SECOND DIVISION
March 14, 2006
No. 1-04-1049
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, )
) Appeal from the
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Circuit Court of
v. ) Cook County.
)
)
SANTANA MCCREE, ) Honorable
) Leo E. Holt,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding.
JUSTICE SOUTH delivered the opinion of the court:
Defendant Santana McCree appeals his convictions for first degree murder and
concealment of a homicidal death in the stabbing death of Denise Williamson. Following a
bench trial, the trial court sentenced defendant to consecutive prison terms of 40 years for
murder and 5 years for concealment of a homicidal death. We affirm. 1
Briefly stated, the evidence presented at trial established that on July 20, 2001, defendant
stabbed Williamson once in the chest while they were smoking crack cocaine and heroin in the
kitchen of the home he shared with his girlfriend, Ruth Goodson. Defendant=s videotaped
confession indicated he stabbed the victim because he thought she was trying to take his drugs.
Goodson and her children were home during the incident; she heard a gasp from the kitchen and
went downstairs to investigate. She saw a woman lying in a pool of blood in the middle of the
1
An extensive recitation of the facts leading to the stabbing incident in this case is
unnecessary in order to resolve the issues raised on review. Relevant facts will be discussed as
needed.
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floor and defendant told her that he stabbed the victim because she owed the Gangster Disciples
street gang money, and they were going to pay him $10,000 to kill her. Defendant and Goodson
then wrapped the victim=s body in a blanket, put it in a laundry bag, and loaded it into a stroller.
They then left the stroller in a vacant lot and dropped the bloody knife into a sewer. Defendant
subsequently cleaned the kitchen and disposed of his bloody clothes.
The next day, defendant took Goodson and her children to her mother=s house, where she
told her family about the murder, and they subsequently took her to the police station, where she
alerted police as to what had occurred. The victim=s body was recovered from the vacant lot, and
police waited for defendant, and he was subsequently arrested at 11:45 p.m. on July 11, 2001,
when his car was stopped at a traffic signal.
After his arrest, defendant was immediately taken to the police station, where he was
questioned several times over the course of the night and the next day. After being advised that
the police had located a witness named Yolanda Stone who had seen him and the victim
together, and that Goodson was about to take a polygraph test, he gave a statement implicating
himself in the murder. That statement was subsequently videotaped, and things revealed during
the statement led police to the recovery of the knife and bloody rags.
Prior to trial, defendant filed a motion to quash his arrest and suppress the evidence and a
separate motion to suppress the statements. The trial court held separate hearings on both
motions. After denying the motion to quash the arrest and suppress evidence, a hearing was held
on the motion to suppress the statements.
At the hearing on defendant=s motion to suppress his statements, Chicago police officer
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Vernon Mitchell and Detective Roger Murphy testified that they observed the arrest of
defendant. Neither saw defendant slammed to the ground, kicked or beaten at the scene of his
arrest. Mitchell stated that defendant was handcuffed, taken into custody by one of the officers,
placed in Murphy=s squad car and taken to the station. Once they arrived at the station,
defendant was taken to an interview room where his handcuffs were removed. Defendant was
left alone in the interview room while Murphy went to defendant=s home to investigate the crime
scene.
Defendant=s first interview occurred at 12:05 a.m. after Murphy returned to the station.
Murphy gave defendant his Miranda rights, after which defendant agreed to talk. Murphy
noticed what appeared to be bloodstains on defendant=s shoes and asked defendant to remove the
shoes. Defendant was given paper booties to wear while officers retrieved other shoes from his
home for him to wear at the station. During this first 15-minute interview, defendant denied any
involvement in the murder.
Detective Murphy again interviewed defendant at 2:15 a.m., this time for 30 minutes. In
this interview, defendant stated Goodson=s brothers killed the victim because she owed them
money for drugs, and blood had gotten on his shoes when he tried to clean up the kitchen. Soon
thereafter, defendant said his girlfriend killed the victim because she was offered $10,000.
Detective Murphy then called felony review, and Assistant State=s Attorney (ASA) Jim
Lynch came to the station. ASA Lynch interviewed defendant, first alone, then with Detective
Murphy, for approximately 30 minutes after giving defendant Miranda rights and advising
defendant that he, Lynch, was a prosecutor. Defendant repeated his story that Goodson killed
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the victim and added that he strangled the victim when she did not die after Goodson stabbed
her. Defendant was not handcuffed during this conversation and was fed following the
interview. Before going off duty at 6 a.m., Murphy told the midnight watch commander to take
defendant to the bathroom if he knocked on the door.
When Murphy returned to the station at 3 p.m., he met with Detective Graf and learned
the victim had been identified through fingerprints. He was told that defendant had been fed. At
6:15 p.m., Murphy again met with defendant, this time for an hour, and again advised defendant
of his Miranda rights. Defendant was alert, awake and not handcuffed at this time. Murphy told
defendant that Yolanda Stone was being interviewed and that Goodson was on her way to take a
polygraph test. Defendant then admitted that he killed the victim.
Detective Murphy again called felony review, and ASA Deidre Cato arrived at the station
at approximately 8 p.m. ASA Cato met with Detectives Murphy and Riley, as well as Goodson
and Stone, prior to meeting with defendant. Detective Murphy was present for ASA Cato=s
interview with defendant at 11:15 p.m., which lasted 45 minutes. ASA Cato advised defendant
of his Miranda rights and told him she was a prosecutor. Defendant was not handcuffed during
the interview and never refused to talk to her. ASA Cato saw that defendant was wearing shoes
but could not remember their color. After defendant made admissions concerning the victim,
ASA Cato advised defendant that he could have his statement memorialized in writing, in a
court-reported statement, or on video. Defendant chose to have his statement videotaped.
During the course of the evening, defendant was fed, went with the detectives to the crime scene,
and showed them the location of the knife and his bloody clothes.
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At 2:15 a.m., ASA Cato and Murphy returned to the interview room and met with
defendant for another 30 minutes. After this meeting, ASA Cato returned alone and spoke with
defendant for approximately 5 to 10 minutes, asking him how he had been treated. Defendant,
who did not appear to be in pain, stated he had been fed. She did not ask him whether or not he
had been beaten or threatened with respect to his children. Defendant, ASA Cato and Murphy
then went to the video room, where defendant signed the consent-to-video form. After defendant
was again advised of his Miranda rights, he gave a videotaped statement.
In the videotaped statement, defendant stated that after obtaining Goodson=s permission,
he invited the victim into the house to share cocaine. He smoked three rocks of cocaine and
became paranoid that the woman was going to steal some of his cocaine. He yelled for Goodson,
who was upstairs, and when she came down, defendant took a knife and stabbed the victim once
in the chest. The woman gasped and began to get up, so defendant tackled her and held her
neck, while Goodson held her legs. After five minutes the woman stopped moving, and at
Goodson=s request, defendant put her body in a blue laundry bag and a baby carriage, which he
and Goodson walked to a lot where they left it. Goodson dropped the knife into a sewer and
disposed of the victim=s bag, and they returned home.
Scott Kinzie testified that he processed defendant=s intake at Cook County jail on July 14,
2001. Although he had no individual memory of processing defendant, the intake form, which
was attached to a photo of defendant, indicated that he, with his shirt off, had no visible injuries
and never complained of injuries.
Defendant testified at the hearing that around 11:45 p.m. on July 11, 2001, he was
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stopped at a red light near his home. Suddenly, cars came from everywhere to block him, and
police officers yelled at him to get out of the car. His car door "flew" open and officers grabbed
him and threw him to the ground. He was handcuffed and kicked in the ribs and transported to
the police station, where he was placed in an interview room without a clock or windows. While
in this room he was handcuffed to the wall, and the handcuffs were not removed until just prior
to the videotaped statement. Defendant also testified he was never given his Miranda rights
before he agreed to talk to the officers or at any time prior to the beginning of the videotaped
statements. He also stated his shoes were removed shortly after he got to the station and were
not replaced until just before the statement was recorded. Defendant further stated that the
officers threatened to take his children and suggested that he implicate Goodson in the murder.
After argument, the court found that because defendant was detained for less than 48
hours, it was his burden to demonstrate that the detention was unreasonable. The court denied
the motion to suppress the statement afer concluding that it was a product of defendant=s free
will.
The cause then proceeded to a bench trial. The evidence presented at trial was
substantially similar to the evidence adduced at the hearing on the motion to suppress.
Defendant was subsequently convicted of first degree murder and concealment of a homicidal
death and sentenced to consecutive prison terms of 40 years and 5 years, respectively.
Defendant has raised two issues for our review: (1) whether the trial court erred in
denying his motion to suppress his statements as involuntary, and (2) whether his trial counsel
was ineffective for failing to object to the admission of both defendant=s oral and videotaped
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statements when they were consistent. 2
Defendant first contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress his
statements as involuntary because he was confined for an excessive period of time, he was
handcuffed to the wall without being brought before a magistrate and subjected to mental and
psychological coercion in violation of the United States and Illinois Constitutions.
It is a fundamental principle of criminal procedure that a confession must be voluntary or
else it is inadmissible. People v. Melock, 149 Ill. 2d 423, 447 (1992); People v. Harbach, 298 Ill.
App. 3d 111, 116 (1998). Whether a statement was made voluntarily is judged by the totality of
the circumstances. People v. Williams, 181 Ill. 2d 297, 309 (1998); Harbach, 298 Ill. App. 3d at
116.
The test for voluntariness is not whether the accused wanted to confess or would have
confessed in the absence of interrogation. People v. Gilliam, 172 Ill. 2d 484, 500 (1996).
"Criminals typically do not confess to the police purely of their own accord, without any
questioning." People v. Terrell, 132 Ill. 2d 178, 198 (1989). Rather, the test for voluntariness is
"whether the defendant made the statement freely, voluntarily, and without compulsion or
inducement of any sort, or whether the defendant=s will was overcome at the time he or she
confessed." Gilliam, 172 Ill. 2d at 500, citing People v. Clark, 114 Ill. 2d 450, 457 (1986), citing
2
Defendant withdrew his third issue based on the disposition of a recent supreme court
decision, People v. Phillips, 217 Ill. 2d 270 (2005), in which the court decided against
defendant=s position.
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People v. Prim, 53 Ill. 2d 62, 70 (1972).
Factors to consider when determining voluntariness include: the defendant=s age,
intelligence, background, experience, mental capacity, education, and physical condition at the
time of questioning; the legality and duration of the detention; the duration of the questioning;
and any physical or mental abuse by police, including the existence of threats or promises.
Gilliam, 172 Ill. 2d at 500-01, citing Melock, 149 Ill. 2d at 447-48.
The State has the burden of establishing the voluntariness of the defendant=s confession
by a preponderance of the evidence. Gilliam, 172 Ill. 2d at 501. When reviewing whether
defendant=s statement was voluntary, we accord great deference to the trial court=s factual
findings and will reverse those findings only if they are against the manifest weight of the
evidence. People v. R.D., 155 Ill. 2d 122, 145 (1993); People v. Griffin, 327 Ill. App. 3d 538,
544 (2002).
Here, the evidence presented at the hearing established that police waited for and arrested
defendant after his girlfriend went to the police and gave them information relative to the
murder. The victim=s body was subsequently recovered based on information provided by
Goodson, and she gave a statement about the murder. Therefore, we find the police had probable
cause to arrest defendant.
After his arrest, defendant was immediately taken to the police station and placed in an
interview room. His shoes, which had blood residue on them, were removed, and they were
replaced shortly thereafter with another pair of shoes taken from defendant=s home. The trial
court noted that the most troublesome part of the case was the length of time defendant was held
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in custody prior to giving the statement, which was approximately 27 hours, but determined that
it was not necessarily dispositive.
The court found there was no physical corroboration of defendant=s allegation that he was
beaten by police, nor did defendant complain to anyone that he was hurt. The court concluded
that although it believed 27 hours was lengthy, there were no cases which held that 27 hours was
too long, as opposed to the United States Supreme Court cases that specifically indicated that 48
hours was too long. See County of Riverside v. MacLaughlin, 500 U.S. 44, 114 L. Ed. 2d 49,
111 S. Ct. 1661 (1991). Moreover, our supreme court, in the recent case of People v. Willis, 215
Ill. 2d 517, 533 (2005), held that delay alone is not sufficient to vitiate a confession but is merely
a factor to be considered on the question of voluntariness. The court also found there was no
other evidence suggesting the statement was involuntary - it rejected defendant=s contention that
he had been beaten and rejected defendant=s contention that he was told that if he confessed he
would be fed. The court noted that when investigating a crime, and in this case a murder, the
police have a right to be "as aggressive in seeking to resolve it as the Constitution will allow
them to be."
Based upon this evidence, we find the trial court=s factual findings were not against the
manifest weight of the evidence. Defendant was 27 years old at the time of the statement; he had
numerous prior contacts with the police and convictions; as noted above, the detention was legal;
the questioning was in intervals of 15 to 30 minutes; only once did the questioning go for one
hour; and there was no proof of any physical abuse or threats. Therefore, the motion to suppress
was properly denied.
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Next, defendant contends his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance of counsel by
failing to object to the admission of his oral and videotaped statements.
In Illinois, ineffective assistance of counsel is established when a defendant shows (1)
that his attorney=s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, and (2) that,
but for counsel=s shortcomings, a reasonable probability exists that the result of the proceedings
would have been different. People v. Martinez, 348 Ill. App. 3d 521, 536 (2004).
Defendant maintains the admission of his videotaped statement was improper because it
was consistent with his oral statement, thus making one of the statements a mere corroboration
of the other and improperly bolstering the credibility of his prior inculpatory statement, and that
his counsel was ineffective for failing to object.
Defendant cites People v. Smith, 139 Ill. App. 3d 21 (1985), and People v. Terry, 312 Ill.
App. 3d 984 (2000), in support of his argument that one of his consistent statements was
improperly admitted; however, we find these cases distinguishable because they involve
instances where prior consistent statements of a State witness were used at trial. Those cases do
not address the circumstances presented here, namely, that defendant=s own statements were
admitted as substantive evidence at trial. Defendant=s argument misinterprets the use of a
defendant=s prior consistent statements as substantive evidence at trial and the evidentiary rules
surrounding their admission.
Out-of-court statements are hearsay and are generally not admissible at trial. People v.
Parrott, 40 Ill. App. 3d 328, 331 (1976). However, a defendant=s out-of-court statements qualify
as a party admission and, therefore, are an exception to the hearsay rule. People v. Ramsey, 205
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Ill. 2d 287, 294 (2002), citing People v. Kidd, 175 Ill. 2d 1, 29 (1996); People v. Montgomery,
18 Ill. App. 3d 828, 832 (1974). The party-admission exception applies when the statement is
sought to be introduced by a party opponent, since the admissibility is based upon the adversary
theory of litigation. Montgomery, 18 Ill. App. 3d at 832.
Here, the State, through Detective Murphy=s testimony, elicited the contents of
defendant=s oral statements and subsequently admitted defendant=s videotaped confession into
evidence. Detective Murphy=s testimony summarized defendant=s many statements over the
course of the interviews, including that he killed the victim for money and that he killed her
because he thought she was trying to take his drugs. In the videotaped confession, defendant
stated that he killed the victim because he thought she was trying to take his drugs. At trial,
defendant stated he killed the victim in self-defense. Therefore, defendant=s statements were
properly admitted as a party admission and served to impeach his trial testimony. Although the
statements were cumulative, we find defendant was not prejudiced by their admission because he
does not deny the contents of the statements, and the evidence of his guilt was overwhelming.
Accordingly, we conclude defendant=s trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to
object to defendant=s multiple statements at trial.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.
Affirmed.
GARCIA, P.J., and WOLFSON, J., concur.
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