THIRD DIVISION
November 1, 2006
No. 1-05-3861
AGATA TKACZ, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellant, ) Cook County
)
)
v.
)
)
FRED S. WEINER, d/b/a Lifetimes Smiles, also d/b/a ) No. 04 L 13861
Associates for Implant and Cosmetic Dentistry and )
Associates for Implant, Cosmetic and Family )
Dentistry; LIFETIME SMILES, P.C., an Illinois )
Corporation; and LIFETIME SMILES DENTISTRY, )
P.C., an Illinois Corporation, ) Honorable
) Michael J. Hogan
Defendants-Appellees. ) Judge Presiding.
)
)
JUSTICE KARNEZIS delivered the opinion of the court:
Plaintiff Agata Tkacz filed a two-count complaint against defendants Fred S.
Weiner, d/b/a Lifetimes Smiles, also d/b/a Associates for Implant & Cosmetic Dentistry
and Associates for Implant, Cosmetic & Family Dentistry; Lifetime Smiles; and Lifetime
1-05-3861
Smiles Dentistry for professional negligence (count I) and violation of the Illinois
Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act (the Act) (815 ILCS 505/1 et
seq. (West 2004)) (count II). The trial court granted defendant=s motion under section
2-619 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-619 (West 2004)) to dismiss count II
and plaintiff appealed. For the following reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial
court.
BACKGROUND
Plaintiff filed a two-count complaint against defendants on December 13, 2004.
Count I of the complaint alleged a claim for professional negligence against defendants,
in that they failed to exercise the normal and customary care commonly exercised by
other dentists while rendering treatment to plaintiff. Count II sought damages against
defendants for violations of the Act (815 ILCS 505/1 et seq. (West 2004)). Count II
incorporated by reference the allegations in count I and further alleged that defendants
knowingly and deliberately engaged in a pattern and practice of falsely informing
patients of their dental needs in order to improperly increase charges and billed patients
for work never performed. Specifically, count II alleged that defendants violated the Act
in one or more of the following respects: A(1) engaging in a pattern and practice of
advising patients that they needed extensive dental care which they did not need in
order to improperly increase their fees, billing and charges; [and] (2) obtaining payment
for the extensive work which they represented was necessary and either not performing
the requisite care at all or performing it in a slovenly or substandard manner.@
Defendants filed a section 2-619 (735 ILCS 5/2-619 (West 2004)) motion to
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dismiss count II of plaintiff=s complaint wherein defendants argued that the Act did not
apply to plaintiff=s allegations of professional negligence because dental services do not
fall within the meaning of Atrade or commerce@ as defined by the Act. The trial court
granted defendants= motion to dismiss count II and included Supreme Court Rule
304(a) (134 Ill. 2d R. 304(a)) language that there was no just reason to delay
enforcement or appeal from the dismissal of count II. This appeal followed.
ANALYSIS
A section 2-619(a)(9) motion to dismiss allows for dismissal of a cause of action
when "the claim asserted against defendant is barred by other affirmative matter
avoiding the legal effect of or defeating the claim." 735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(9) (West 2004).
The term "affirmative matter" as used in section 2-619(a)(9) has been defined as "a
type of defense that either negates an alleged cause of action completely or refutes
crucial conclusions of law or conclusions of material fact unsupported by allegations of
specific fact contained in or inferred from the complaint." Consumer Electric Co. v.
Cobelcomex, Inc., 149 Ill. App. 3d 699, 703 (1986). On appeal, the question that must
be answered is " > whether the existence of a genuine issue of material fact should have
precluded the dismissal or, absent such an issue of fact, whether dismissal is proper as
a matter of law.' " Zedella v. Gibson, 165 Ill. 2d 181, 185-86 (1995), quoting Kedzie &
103rd Currency Exchange, Inc. v. Hodge, 156 Ill. 2d 112, 116-17 (1993). When
deciding a section 2-619 motion, the court takes all well-pleaded facts in the complaint
as true. Sadler v. Creekmur, 354 Ill. App. 3d 1029, 1039 (2004). We review the
granting of a section 2-619 motion to dismiss de novo. Neppl v. Murphy, 316 Ill. App.
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3d 581, 583 (2000).
Plaintiff contends count II of his complaint established a cause of action under
the Act. The relevant portion of the Act provides:
"[U]nfair or deceptive acts or practices, including but not limited
to the use or employment of any deception, fraud, false pretense, false
promise, misrepresentation or the concealment, suppression or omission
of any material fact, with intent that others rely upon the concealment,
suppression or omission of such material fact, or the use or employment
of any practice described in Section 2 of the 'Uniform Deceptive Trade
Practices Act' * * * in the conduct of any trade or commerce are hereby
declared unlawful whether any person has in fact been misled, deceived
or damaged thereby." 815 ILCS 505/2 (West 2004).
In short, to establish a claim under the Act, a plaintiff must prove: (1) a deceptive act or
practice by the defendant; (2) the defendant's intent that plaintiff rely on the act or
practice; and (3) the occurrence of the deception in the course of conduct involving
trade or commerce. Zekman v. Direct American Marketers, Inc., 182 Ill. 2d 359, 373
(1998).
As previously stated, the trial court granted defendants= section 2-619 motion to
dismiss Count II on the ground that plaintiff failed to state a cause of action because
Athe Consumer Fraud Act is not applied to the practices of medicine, dentistry or law as
they are not ordinary commercial enterprises.@ Plaintiff now argues (1) the practice of
dentistry is a Atrade or commerce@ so as to fall under the ambit of the Act; and (2) the
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term Atrade or commerce@ is broad enough to include the business aspects of dentistry.
We will discuss each issue in turn.
The Act defines Atrade and commerce@ as Athe advertising, offering for sale, sale,
or distribution of any services and any property, tangible or intangible, real, personal or
mixed, and any other article, commodity, or thing of value wherever situated, and shall
include any trade or commerce directly or indirectly affecting the people of this State.@
815 ILCS 505/1(f) (West 2004).
Illinois courts have previously interpreted the term Atrade or commerce@ as
defined by the Act to exclude medical, dental and legal services. In Frahm v. Urkovich,
113 Ill. App. 3d 580 (1983), an attorney who represented clients in a real estate
transaction was sued under the Act for misrepresenting certain material facts. This
court upheld the dismissal of the claim, finding that the practice of law was distinctly
different from ordinary commercial practices to be covered under the Act. In Feldstein
v. Guinan, 148 Ill. App. 3d 610 (1986), a hospital refused to renew a physician=s
residency contract for the year following his initial contract. The physician brought suit
against the hospital under the Act. Citing Frahm, this court held that the practice of
medicine was not an ordinary commercial enterprise and therefore the Act did not apply
to the practice of medicine. Most recently in Baksh v. Human Rights Commission, 304
Ill. App. 3d 995 (1999), this court was faced with the issue of whether a dental office
could constitute a Aplace of public accommodation@ or Abusiness@ under the Human
Rights Act (775 ILCS 5/1-101 et seq. (West 1996)). In resolving this issue, this court
looked to the Consumer Fraud Act for guidance, as both acts are remedial in nature.
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Believing the word Abusiness@ as defined by the Human Rights Act and the term Atrade
or commerce@ as defined by the Consumer Fraud Act to be synonymous, the court
looked to previous Illinois court decisions interpreting the definition of Atrade or
commerce@ under the Consumer Fraud Act. Relying on Frahm and Feldstein, the
Baksh court held that a dentist=s office was not a Abusiness@ as contemplated by the
Human Rights Act given that Illinois courts had previously interpreted the term Atrade or
commerce@ under the Consumer Fraud Act to exclude medical, legal and dental
services. Baksh, 304 Ill. App. 3d at 1005.
We consider the aforementioned decisions to be instructive. Consequently, we
reject plaintiff=s claim that the practice of dentistry is a Atrade or commerce@ so as to fall
under the ambit of the Act.
Plaintiff=s next argument is that the allegations contained in count II establish
violations of the Act with respect to the business aspects of defendants= dental practice.
As previously stated, Count II of plaintiff=s complaint alleged that defendants engaged
in professional negligence, violated the Act by advising patients that they needed dental
work, when they did not, in order to increase their fees, and violated the Act by
obtaining payment for work that was not performed or was performed in a substandard
manner.
Distinctions have been made between the Aactual practice@ of medicine and law
and the Abusiness aspects@ of medicine and law. As previously discussed, the Frahm
court found that if a lawyer=s activities constitute the actual Apractice of law@ those
actions are exempt under the Act. In reaching this conclusion, the Frahm court
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distinguished between the nonbusiness aspects and the business aspects of the
practice of law and found that the misrepresentations made by the attorney occurred
during defendant attorney=s Aactual practice of law.@ Frahm, 113 Ill. App. 3d at 583-84.
In Gadson v. Newman, 807 F.Supp. 1412 (C.D. Ill., 1992), the issue before the court
was whether a business arrangement between a hospital and a psychiatric clinic
constituted Atrade or commerce@ under the Act. In resolving the issue before it, the
court recognized the crucial distinction between the Abusiness aspects@ of medicine and
the Aactual practice of medicine@ and looked to Frahm for guidance. Because the
Frahm court never defined the phrase Aactual practice of law,@ the Gadson court:
Aassum[ed] that the determination of a minimum fee schedule for
attorneys is not the >practice of law,= but instead is a >business aspect= of law,
subject to regulation. We further interpret Frahm to mean that the >practice of
law= exception includes activities directly related to the lawyer=s professional
training or where the lawyer is already subject to regulation from his or her
professional organizations.@ Gadson, 807 F.Supp at 1417.
The Gadson court found that, consistent with its interpretation of the language
employed in Frahm, the Act is not broad enough to allow the imposition of statutory
liability for misconduct that amounts to professional malpractice, as professional
malpractice is Aan area fundamentally related to an attorney=s or physician=s
professional training and regulation.@ Gadson, 807 F.Supp at 1417. The court noted
that unlike the conduct in Frahm which was subject to extensive professional regulation,
a contract for medical services between a hospital and a medical clinic was an ordinary
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commercial contract not involving the actual practice of medicine and was, therefore,
not subject to professional regulation. The court concluded that there was no reason
that contracts of this kind should be distinguished from ordinary commercial contracts
regulated by the Act. Gadson, 807 F.Supp at 1417-18.
Unlike Gadson, the case at bar involves professional negligence. Although
plaintiff pled a violation of the Act in count II of his complaint, plaintiff=s allegations in
count II are a mere reiteration of his allegations for professional negligence, that
defendants failed to exercise the normal and customary care commonly exercised by
other dentists while rendering treatment to plaintiff. Following the reasoning in
Gadson, we fail to see how the conduct plaintiff complains of falls under the ambit of the
Act. Plaintiff=s allegations clearly fall within defendants= Aactual practice of dentistry@ as
the allegations specifically attack defendants= skills and decision making as related to
defendants= professional training. Furthermore, despite plaintiff=s claims to the contrary,
the practice of dentistry is highly regulated by the Department of Financial and
Professional Responsibility.
For the aforementioned reasons, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Affirmed.
THEIS, P.J., concurs.
GREIMAN, J., specially concurrs.
JUSTICE GREIMAN, specially concurring:
Although I agree that our case law dictates the result reached by the majority, I
write separately to express my displeasure with the law as it stands on this issue in
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Illinois. In my view, doctors, dentists and lawyers are no different from other business
people. They are part of the stream of commerce and are engaged in the sale of
services. Moreover, the plain language of the Act provides that it applies to those
involved in trade or commerce and does not specifically except from its ambit the
medical, dental and legal professions.
The fact that the legal and medical professions are controlled to a degree by
state regulations is of little significance. For example, a plumber, who must be
accredited by the state, in order to increase her profits, could conceivably be held liable
under the Act if she were to advise a client that certain plumbing work was necessary
when in fact it was not. Much like that plumber, here defendants, in order to increase
their profits, allegedly advised plaintiff to have unnecessary dental work performed and
performed that unnecessary dental work.
As the Gadson court points out, A[u]nlike Illinois caselaw (Frahm and Feldstein)
which recognize an exception to the Illinois Consumer Fraud Act for the practice of law
or medicine, the [Federal Trade Commission and the Federal Trade Commission Act]
regulate[] both professions.@ Gadson, 807 F. Supp. at 1418. I believe this is the better
approach.
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