
assessment of the defendant’s guilt or innocence, however, it is reversible error, and the
defendant is entitled to a new trial. People v. Stromblad, 74 Ill. 2d 35, 41 (1978).
We are mindful that where a word or phrase is self-defining or commonly understood, the
trial court’s failure to define the term during jury instructions is not reversible error. See, e.g.,
People v. Edwards, 343 Ill. App. 3d 1168, 1180 (2003) (instruction was not necessary to define
“robbery”); People v. Manning, 334 Ill. App. 3d 882, 890 (2002) (no error where trial court did
not define “conceal”); People v. Bradley, 192 Ill. App. 3d 387, 393-94 (1989) (term “stolen
motor vehicle” was readily understood and not in need of further definition via instruction). But
“[w]henever Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal (4th ed. 2000) (IPI Criminal 4th),
contains an instruction applicable in a criminal case, giving due consideration to the facts and the
governing law, and the court determines that the jury should be instructed on the subject, the IPI
Criminal 4th instruction shall be used, unless the court determines that it does not accurately
state the law.” (Emphasis added.) Official Reports Advance Sheet No. 6 (March 15, 2006), R.
451(a), eff. July 1, 2006.
In the instant case, defendant was tried on one count of criminal sexual assault and one
count of aggravated criminal sexual abuse. Under Illinois law, a person can commit criminal
sexual assault and aggravated criminal sexual abuse in a variety of ways. The two propositions
of law which guide the instant case are as follows: First, an accused is guilty of criminal sexual
assault when he “commits an act of sexual penetration by the use of force or threat of force.”
(Emphasis added.) 720 ILCS 5/12-13(a)(1) (West 2004). Second, an accused is guilty of
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aggravated criminal sexual abuse when he “commits an act of sexual conduct with a victim who
was at least 13 years of age but under 17 years of age when the act was committed and the
accused used force or threat of force to commit the act.” 720 ILCS 5/12-16(c)(1)(ii) (West
2004).
The Illinois Criminal Code further defines “sexual conduct” as:
“[A]ny intentional or knowing touching or fondling by the
victim or the accused, either directly or through clothing, of the sex
organs, anus or breast of the victim or the accused, or any part of
the body of a child under 13 years of age, or any transfer or
transmission of semen by the accused upon any part of the clothed
or unclothed body of the victim, for the purpose of sexual
gratification or arousal of the victim or the accused.” 720 ILCS
5/12-12(e) (West 2004).
Although the jury was instructed on the definitions of criminal sexual assault and
aggravated criminal sexual abuse, it was not instructed on the legal definition of “sexual
conduct.” The defendant was charged with aggravated criminal sexual abuse as follows:
“Robert Delgado committed the offense of aggravated criminal
sexual abuse in that he, being at least 5 years older than Jeana L.,
committed an act of sexual conduct upon Jeana L., to wit: Robert
Delgado’s transmission of semen onto Jeane L.’s stomach, for the
purpose of sexual gratification or arousal of Robert Delgado, and
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Jeana L. was a person at least thirteen years of age but under
seventeen years of age when the act was committed in violation of
Chapter 720, Act 5, Section 12-16(d) of the Illinois [C]ompiled
Statutes 1992.”
As reflected by the language of the indictment, defendant was charged with sexual conduct
amounting to aggravated criminal sexual abuse based on the transmission of semen onto the
body of Jeana L. While that conduct is included in the Criminal Code’s definition of “sexual
conduct” under section 12-12(e) (720 ILCS 5/12-12(e) (West 2004)), it is not included in the
pattern instruction that defines “sexual conduct.” IPI Criminal 4th No. 11.65D states:
“The term ‘sexual conduct’ means any intentional or
knowing touching or fondling by [ (the victim) (the accused) ],
either directly or through the clothing, of [ (the sex organ) (anus)
(breast) ] of [ (the victim) (the accused) ] [any part of the body of a
child under 13 years of age], for the purpose of sexual gratification
or arousal of the victim or the accused.”
The pattern instruction fails to correctly state the law as applied to the facts of the instant
case in which the State charged defendant with committing an act of sexual conduct upon Jeana
L. by the transmission of semen onto Jeana L.’s stomach. We reject the State’s argument that the
term “sexual conduct” is self-defining. Rather, the error in the instruction went to a fundamental
issue that prevented the jury from properly determining if the defendant was guilty of the crime
charged. This jury did not receive a definition of a critical element of the offense. See
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Stromblad, 74 Ill. 2d at 41 (finding reversible error for failure to properly define “obscenity” in
jury instructions).
The Illinois Supreme Court has recognized that “sexual conduct” is a specific type of
conduct different from “sexual penetration,” which requires contact between one person’s sex
organ and another person’s sex organ, mouth, or anus. People v. Novak, 163 Ill. 2d 93, 115
(1994). “Sexual conduct” as defined by the Criminal Code (720 ILCS 5/12-12(e) (West 2004))
requires the touching or fondling of specific parts of the body or the transfer of semen onto
another person’s body. We note the authors of the pattern instructions decided to include the
definition of “sexual conduct” in the instructions. Although the definition is incomplete, that
choice further undermines the State’s argument that the term is self-defining and demonstrates
recognition of the need to define “sexual conduct.”
In the instant case, the jury, without a definition of “sexual conduct,” was not properly
informed as to what under the law constituted sexual conduct. The jury could have interpreted
“sexual conduct” to include any conduct that was sexual in nature. However, as previously
noted, the crime of aggravated criminal sexual abuse occurs when a person commits an act of
sexual conduct, which, under the Criminal Code, requires the touching or fondling of specific
parts of the body or the transfer of semen onto another person’s body. 720 ILCS 5/12-12(e)
(West 2004).
We further reject the State’s harmless error argument. “Jury instructions will not amount
to harmless error if they incorrectly advise the jury as to an essential element of the crime.”
People v. Smith, 295 Ill. App. 3d 405, 411 (1998), citing Stromblad, 74 Ill. 2d at 41. “Sexual
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conduct” is an essential element of the crime of aggravated criminal sexual abuse. Upon retrial,
based on the factual context of the instant case and consistent with the Criminal Code definition
of sexual conduct, the jury should receive an instruction defining sexual conduct as follows:
“The term ‘sexual conduct’ means any intentional or
knowing touching or fondling by [ (the victim) (the accused) ],
either directly or through the clothing, of [(the sex organ) (anus)
(breast) ] of [ (the victim) (the accused) ] [any part of the body of a
child under 13 years of age], or any transfer or transmission of
semen by the accused upon any part of the clothed or unclothed
body of the victim, for the purpose of sexual gratification or
arousal of the victim or the accused.”
That instruction more completely and accurately reflects “sexual conduct” as defined under
Illinois law by section 12-12(e) (720 ILCS 5/12-12(e) (West 2004)).
III
Defendant’s third contention on appeal is that he is entitled to a $5-per-day credit against
his fines for the time he spent in custody awaiting trial. Although the legislature amended the
statute that provides for the $5-per-day credit prior to defendant’s sentencing, defendant argues
that he can elect to be sentenced under either the law in effect on the date of the offense or the
law in effect on the date of sentencing.
Under Illinois law, “[a]ny person incarcerated on a bailable offense *** and against
whom a fine is levied on conviction of such offense shall be allowed a credit of $ 5 for each day
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so incarcerated ***. However, in no case shall the amount so allowed or credited exceed the
amount of the fine.” 725 ILCS 5/110-14(a) (West 2004). Subsection (b), which became
effective July 9, 2004, provides that the $5-per-day credit is not available to a defendant who is
incarcerated for sexual assault, as that term is defined in section 5-9-1.7 of the Unified Code of
Corrections (730 ILCS 5/5-9-1.7 (West 2004)). Section 5-9-1.7 defines “sexual assault” broadly
to include, inter alia, aggravated criminal sexual abuse. 730 ILCS 5/5-9-1.7 (West 2004).
We recognize that “where a defendant has been charged with an offense which was
amended subsequent to the commission of the offense, but prior to sentencing, he may elect to be
sentenced under the law in effect at the time of the offense or the law in effect at the time of the
sentencing.” People v. Sias, 91 Ill. App. 3d 1095, 1101 (1980).
In the instant case, the law in effect on the date of the offense provided that defendant was
entitled to a $5-per-day credit against any fines assessed upon conviction for the offense.
Defendant ultimately spent 363 days incarcerated while awaiting trial. Under the law in effect on
the date of the offense the defendant is entitled to credit up to $1,815 toward any fine assessed,
provided that the credit does not exceed the fine. Defendant was fined a total of $719,
accordingly, he is entitled to credit for the entire sum.
IV
Finally, defendant claims the trial court erred when it imposed a $20 penalty for the
Violent Crime Victims Assistance Fund and asks this court to vacate the penalty. The State
agrees that the fine was improperly imposed. Accordingly, the $20 penalty is vacated.
CONCLUSION
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For the reasons previously discussed, we order defendant’s mittimus be amended to
reflect a $5-per-day credit against his fines. We further order defendant’s mittimus to be
amended to vacate the $20 fine to the Violent Crime Victims Assistance Fund. We reverse
defendant’s conviction for aggravated criminal sexual abuse. We remand for retrial consistent
with this opinion. There is no double jeopardy problem because the record reflects sufficient
evidence proving defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. People v. Taylor, 76 Ill. 2d 289,
309 (1979).
Reversed and remanded.
O’BRIEN, P.J., and TULLY, J., concur.
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People v. Delgado
Combined Opinion