ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
Appellate Court
People v. Roberts, 2013 IL App (2d) 110524
Appellate Court THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption BRETT A. ROBERTS, Defendant-Appellant.
District & No. Second District
Docket No. 2-11-0524
Filed January 14, 2013
Held Defendant’s conviction for residential burglary based on entering a vacant
(Note: This syllabus house and cutting out copper pipes was reduced to simple burglary, since
constitutes no part of the owners had listed the house for sale, they had left the state and did not
the opinion of the court intend to continue to occupy the house, and no one else intended to
but has been prepared occupy the house within a reasonable time.
by the Reporter of
Decisions for the
convenience of the
reader.)
Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of McHenry County, No. 10-CF-887; the
Review Hon. Joseph P. Condon, Judge, presiding.
Judgment Judgment modified; cause remanded.
Counsel on Brett A. Roberts, of Vienna, appellant pro se.
Appeal
Louis A. Bianchi, State’s Attorney, of Woodstock (Lawrence M. Bauer
and Jay Paul Hoffmann, both of State’s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor’s
Office, of counsel), for the People.
Panel JUSTICE SPENCE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Zenoff and Jorgensen concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Following a jury trial in the circuit court of McHenry County, defendant, Brett A.
Roberts, was found guilty of residential burglary (720 ILCS 5/19-3(a) (West 2010)) and was
sentenced to a 10-year prison term. Defendant argues on appeal that he is guilty only of
burglary, not residential burglary. At issue is whether a vacant house is a “dwelling” within
the meaning of the residential burglary statute, where the owners had placed the property for
sale but had secured no purchaser and had moved out of the state with no plans to return to
the house. We hold that such a house is not a dwelling in the pertinent sense and we therefore
reduce defendant’s conviction to burglary.
¶2 The vacant house in question is located in Woodstock. At trial, Tom Krebsbach, a realtor,
testified that, on May 11, 2010, he went to check on the house. The owners, John and Inara
Howard, had moved to North Carolina and did not plan to resume occupancy of the house.
When Krebsbach arrived, he encountered two men and a woman who indicated that they
were waiting for their realtor to show them the house. Krebsbach entered the house and
discovered a pile of copper pipe and a hacksaw that had not been there when he last visited
the property. When Krebsbach walked out of the house, the three people he had encountered
were gone. The State presented evidence that the piping had apparently been removed from
the ceiling and detached from the home’s well, the water heater, and the water softener.
Defendant’s fingerprints were found on pipes. The State also presented evidence that, a week
later, defendant sold copper tubing to a scrap metal recycler.
¶3 Section 19-3(a) of the Criminal Code of 1961 (Code) (720 ILCS 5/19-3(a) (West 2010))
provides, in pertinent part, that “[a] person commits residential burglary who knowingly and
without authority enters or knowingly and without authority remains within the dwelling
place of another, or any part thereof, with the intent to commit therein a felony or theft.”
There is no dispute that the State proved that defendant knowingly entered the Howards’
house in Woodstock and that he did so with the intent to commit a theft. As noted, the issue
on appeal is whether the house was a “dwelling” when defendant entered it. Section 2-6 of
the Code (720 ILCS 5/2-6 (West 2010)) provides:
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“(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) of this Section, ‘dwelling’ means a
building or portion thereof, a tent, a vehicle, or other enclosed space which is used or
intended for use as a human habitation, home or residence.
(b) For the purposes of Section 19-3 of this Code, ‘dwelling’ means a house,
apartment, mobile home, trailer, or other living quarters in which at the time of the
alleged offense the owners or occupants actually reside or in their absence intend within
a reasonable period of time to reside.”
¶4 The question presented is one of statutory interpretation, requiring us to ascertain and
give effect to the legislature’s intent. People v. Diggins, 235 Ill. 2d 48, 54 (2009). “The best
indicator of the legislature’s intent is the language of the statute, which must be accorded its
plain and ordinary meaning,” and “[w]here the language of the statute is clear and
unambiguous, this court will apply the statute as written without resort to aids of statutory
construction.” Id. at 54-55. Our review is de novo. Id. at 54.
¶5 Because defendant was prosecuted under section 19-3 of the Code (720 ILCS 5/19-3
(West 2010)), subsection (b) of section 2-6 of the Code provides the applicable definition of
“dwelling.” A house is a “dwelling” if it is one “in which at the time of the alleged offense
the owners or occupants actually reside or in their absence intend within a reasonable period
of time to reside.” 720 ILCS 5/2-6(b) (West 2010). This language is clear and unambiguous.
For a house to qualify as a dwelling, the owners or occupants must reside in the house at the
time of the offense or must intend to do so within a reasonable time. Here, it is undisputed
that the owners of the house neither resided there nor intended to do so in the future. The
house was unoccupied and no specific individuals intended to reside there. The State’s
position, in essence, is that, because the house was for sale, the owners intended that an
eventual purchaser would reside there. That does not make the house a dwelling, however.
The plain language of the statute specifically requires that the owners or occupants intend
to reside in a house (or apartment, etc.) for it to be a dwelling. There is simply no language
indicating that an owner’s intent that some unidentified person reside in the premises at some
unknown date in the future is sufficient to confer the status of “dwelling” for purposes of the
residential burglary statute.
¶6 In order to reach the result the State advocates, it would be necessary to add language to
the statute, expanding the definition of “dwelling” to include houses or other buildings that
may have occupants at some unspecified date in the future. This we will not do. It is well
established that “ ‘[a] court is not free to rewrite legislation, or to ignore an express
requirement contained in a statute.’ ” People v. Wooddell, 219 Ill. 2d 166, 173 (2006)
(quoting People v. Palmer, 148 Ill. 2d 70, 88 (1992)). Furthermore, because the definition
of “dwelling” is part of a penal statute, “it must be strictly construed in favor of the accused,
and nothing should be taken by intendment or implication beyond the obvious or literal
meaning of the statute.” People v. Laubscher, 183 Ill. 2d 330, 337 (1998).
¶7 Applying the definition of “dwelling” as written, a finding that the Howards’
house–which was vacant when defendant entered it–was a dwelling requires an affirmative
answer to one of the following two questions:
1. Did the owners intend within a reasonable period of time to reside in the house?
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2. Did any occupants intend within a reasonable period of time to reside in the house?
The answer to both questions is no. The testimony establishes that the owners had moved out
of the state and had no plans to return. Moreover, there were no other occupants who could
form an intent to take up residence. That a future purchaser of the house might form such an
intent is of no moment inasmuch as the statutory definition of “dwelling” focuses on the
intent of the owners or occupants “at the time of the alleged offense.” 720 ILCS 5/2-6(b)
(West 2010). It has been observed that the residential burglary statute is “aimed specifically
at protecting the privacy and sanctity of the home.” People v. Edgeston, 243 Ill. App. 3d 1,
10 (1993) (citing People v. Bales, 108 Ill. 2d 182, 193 (1985)). There can be no violation of
the privacy and sanctity of the home when there is no one who considers the premises in
question to be his or her home (or future home).
¶8 We recognize that the State’s position is not without support in the case law. In People
v. Silva, 256 Ill. App. 3d 414 (1993), the First District affirmed the residential burglary
conviction of a defendant who stole property from a basement apartment and first-floor
apartment–both of which were vacant–in a two-flat apartment building. The owner of the
building lived in the second-floor apartment. The Silva court relied on the facts that the
burglarized unit was part of the same building in which the owner resided and that the owner
used the space for storage. In that respect, the Silva court reasoned that the burglarized unit
was comparable to a closet. Id. at 420. Although those facts clearly distinguish Silva from
the case before us, the Silva court also reasoned that the trial court could find that vacant
apartments were dwellings by inferring that the owner “intended either to live in the
unoccupied space or to rent the space to a tenant.” Id. The Silva court appears to have relied
on People v. Suane, 164 Ill. App. 3d 997 (1987), a case that involved a definition of dwelling
essentially identical to the one presently set forth in section 2-6(a) of the Code. See Ill. Rev.
Stat. 1985, ch. 38, ¶ 2-6. Thus, when Suane was decided, the applicable definition of
“dwelling” merely required proof that the burglarized premises were “used or intended for
use as a *** residence.” Id. Unlike section 2-6(b), the statute at issue in Suane did not specify
that there must be an intent on the part of an owner or occupant to reside in the premises
himself or herself. In light of the enactment of section 2-6(b), the results in Suane and Silva
can no longer be justified on the theory that unoccupied residential property is or will be
available to an as-of-yet unidentified purchaser or tenant, and for that reason we decline to
follow those cases.
¶9 The State has cited a number of other cases in which an unoccupied residence qualified
as a dwelling. However, in all but one the offense occurred when the owner or some other
person intended to take up residence in the future. See People v. McGee, 398 Ill. App. 3d 789
(2010) (house vacated because of fire damage was a dwelling because, at the time of the
offense, the owner’s daughter was planning to move back to the house); People v. Torres,
327 Ill. App. 3d 1106 (2002) (mobile home vacated because of fire damage was a dwelling
because, at the time of the offense, owners believed damage could be repaired and intended
to return when that occurred); People v. Walker, 212 Ill. App. 3d 410 (1991) (where owner
of house, who was being cared for in a nursing home, intended to return to the house, it was
a dwelling even though the owner’s intent to return may not have been realistic); People v.
Moore, 206 Ill. App. 3d 769 (1990) (where occupant intended to, and did, return to house
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that was burglarized while he was in Mississippi for about a month, the house was a dwelling
even though it was put up for sale about a month after the occupant’s return); People v.
Pearson, 183 Ill. App. 3d 72 (1989) (rental house from which tenant had been evicted one
day before burglary was dwelling place of new tenants who were scheduled to move in three
days after burglary). The remaining case, People v. Sexton, 118 Ill. App. 3d 998 (1983), is
inapposite because, like Suane, it was decided before the enactment of the current definition
of “dwelling” applicable in residential burglary prosecutions.
¶ 10 The house defendant entered was not a “dwelling,” but it was a building and defendant
is therefore guilty of burglary rather than residential burglary. See 720 ILCS 5/19-1(a) (West
2010) (“A person commits burglary when without authority he knowingly enters *** a
building *** or any part thereof, with intent to commit therein a felony or theft.”). Burglary
is an included offense of residential burglary (720 ILCS 5/19-3(a) (West 2010)). In the
exercise of our discretion, we reduce defendant’s conviction from residential burglary to
burglary. See People v. Alsup, 373 Ill. App. 3d 745, 749 (2007) (“In its discretion, a
reviewing court ‘may reduce the degree of an offense to a lesser[-]included offense when the
evidence fails to prove the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the greater
offense.’ ” (quoting People v. Thomas, 266 Ill. App. 3d 914, 926 (1994))). Because we
reduce defendant’s conviction, the case must be remanded for resentencing.
¶ 11 For the foregoing reasons, we reduce defendant’s conviction of residential burglary to a
conviction of burglary and remand for resentencing.
¶ 12 Judgment modified; cause remanded.
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