Hudson v. City of Chicago

SIXTH DIVISION
December 14, 2007

No. 1-05-2822

VERNON HUDSON, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
THE CITY OF CHICAGO, a Municipal ) Cook County, Illinois.
Corporation, )
) No. 01 L 6424
Defendant-Appellant and )
Third-Party Plaintiff-Appellant, ) Honorable
) Irwin J. Solganick
(James Scott, ) Judge Presiding.
)
Third-Party Defendant-Appellee). )
)
)
)
)

JUSTICE JOSEPH GORDON delivered the opinion of the court:

Plaintiff, Vernon Hudson, brought suit against defendant, the city of Chicago (the City),

and a Chicago police officer, Sung Joo Lee, alleging in two counts that Officer Lee, through

negligence and willful and wanton conduct, caused an automobile collision that left Hudson with

serious and permanent injuries including paraplegia. Hudson voluntarily dismissed Officer Lee

prior to trial and the case proceeded with the City as the sole defendant. The jury found for

Hudson on both counts and awarded damages of over $17.5 million. In addition to the general

verdict, the jury answered two special interrogatories. The City now appeals, arguing that it was

entitled to judgment not withstanding the verdict because it was immune under the Local

Governmental and Governmental Employees Tort Immunity Act (745 ILCS 10/1-101 et seq.
No. 1-05-2822

(West 2004)) (Tort Immunity Act) from liability for negligence, and because the police officer's

conduct was not willful and wanton. The City alternatively argues that it is entitled to a new trial

because the trial court improperly allowed Hudson's expert to show a computer simulation of the

accident to the jury, because the jury was not properly instructed on what constitutes willful and

wanton conduct, and because plaintiff's attorney improperly advised the jury how to answer one

of the special interrogatories. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.1

I. BACKGROUND

Hudson's fourth amended complaint alleged that the City was liable for his injuries under

two theories. In count I, Hudson alleged that Officer Lee was negligent in the following respects:

"a. Exceeded maximum speed limits endangering life and property;

b. Failed to activate sirens, mars lights or emergency signals;

c. Drove her motor vehicle in a manner causing it to lose control and strike

Vernon Hudson;

d. Improperly executed a lane change striking Vernon Hudson's motor

vehicle;

e. Failed to exercise due care in operation of her vehicle; and

f. Failed to maintain a proper lookout for traffic then and there upon the

highway."

Count II of the complaint alleged that Officer Lee's conduct was willful and wanton in the

1
The City's third-party action against third-party defendant-appellee, James Scott, is not

part of this appeal.

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No. 1-05-2822

following respects:

"a. Failed to operate the motor vehicle at a speed and in a manner

compatible with conditions to ensure that control of the motor vehicle is

maintained at all times, in violation of General Order 97-3;

b. Improperly engaged in caravaning [sic] when it was not safe to do so, in

violation of General Order 97-3;

c. Improperly participated in a pursuit when she was not authorized to do

so in violation of General Order 97-3;

d. In violation of General Order 97-3, drover [sic] her motor vehicle

without due regard for the safety of all persons on the highway, including Vernon

Hudson;

e. Drove her motor vehicle in a manner causing it to strike Vernon

Hudson;

f. Recklessly failed to maintain control over her vehicle;

g. Recklessly executed a lane change striking Vernon Hudson's motor

vehicle; and

h. In violation of General Order 97-3, failed to adhere to basic traffic safety

practices by moving into lane #1 when it was not safe to do so;

i. In violation of General Order 97-3, used the activity of 'following' as a

subterfuge for a vehicle pursuit;

j. In violation of General Order 97-3, improperly engaged in the pursuit

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No. 1-05-2822

when the volume of vehicle traffic made it unsafe; and

k. Failed to abandon the vehicle pursuit when it was the most reasonable

course of action in violation of General Order 97-3."

Hudson's claims proceeded to trial on March 11, 2005. Hudson testified that on the night

of the accident, May 7, 2001, he left his job as a truck mechanic at about 8:20 p.m., entered the

Eisenhower expressway at Damen, and headed west in the rightmost of the four westbound lanes.

He stated that somewhere around Kedzie, he heard sirens and saw flashing lights coming from

behind him, so he put his turn signal on and pulled over to the right shoulder. Hudson stated that

a car had pulled onto the shoulder immediately in front of him so that he had drive beyond that

car to get onto the shoulder. He said that his car was "all the way over" onto the shoulder, except

that "just the left rear tire might have been on the line." Hudson stated that it was at that point his

car was hit, but that he could not remember anything further until he woke up in the hospital

sometime later. On cross-examination, Hudson stated that the weather on the night of the

accident was dry and clear.

Officer Lee testified on direct examination as an adverse witness that, at the time of the

occurrence, she was familiar with the police department general order 97-3, which described

under what circumstances police officers could engage in motor vehicle pursuits.

General order 97-3 was entered into evidence and the plaintiff's counsel had Officer Lee

read the following provisions aloud:

"These procedures provide Department members with guidelines to follow

when engaged in a motor vehicle pursuit. *** Members must be cognizant of the

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No. 1-05-2822

fact that motor vehicle pursuits are a serious matter with a potential for death

and/or injury to the officers, persons in the vehicle being pursued, and/or innocent

persons in the area and property damage.

***

Police officers operating unmarked Department vehicles will be permitted

to engage in a motor vehicle pursuit only when the fleeing motor vehicle or its

occupants represent an immediate and direct threat to life. Whenever a marked

Department vehicle becomes available to take over a vehicle pursuit, the unmarked

Department vehicle operator will withdraw as the primary pursuit unit and only,

with the approval of a supervisor assigned to the pursuit, assume the role of

secondary pursuit unit.

***

At no time will an officer use the activity of 'following'2 as a subterfuge for

a vehicle pursuit.

An active pursuit will involve no more than a primary and secondary

pursuit unit unless otherwise directed by a supervisor. All other units will remain

aware of the direction and progress of the pursuit, but will not actively participate,

2
The order defines "following" as "the discreet operation of a police vehicle, in compliance

with all traffic laws, behind a motor vehicle. Following is employed so that the member can

gather more information about the vehicle or its occupants in order to make an informed decision

about whether to effect a stop."

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No. 1-05-2822

and will not respond or parallel the pursuit on adjacent streets, unless specifically

authorized to do so.

***

The decision to initiate a pursuit rests with the individual officer. The

Department member will only engage in a motor vehicle pursuit when:

***

d. The necessity of immediate apprehension outweighs the level of

inherent danger created by the pursuit;

e. the speeds involved and/or the maneuvering practices engaged in, permit

the Department vehicle operator complete control of his vehicle and do not create

unwarranted danger to himself or others;

f. the volume of pedestrian and/or vehicular traffic permits continuing the

pursuit.

The decision to abandon a vehicle pursuit may be the most reasonable

course of action. Officers and their supervisors must continually evaluate the

nature of the pursuit in light of its danger and make a judgment to terminate the

pursuit, whenever necessary. A pursuit will be immediately terminated whenever:

***

Speeds involved, volume of pedestrian and/or vehicular traffic, presence of

weather and/or road hazards or the distance between vehicles indicates that further

pursuit will unnecessarily endanger the public and/or Department members.

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No. 1-05-2822

***

The following activities are prohibited during the course of a vehicle

pursuit:

***

c. caravanning3 (unless authorized by a supervisor).

***

(e) the foregoing provisions do not relieve the driver of an authorized

emergency vehicle from the duty of driving with due regard for the safety of all

persons, nor do such provision protect the driver from the consequences of his

reckless disregard for the safety of others.

***

The operation of an authorized emergency vehicle does not relieve the

driver from the responsibility of driving with due regard for the safety of all

persons.

Any Department vehicle operator who is involved in an accident while

responding to an emergency situation will be required to justify his actions.

When responding to an emergency situation or assignment, the sworn

Department vehicle operator of a marked vehicle will:

***

3
The order defines "caravanning" as "the following and direct participation in a pursuit by

more than two police vehicles."

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No. 1-05-2822

2. adhere to basic traffic safety practices.

3. operate the vehicle at a speed and in a manner compatible with weather

and local conditions to ensure that control of the vehicle is maintained at all times."

Officer Lee testified that she was not in pursuit of the fleeing suspect and was not

"following as a subterfuge" for pursuit in violation of the general order. Rather, she stated that

she was attempting to "assist" the other officers who were actually doing the pursuing. Officer

Lee admitted, however, that she had never been trained in "assisting."

Officer Lee stated that on the day of the accident she was at the 11th district police station

at Kedzie and Harrison with Officer Howard Ray. She said that they had been processing an

arrestee and were just leaving the station when they heard a call over the police radio that a

homicide suspect in a white van was being pursued on the eastbound lanes of the Eisenhower

expressway. Officer Lee acknowledged that the radio dispatcher did not request her participation

in the pursuit and that she did not advise her supervisor or the radio dispatcher that she was going

to participate in the pursuit. She denied any intention to actively participate in the pursuit and

stated that she was not required to advise anyone that she was going to enter the area in which

the pursuit was taking place.

Officer Lee testified that, prior to the collision, she and Officer Ray entered the eastbound

lanes of the expressway and were traveling for a few minutes when they heard on their police

radio that the suspect had turned around and begun to travel in the opposite direction in the

westbound lanes. Officer Lee said that they then correspondingly exited the eastbound lanes at

Western Avenue and reentered the westbound lanes. She stated that she heard the sirens of other

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No. 1-05-2822

police cars when reentering the expressway, but she was not sure that she saw any of them. She

said that she never saw the white van being pursued.

Officer Lee described that when she was entering the westbound expressway, there were

"a lot of citizen" cars. She did not change lanes right away, but at some point changed from lane

1, the rightmost lane which she had initially entered, to lane 2, immediately to the left. She stated

that she subsequently moved back to lane 1, where the collision occurred. Officer Lee stated that

there was traffic "all around" and "they were moving with me." She said that she did not recall

whether civilian cars were passing her, but that "they must [have been]. I didn't pay attention to

other cars that much." She said that as she was driving on the expressway before the collision,

"some cars were going to the right [apparently to yield, but that] some cars were going straight."

Officer Lee further stated that at some point prior to the collision she had activated her

emergency lights and specifically recalled checking to make sure they were on.

In describing the collision, Officer Lee stated that she had just completed her lane change

from lane 2 back to lane 1 when she saw Hudson's car pulling out in front of her from the

shoulder. She said she immediately applied the brakes but that she struck the rear of Hudson's

car. She said that she lost control of her car after she applied her brakes. In response to

questions from plaintiff's counsel about whether anything prohibited her from seeing Hudson's car

prior to the collision, she stated: "I was not necessarily looking if someone will merge into my

lane from the shoulder." She further stated: "I wasn't looking at the *** lane that I was going in.

I was looking at the car in front of me. I looked at the rear mirror, I looked at the side mirror, I

looked back. When I knew that it was clear in my lane, I made my lane change." Officer Lee

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No. 1-05-2822

stated that she had been traveling at approximately 45 to 50 miles per hour.

On cross-examination by counsel for the City, Officer Lee stated that at the time of the

accident, she believed that the she could help "avert or reduce the seriousness of the situation."

She explained:

"It could be as little as traffic control because the offender was going back on and

off the expressway going east and west. Citizens are not aware of this. So officers

in that area can help the citizens not to get injured *** and also *** it could be

that when the officers are affecting arrest on that offender, he might *** grab a girl

on the street or citizens on the street, or he could be shooting at people or he

could be shooting at officers. I don't know what's going to happen ***. What I

know is it was a homicide offender, that he was reasonably believed to be armed,

that as many officers' help in that area and listening to or be aware of the progress

of the pursuit is necessary."

She further stated that she was trained to "help out" in this manner.

On redirect examination, when asked whether she thought it was okay to violate general

order 97-3 and chase the subject, Officer Lee stated: "I did not chase the suspect." She further

denied that she was attempting to catch up to the pursuit. She also stated that when she entered

the expressway, the pursuit was a half mile to a mile away and that she was "hoping that she

[could be] of assistance."

Plaintiff next called Jason Lococo, an Illinois State Police trooper, who testified that he

arrived at the scene of the collision shortly before fire personnel and paramedics arrived. He

10
No. 1-05-2822

stated that when he arrived Hudson's vehicle was overturned on the shoulder, but he did not recall

the location of Officer Lee's vehicle. After being shown photographs, he stated that Officer Lee's

vehicle was facing northeast – in the opposite direction of the flow of traffic. He noted that the

majority of the damage to Officer Lee's vehicle was to the left front portion and that there was

damage to the left side of Hudson's vehicle.

Officer Lee's partner, Officer Ray, was next to testify. He stated that on May 7, 2001, he

and Officer Lee heard a radio dispatch about a white van being pursued on the 290 (Eisenhower)

expressway. He acknowledged that they were not directed or instructed by dispatch to

participate in the pursuit, but that they took it upon themselves to do so.

Officer Ray stated that as he and Officer Lee entered the westbound expressway, he could

see that there were "a number" of police cars chasing the white van. He acknowledged that

neither he nor Officer Lee told dispatch that they saw the pursuit or that they were going to

participate in it. He said by the time he and Officer Lee entered the expressway, the actual pursuit

was several blocks ahead. He said that there was civilian traffic on the road and that they had to

maneuver into different lanes as a result of the traffic in front of them. Officer Ray denied that he

and Officer Lee were attempting to apprehend the suspect, averring that they were "intending to

assist the officers."

Officer Ray stated that he did not see Hudson's vehicle until right before the impact and

that he did not recall seeing it move from the right shoulder in front of their vehicle. He said that

he and Officer Lee were in lane 2 or 3 before the crash.

On cross-examination, Officer Ray stated that assisting other officers was part of his

11
No. 1-05-2822

duties. He further described that when there is a pursuit of a homicide suspect

"we are able to assist in the pursuit or assist the officers. For instance, say a chase

has ended in the offender stopping the vehicle, jumping out of the car. At that

point, they may need assistance for information from the neighborhood people

explaining where the guy went, and that's where I would come in at. Or they need

assistance in apprehending the offender due to the fact he may be able to run fast

or he's agile, and that's where I would come in at as far as assisting. Or canvassing

the area to apprehend the offender."

He further stated that police officers are not supposed to wait for a supervisor to tell them to

assist other officers.

With regard to the minutes preceding the accident, Officer Ray stated that he saw the

white van being pursued as he and Officer Lee entered the westbound expressway. He said that

Officer Lee did not try to catch up with the pursuit and that she was not traveling at a high rate of

speed. He said that they were not in pursuit but that he considered himself an "assistant to the

pursuit." He further stated that their vehicle's flashing lights and sirens were on at all times.

On redirect, Officer Ray estimated that Officer Lee was traveling approximately 50 or 55

miles per hour at the time of the accident. He stated that he could not recall whether he or

Officer Lee engaged the vehicle's lights, but he knew they were on. However, he later stated that

he could not recall if the emergency lights were on.

Lieutenant Carolyn Jackson testified that at the time of the accident she was a field

lieutenant and a watch commander. She stated that she was familiar with the police department

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No. 1-05-2822

general orders regarding pursuits. She stated that officers who are "actively involved in pursuit"

are actively trailing a suspect's vehicle. She acknowledged that if Officers Lee and Ray left their

positions and entered the expressway with their lights and siren on and the pursuit was directly in

front of them and they were trailing it, that would mean they were actively engaged in the pursuit.

She said that if Officers Lee and Ray were assisting in apprehending a suspected felon, they were

required under department policy and procedure to advise dispatch; however, she stated that it

was likely that dispatch had ordered radio silence in order to keep contact with the people who

were actually doing the pursuit. Lieutenant Jackson also stated that it is a police officer's duty to

assist in the apprehension of a fleeing homicide suspect if in the same geographic area. Finally,

Lieutenant Jackson stated that in her review of the incident, she learned that 12 to 15 police

vehicles were involved in the pursuit.

The jury was next shown the videotaped deposition of an eyewitness, Denise Patrick, who

testified that on May 7, 2001, she was standing outside the 290 Lounge, which is located on the

south side of the Eisenhower expressway between Homan and Central Park Avenues. Patrick

stated that while she was standing outside, she heard sirens and then saw flashing lights on the

expressway. She stated that she could see that the police were involved in a chase but could not

see who was being pursued. After seeing this pursuit from her vantage outside the 290 Lounge,

Patrick went over to the gate that separated the expressway from the street.

Patrick stated that, from that position, she saw a collision, describing that "one car was

trying to get over to the shoulder when a police car come from the far left and all the way up to

the right and hit him, like right to *** the back of his car almost." She stated that just the front

13
No. 1-05-2822

part of Hudson's car was on the shoulder at the point of the impact. She said that the police car

was in the far left of the four lanes when she first saw it and that it was going 55 to 65 miles per

hour. She said Hudson's car was going approximately 10 miles per hour. She said that the police

car "jumped from the [far] left lane" to the far right lane and stated that she did not know why it

did so, because the left lane from which the car "jumped" was not impeded by traffic. She further

stated the police car struck the back of Hudson's car as he was "approaching to get off on the

shoulder."

On cross-examination, Patrick admitted that prior to witnessing the accident she had

consumed about four drinks of alcohol. She further acknowledged that she may have previously

stated that the police car she witnessed had its emergency lights on at the time of the accident.

Plaintiff next called Dr. Mariusz Ziejewski as an expert witness. Dr. Ziejweski reported

that he has a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering and is a member of the faculty of the college of

engineering at North Dakota State University. He stated that he is a member of the Society of

Automotive Engineers and has presented several peer-reviewed papers in the area of impact

analysis to automotive structures. He explained that "impact analysis" involves the "analysis of

how vehicle structure deforms when sudden force is applied, in a car collision or in other event."

Dr. Ziejewski explained that he was hired by plaintiff's counsel to "perform engineering

analysis and explain how the accident *** occurred, how the vehicles collided, and what

happened dynamically to the vehicles as a result of the collision." He stated that the materials he

reviewed in reaching his opinion included the traffic crash report, depositions of the police

officers involved, the deposition of Hudson, and multiple photographs.

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No. 1-05-2822

Dr. Ziejewski explained that from the photographs he observed damage to left front of the

police vehicle and damage to the entirety of Hudson's vehicle. He noted that the extensive

damage to Hudson's vehicle was attributable to the fact that the vehicle had rolled over and made

his analysis as to how the accident occurred much more difficult. However, he was able to

observe specific damage to the left front quarterpanel and to the left corner of the bottom corner

of the bumper.

Dr. Ziejewski determined that the initial point of impact on the police vehicle was at its

left front corner. He further stated that the initial point of impact on Hudson's vehicle was at its

rear left quarterpanel. He specifically ruled out the possibility that the initial point of impact on

Hudson's vehicle was at its rear bumper, explaining that the nature of the damage, which was an

indented, v-shape, would not match the initial point of impact at the left front of the police

vehicle, which was essentially a straight edge. Dr. Ziejewski further noted that the police vehicle

ended up facing against the direction of traffic.

Dr. Ziejewski opined that right before the initial impact, Hudson's vehicle was basically

pointing to the west, with "some angulation," and that Officer Lee's vehicle was pointing in the

opposite direction at some angle. He stated that the left front corner of the police vehicle struck

the left rear quarterpanel of Hudson's vehicle. Dr. Ziejewski then demonstrated to the court and

jury, using model vehicles, how such an impact would occur.

Dr. Ziejewski further explained that he had created a computer simulation of the accident

using the "ED-SMAC" computer program. To run the program, he input the characteristics of

the two vehicles involved as well as the road characteristics. He explained the simulation as a

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graphical representation of physics and stated that the computer program solves the engineering

equations to show you how the vehicles would move. He distinguished his computer simulation

from animation, explaining that the latter involves merely what you can envision, "like cartoons,

with no science behind it."

The computer simulation shown to the jury depicts five lanes of traffic, with the rightmost

lane representing the shoulder of the expressway. The car representing Officer Lee's vehicle

starts the simulation in the leftmost lane, it starts a hard turn to the right and spins nearly 180

degrees before it contacts the vehicle representing Hudson's vehicle in the shoulder lane. The left

front of the police vehicle, which is, at this point, facing opposite the direction of traffic, strikes

the left rear of Hudson's vehicle, and then a second impact occurs between the left rear of the

police vehicle and the left front of the Hudson vehicle.

On cross-examination by the City, Dr. Ziejewski insisted that a vehicle traveling

westbound in dry conditions would require more than one lane's width to spin and end up facing

in a northeasterly direction. He agreed that to create the computer simulation, he had to input

certain data and that to represent the police vehicle he used data pertaining to a Chevrolet Monte

Carlo although the vehicle was actually a Chevrolet Caprice.

He further acknowledged that the computer simulation starts with the police vehicle

traveling at a 10-degree angle north of due west and that he then had the vehicle make a "very

hard right turn," with the steering wheel at 180 degrees, explaining that there had "to be

additional dynamic instability factors," and that he "had to have the police car out of control at the

beginning of the run. Otherwise, [it] will never turn around that way." He further stated that,

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after the turn, he input that the brakes were applied with 50% braking power to the front wheels

and 100% braking power to the rear wheels. He explained that if the rear wheels are locked, a

car will be less stable in a turn, and the rear of the car will be more likely to "come sliding out and

not make the turn with the rest of the car."

Dr. Ziejewski admitted that the year and model of Officer Lee's car were listed as having

antilock brakes, but he stated that he did not know whether the police department had removed

that feature on Officer Lee's car. Dr. Ziejewski further stated that the simulation had Hudson's

vehicle going straight before the accident despite the testimony that it was going slightly to the

right. He further acknowledged that the simulation had Hudson's vehicle turning to the right after

the impact although Hudson could not recall making any such movement.

Dr. Ziejewski acknowledged that there was no record of skid marks in the material he

reviewed and that, normally, such evidence would help in determining speed and direction.

The court instructed the jury on willful and wanton conduct as follows: "When I use the

expression 'willful and wanton conduct' I mean a course of action which shows an utter

indifference to or a conscious disregard for a person's own safety and the safety of others." The

court further stated:

"The plaintiff claims that he was injured and sustained damage and that the

conduct of the defendant was willful and wanton in one or more of the following

respects:

a. Failed to operate the police car at a speed and in a manner compatible

with conditions to ensure that control of the police car was maintained at all times,

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in violation of General Order 97-3;

b. improperly engaged in caravanning when it was not safe to do so, in

violation of General Order 97-3;

c. improperly participated in a pursuit when she was not authorized to do

so, in violation of General Order 97-3;

d. in violation of General Order 97-3, drove the police car without due

regard for the safety of all persons on the highway, including Vernon Hudson;

e. failed to maintain control over the police car;

f. executed a lane change striking Vernon Hudson's motor vehicle; and

g. in violation of General Order 97-3, failed to adhere to basic traffic safety

practices by moving into lane No. 1 when it was not safe to do so;

h. in violation of General Order 97-3, used the activity of following as a

subterfuge for a vehicle pursuit;

j. failed to abandon the vehicle pursuit when it was the most reasonable

course of action, in violation of General Order 97-3."

The jury was given two special interrogatories. The first asked: "Did Officer Lee act

willfully and wantonly at or about the time of the occurrence?" The second asked: "Was Officer

Lee executing and enforcing the law at or about the time of the occurrence?"

During closing arguments, Hudson's attorney made the following comment regarding the

second special interrogatory: "Ladies and gentlemen, if you're for Vernon, you will answer this

special interrogatory no." Counsel also argued that the evidence supported the conclusion that

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Officer Lee was not enforcing the law. Defense counsel objected to the comment regarding how

the jury should answer the interrogatory, and the trial court sustained, admonishing the jury to

"disregard that argument."

On March 21, 2005, the jury returned a verdict for Hudson on both counts. In addition,

the jury answered the first special interrogatory, regarding whether Lee was willful and wanton, in

the affirmative, and the second interrogatory, regarding whether Lee was enforcing the law, in the

negative. Thereafter, the trial court entered a judgment on the verdict in the amount of

$17,682,374.05.

On May 20, 2005, the City brought a posttrial motion for judgment notwithstanding the

verdict or, in the alternative, for a new trial. The trial court denied the motion on July 26, 2005,

and the City filed a timely notice of appeal on August 24, 2005.

On appeal, the City raises several arguments. The City first contends that it is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law because it is immune from liability for negligence under the Tort

Immunity Act and because Officer Lee's conduct was not willful and wanton. With regard to the

negligence count, the City does not purport to challenge the jury's finding of negligence; rather,

the City contends that it was entitled to judgment as a matter of law on the grounds of immunity.

Alternatively, the City contends that a new trial is warranted on the negligence count because

Hudson's attorney told the jury the effect of answering the special interrogatory which asked

whether Officer Lee was enforcing the law. With regard to the willful and wanton count, the City

contends it was entitled to judgment as a matter of law because there was insufficient evidence to

support the allegation, and because Hudson's expert's testimony and computer simulation in

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support of that count were improperly admitted. The City finally contends that, in the

alternative, it is entitled to a new trial on the willful and wanton count because the admission of

the computer simulation was prejudicial and because the jury instructions on willful and wanton

conduct were misleading.

Hudson generally disputes all of the City's contentions and additionally contends that any

error regarding willful and wanton count would be rendered moot by virtue of the jury's finding

with regard to the negligence count. Hudson further points out that the City has never contended

that the jury's answers to the special interrogatories were against the manifest weight of the

evidence and it has, therefore, waived any objections to those findings. Finally, with regard to his

attorney's comments about the special interrogatory, Hudson contends that the trial court cured

any error in that comment by immediately sustaining the City's objection and instructing the jury

to disregard the comment.

II. ANALYSIS

A. The City's Motion for Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict on the Negligence Count

We first address the City's contention that it was entitled to judgment notwithstanding the

verdict on the negligence count because it was immune under the Tort Immunity Act. A

judgment non obstante veredicto, or judgment n.o.v., should be entered where all the evidence,

when viewed in its aspect most favorable to the opponent, so overwhelmingly favors movant that

no contrary verdict based on that evidence could ever stand. Pedrick v. Peoria & Eastern R.R.

Co., 37 Ill. 2d 494, 504, 229 N.E.2d 504, 510 (1967). We review rulings on judgments n.o.v. de

novo. Townsend v. University of Chicago Hospitals, 318 Ill. App. 3d 406, 409, 741 N.E.2d

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1055, 1057 (2000).

The City contends that sections 2-202 and 2-109 of the Tort Immunity Act apply in this

case to defeat Hudson's claim of negligence. Section 2-202 states: "A public employee is not

liable for his act or omission in the execution or enforcement of any law unless such act or

omission constitutes willful and wanton conduct." 745 ILCS 10/2-202 (West 2004). Section 2-

109 states: "A local public entity is not liable for an injury resulting from an act or omission of its

employee where the employee is not liable." 745 ILCS 10/2-109 (West 2004). According to the

City, it is immune from liability because Officer Lee was executing or enforcing the law when the

accident occurred and she was not acting willfully or wantonly.

Our supreme court has often explained that the Tort Immunity Act "is in derogation of the

common law action against local public entities, and must be strictly construed against the public

entity involved." Aikens v. Morris, 145 Ill. 2d 273, 278, 583 N.E.2d 487, 490 (1991); Rio v.

Edward Hospital, 104 Ill. 2d 354, 362, 472 N.E.2d 421 (1984). The immunity provided by

section 2-202 does not extend to all activities of police officers while on duty, but only to acts or

omissions while in the actual execution or enforcement of a law. See Arnolt v. City of Highland

Park, 52 Ill. 2d 27, 33, 282 N.E.2d 144, 147 (1972); Fitzpatrick v. City of Chicago, 112 Ill. 2d

211, 221, 492 N.E.2d 1292, 1296 (1986); Aikens, 145 Ill. 2d at 278, 583 N.E.2d at 490. The

question of whether a police officer is executing and enforcing the law is a factual determination

which must be made in light of the circumstances involved in each case. Arnolt, 52 Ill. 2d at 35,

282 N.E.2d at 148-49. However, where the evidence is undisputed or susceptible to only one

possible interpretation, the question may be decided as a matter of law. Simpson v. City of

21
No. 1-05-2822
Chicago, 233 Ill. App. 3d 791, 792, 599 N.E.2d 1043, 1044 (1992); Sanders v. City of Chicago,

306 Ill. App. 3d 356, 361, 714 N.E.2d 547, 551 (1999).

The question as to what activities can be deemed to constitute executing or enforcing the

law appears to have been determined on a case-by-case basis. In Fitzpatrick, our supreme court

held that investigating a traffic accident constituted an execution or enforcement of the law.

Fitzpatrick, 112 Ill. 2d at 221, 492 N.E.2d at 1296. In that case, the plaintiff was in a minor

automobile accident with another driver on the Stevenson expressway. Fitzpatrick, 112 Ill. 2d at

215, 492 N.E.2d at 1293. Plaintiff and the other driver pulled their cars onto the median and,

shortly thereafter, the police officer defendant pulled his car a few feet behind one of the cars.

Fitzpatrick, 112 Ill. 2d at 215, 492 N.E.2d at 1293. While plaintiff and the police officer were

examining the damage to one of the cars, a vehicle driven by a third party struck the parked police

car, causing it to strike the plaintiff. Fitzpatrick, 112 Ill. 2d at 215, 492 N.E.2d at 1294. In

discussing whether the police officer was executing or enforcing the law at the time of plaintiff's

injury for purposes of determining whether the defendant's were immunized under section 2-202,

our supreme court explained:

" '[e]nforcing the law is rarely a single, discrete act, but is instead a course of

conduct.' [Thompson v. City of Chicago, 108 Ill. 2d 429, 433 (1985).] *** Thus,

where the evidence establishes that at the time of his alleged negligence a public

employee was engaged in a course of conduct designed to carry out or put into

effect any law, an affirmative defense based upon section 2-202 and 2-109 of the

Tort Immunity Act [citation] should be available to the governmental employee

22
No. 1-05-2822
and his employer." Fitzpatrick, 112 Ill. 2d at 221, 492 N.E.2d at 1296.

The supreme court then determined that defendants were entitled to a directed verdict because,

even when viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to plaintiff, it was clear that the police

officer, who had observed and responded to a traffic accident, was in the process of executing or

enforcing applicable traffic laws at the time plaintiff's injury occurred. Fitzpatrick, 112 Ill. 2d at

222, 492 N.E.2d at 1297.

Similarly, in Morris v. City of Chicago, 130 Ill. App. 3d 740, 474 N.E.2d 1274 (1985), the

court found that an officer who was responding to a radio report of a crime in process was

executing or enforcing the law. There, plaintiff brought suit against the city and a police officer

for injuries sustained when his parked car was struck by the officer's police car. Morris, 130 Ill.

App. 3d at 741, 474 N.E.2d at 1276. The court found that immunity applied because, at the time

of the accident, there was an "unbroken effort" on the officer's part to respond to the call and

thereby execute and enforce the law. Morris, 130 Ill. App. 3d at 744, 474 N.E.2d at 1278. The

court further rejected plaintiff's contention that the officer could not be said to be executing or

enforcing the law because he did not actually see a crime being committed. Morris, 130 Ill. App.

3d at 743, 474 N.E.2d at 1277.

In Bruecks v. County of Lake, 276 Ill. App. 3d 567, 658 N.E.2d 538 (1995), plaintiff

brought negligence claims against Lake County and a deputy sheriff alleging that while he was

crossing a road on foot, he was struck and injured by the deputy's police car. Bruecks, 276 Ill.

App. 3d at 568, 658 N.E.2d at 539. Defendants claimed immunity under section 2-202 and 2-

109, contending that when the accident occurred, the deputy was responding to a report of shots

23
No. 1-05-2822
fired. Bruecks, 276 Ill. App. 3d at 568, 658 N.E.2d at 539. The trial court granted defendants'

motion for summary judgment and plaintiff appealed. Bruecks, 276 Ill. App. 3d at 568, 658

N.E.2d at 539. The appellate court affirmed, finding that the deputy was executing or enforcing

the law at the time of the accident and that the defendants were, therefore, immune. Bruecks, 276

Ill. App. 3d at 569, 658 N.E.2d at 540. The court noted:

"[The deputy] was responding to a call of shots fired. He clearly was being

called upon to execute or enforce a law. The facts that he was not specifically

dispatched to the scene, did not have his emergency lights and siren activated, and

did not subjectively consider the situation to be an emergency do not alter this

conclusion. The cases in which immunity has been found applicable do not require

that the officer be engaged in an emergency response." Bruecks, 276 Ill. App. 3d

at 569, 658 N.E.2d at 539.

On the other hand, there is an extensive line of cases that has held that ordinary police

activities do not qualify as enforcement or execution of the law so as to be protected by section 2-

202 immunity. For example, in Aikens, our supreme court found that the act of transporting

prisoners did not constitute an execution or enforcement of the law that would immunize the city

of Evanston and one of its police officers from the plaintiff's claims of negligence. Aikens, 145 Ill.

2d at 286, 583 N.E.2d at 494. The court noted that unlike the police officers' conduct in other

cases where immunity was found to apply, the police officer's conduct in its case "was not shaped

or affected in any manner by the nature of duties in either enforcing or executing law." Aikens,

145 Ill. 2d at 286, 583 N.E.2d at 494. The court explained:

24
No. 1-05-2822
"[V]irtually every police function or duty is pursuant to some legal authorization in

the broadest sense. [Citation.] Arguably, then the performance of any task while

on duty is in enforcement or execution of the law. We do not believe, however, as

we have previously stated, that the legislature intended such a result." Aikens, 145

Ill. 2d at 285, 583 N.E.2d at 493.

In Simpson, a police car driven by a Chicago police officer struck and seriously injured a

10-year-old girl riding a bicycle. Simpson, 233 Ill. App. 3d at 792, 599 N.E.2d at 1044. The

police officer and the City of Chicago claimed immunity under section 2-202, contending that the

police officer was enforcing the law at the time of the accident in that he was on his way to an

address where someone had called to report a missing person. Simpson, 233 Ill. App. 3d at 792,

599 N.E.2d at 1044. The trial court granted summary judgment to defendants and the appellate

court reversed, noting that the police officer "did not consider the call an emergency and there

was no indication that any crime had been committed or that any law required execution or

enforcement." Simpson, 233 Ill. App. 3d at 793, 599 N.E.2d at 1044. The court further rejected

plaintiff's contention that filling out a missing persons report constituted executing the law, noting

that although the police officer's "activities were governed by some legal requirement, [it was]

insufficient to raise [those activities] to the level of executing or enforcing the law." Simpson,

233 Ill. App. 3d at 793, 599 N.E.2d at 1045.

In Leaks v. City of Chicago, 238 Ill. App. 3d 12, 606 N.E.2d 156 (1992), a police officer

was cruising in a patrol car when he saw several people standing in front of and in the hallway of

an apartment building. Leaks, 238 Ill. App. 3d at 14, 606 N.E.2d at 157. The officer testified

25
No. 1-05-2822
that he suspected that the people he observed were engaged in illegal drug trade. Leaks, 238 Ill.

App. 3d at 14-15, 606 N.E.2d at 157. While reversing his car to further investigate, the officer

struck the plaintiff's vehicle and, allegedly, injured the plaintiff. Leaks, 238 Ill. App. 3d at 15, 606

N.E.2d at 158. At trial, the officer and the City raised the affirmative defense of immunity,

contending that the officer was enforcing the law at the time of the accident. Leaks, 238 Ill. App.

3d at 14, 606 N.E.2d at 157. On appeal, the court found that the officer was not executing the

law, noting that there was

"absolutely no indication that [the officer] observed the exchange of any money or

the transfer of any drugs, or for that matter any crime at all. *** What remains is a

record which only shows several people standing in front of and in the hallway of

an apartment building on a summer evening, a common occurrence in most every

neighborhood." Leaks, 238 Ill. App. 3d at 17, 606 N.E.2d at 159.

Similarly, in Sanders, a Chicago police officer heard an emergency call that another officer

had been attacked. Sanders, 306 Ill. App. 3d at 359, 714 N.E.2d at 550. The officer then

proceeded to travel to the area in his squad car; however, shortly thereafter, the police dispatcher

confirmed over the police radio that the original officers involved did not need further backup.

Sanders, 306 Ill. App. 3d at 359, 714 N.E.2d at 550. About one minute after the radio dispatch,

the responding police officer's car struck and killed a child crossing the street. Sanders, 306 Ill.

App. 3d at 360, 714 N.E.2d at 551. The appellate court found that the officer and the City were

not entitled to summary judgment on the basis of section 2-202 immunity, noting that a jury could

find that the emergency was over at the time the accident occurred and that the officer "was

26
No. 1-05-2822
merely cruising around in his car" – an activity not subject to immunity. Sanders, 306 Ill. App. 3d

at 361, 714 N.E.2d at 552.

In this case, it is undisputed that a police pursuit was in progress, that Officer Lee heard

about the pursuit over her police radio, and that she and Officer Ray then entered the expressway

to take part in some manner. Officers Lee and Ray denied taking part in the actual pursuit in

violation of the police department general order which limited pursuits to two police vehicles, but

characterized their involvement as "assistance." When asked to explain what she meant by

"assistance," Officer Lee testified that it could include something "as little as traffic control," or

that she could be needed to assist if the suspect were to "grab a girl on the street or citizens on

the street, or he could be shooting at people or he could be shooting at officers." Officer Ray

similarly testified that his and Officer Lee's "assistance" could have been needed if the suspect

were to leave his vehicle and flee on foot. He stated that in such an event, he and Officer Lee

could then assist by gathering "information from the neighborhood people," or by "apprehending

the offender due to the fact he may be able to run fast or he's agile," or "canvassing the area to

apprehend the offender."

It is clear that had Officer Lee been actually providing traffic control at the time of the

accident, section 2-202 immunity would apply. See Fitzpatrick,112 Ill. 2d at 221, 492 N.E.2d at

1296 (investigating traffic accident constituted executing or enforcing the law). There is also

little doubt that had Officer Lee merely been on her way to provide traffic control, immunity

would apply. See Morris, 130 Ill. App. 3d at 744, 474 N.E.2d at 1277 (immunity applied where

officer was on his way to area where a crime was in progress); Bruecks, 276 Ill. App. 3d at 569,

27
No. 1-05-2822
658 N.E.2d at 539 (immunity applied where police officer was on his way to area where shots

were fired). Likewise, it is clear that had the vehicle pursuit ended and had the lead officers then

requested backup due to the suspect taking a hostage or shooting at the police, Officer Lee's

travel to that area would be covered by the immunity in section 2-202. See Sanders, 306 Ill. App.

3d at 361, 714 N.E.2d at 552. (responding to a call for assistance from other officers covered by

section 2-202 immunity). Finally, there can be no dispute that had Officer Lee been attempting to

apprehend the suspect with the permission of her supervisors she would have been immune from

negligence under section 2-202.

However, under the evidence presented, the jury was free to conclude that none of these

scenarios occurred in this case. Officers Lee and Ray specifically denied that they were trying to

apprehend the suspect. Moreover, there was no specific indication in the record that traffic

control was actually required or requested or that the officers engaged in the actual pursuit

required or requested backup. The only law that was in actual need of enforcement related to the

apprehension of the criminal suspect, and Officer Lee explicitly denied that she was taking part in

that enforcement. Thus, the jury could have concluded that Officer Lee was not involved in

enforcing or executing the law, but was merely making herself available to enforce or execute the

law should the need arise.4 The mere fact that a police officer acts on the speculation that she

4
The jury was also free to reject Officer Lee's contention that she was not in pursuit of the

suspect in violation of the police department general order based upon the evidence that she was

closely monitoring the radio dispatch and was changing lanes to correspond with the suspect's

movement. While the parties cite no authority discussing whether a police officer can be deemed

28
No. 1-05-2822
may be required to enforce or execute some, as yet, undetermined law is not enough to activate

the immunity set forth in section 2-202. Thus, there was no immunity from negligence in Leaks,

where the officer merely had a suspicion that drug laws required enforcement because there was

no specific indication that any law was actually being broken. Leaks, 238 Ill. App. 3d at 17, 606

N.E.2d at 159. Similarly, here, Officer Lee's explanation for her actions amounted merely to

suspicion that an undetermined law might need enforcing. Moreover, the situation here is even

more removed from the actual enforcement or execution of law because, unlike in Leaks, where

the officer suspected that drug laws were being broken, the hypothetical situations described by

Officer Lee that might have required her to enforce the law were far less focused in that they

spanned from traffic control to dealing with a gunman with a hostage.

Furthermore, that Officer Lee was not enforcing or executing any law is additionally

supported by the fact that she was aware of the departmental rules prohibiting her from joining

the pursuit, caravanning with the pursuing officers, or from following as a subterfuge for pursuit.

Moreover, the evidence showed that 12 to 15 other police vehicles were already involved in the

to be enforcing the law when she is pursuing a suspect in direct derogation of an internal police

department rule, it would arguably be inconsistent to extend the immunity provided in section 2-

202 under such circumstances. In that regard, we note that Officer Lee's alleged violation of the

general order was not merely one of failing to adhere to specific requirements for pursuit, such as

that emergency lights and sirens must be used; rather, had she joined the pursuit, she would have

been acting contrary to a rule directly forbidding such action and she would then, arguably, lack

the authority or capacity to enforce the law.

29
No. 1-05-2822
pursuit. Thus, despite her explanations to the contrary, the jury may have found that Officer Lee

was not on the expressway to enforce the law, but was merely following the pursuit out of

personal interest in the outcome or some unofficial camaraderie with her fellow officers who were

leading the pursuit. Therefore, viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to Hudson, we

cannot say that the jury erred in determining that Officer Lee was not enforcing or executing the

law at the time of the collision. Pedrick, 37 Ill. 2d at 504, 229 N.E.2d at 510. Accordingly, we

must affirm the trial court's refusal to grant the City judgment n.o.v. on the negligence count.

B. The City's Motion for a New Trial on the Negligence Count

The City, however, alternatively contends that it is entitled to a new trial on the negligence

count because plaintiff's attorney told the jury how to answer one of the special interrogatories.

During closing arguments plaintiff's, counsel stated:

"The judge wants to have you answer the following question: Was Officer

Lee executing and enforcing the laws at the time of the occurrence?

That's what we went over earlier when we were talking about their

affirmative defense where they're trying to claim this was an emergency.

Ladies and gentlemen, I respectfully submit to you that the answer to this

question is no, Officer Lee was not enforcing the law at or about the time of the

occurrence.

Ladies and gentlemen, if you're for Vernon, you will answer this special

interrogatory no.

***

30
No. 1-05-2822
The evidence is overwhelming that the City has not met their burden of

proof. And that's what it is. We each have burdens of proof in this case. The City

has to establish their burden of proof that Officer Lee, that there was that

probability that we talked about of there being an apprehension.

The City has their burden of proof. It's not our responsibility to rebut it.

We spent a lot of time on it and I think the evidence is overwhelming that we have

rebutted it. The City has not met their burden of proof and, based on that failure,

we ask you to check off no, Officer Lee was not executing or enforcing the law."

The City claims that it is entitled to a new trial based upon the excerpt of this closing argument

where counsel said: "[I]f you're for Vernon, you will answer this special interrogatory no."

Generally, we will not reverse a trial court's refusal to grant a new trial unless the court

abused its discretion. Maple v. Gustafson, 151 Ill. 2d 445, 455, 603 N.E.2d 515 (1992).

Similarly, "[t]he scope of closing argument is within the sound discretion of the trial court and the

reviewing court will reverse only if the argument is prejudicial." Eaglin v. Cook County Hospital,

227 Ill. App. 3d 724, 732-33, 592 N.E.2d 205, 211 (1992).

This issue was addressed by our supreme court in Sommese v. Mailing Brothers, Inc., 36

Ill. 2d 263, 222 N.E.2d 263 (1966). In that case, plaintiff's counsel told the jury that a special

interrogatory had been "slipped in" by defendant's counsel and that the jury should harmonize its

answer to the interrogatory with the verdict so as not " 'to deprive this woman of any right to

recovery.' " Sommese, 36 Ill. 2d at 266, 222 N.E.2d at 470. Although defendant made no

objection to the statement until it brought a posttrial motion, the supreme court held that the

31
No. 1-05-2822
argument improperly informed the jury of the source of the interrogatory and defeated the

purpose of a special interrogatory by advising the jury to conform its answer to its verdict so as to

protect the verdict without regard to the evidence. Sommese, 36 Ill. 2d at 266-67, 222 N.E.2d at

470. The court explained:

"It is generally recognized that the function of a special interrogatory is to

require the jury's determination as to one or more specific issues of ultimate fact

and is a check upon the deliberations of the jury. 'Special interrogatories are used

for the purpose of testing the general verdict against the jury's conclusions as to

the ultimate controlling facts.' [Citation.]" Sommese, 36 Ill. 2d at 267, 222 N.E.2d

at 470.

The court further stated:

"It is clear that plaintiff's attorney improperly alerted the jury to the fact that its

decision to assess damages would be nullified by an affirmative answer to the

interrogatory. Thus, the safeguard against a jury awarding damages out of passion

or prejudice or sympathy without first making specific factual determinations and

then applying the law thereto was thwarted." Sommese, 36 Ill. 2d at 267-68, 222

N.E.2d at 470.

The court then concluded that the error was prejudicial and mandated a new trial. Sommese, 36

Ill. 2d at 268, 222 N.E.2d at 470.

The supreme court again addressed this issue in Batteast v. Wyeth Laboratories Inc., 137

Ill. 2d 175, 560 N.E.2d 315 (1990). In that case, plaintiff's counsel told the jury on two occasions

32
No. 1-05-2822
that if it "wanted to award the plaintiffs damages from the defendant drug company, its answer to

the interrogatory would have to be that the hospital was not the sole cause of the injuries."

Batteast, 137 Ill. 2d at 185-86, 560 N.E.2d at 320-21. The trial court denied defense counsel's

objection to the statements and did not issue a cautionary instruction. The supreme court noted

that it is improper to inform a jury of the necessity of conforming its answer to a special

interrogatory with its general verdict, but that it is proper to urge a jury to answer a special

interrogatory in accordance with the evidence. Batteast, 137 Ill. 2d at 186, 560 N.E.2d at 321.

The supreme court then determined that although counsel did not expressly state that the jury's

answer to the special interrogatory had to be consistent with the verdict, neither did he argue that

the jury should base its answer on the evidence. Batteast, 137 Ill. 2d at 186, 560 N.E.2d at 321.

Rather, the court noted, counsel's argument was that the jury had to answer the special

interrogatory in a certain way if the jury wanted to make an award in favor of the plaintiff.

Batteast, 137 Ill. 2d at 186, 560 N.E.2d at 321. The court determined the argument to be

improper; however, it nevertheless avoided making a final determination based on that language

since it found that a new trial was warranted for other reasons. Batteast, 137 Ill. 2d at 186, 560

N.E.2d at 321. Moreover, although the court deemed the statement in its case improper, it

upheld the appellate decision in Levin v. Welsh Brothers Motor Service, Inc., 164 Ill. App. 3d

640, 518 N.E.2d 205 (1987), where a similar statement was deemed to be permissible. Batteast,

137 Ill. 2d at 186, 560 N.E.2d at 321.

In Levin, plaintiff's counsel advised the jury that if it answered "yes" to a special

interrogatory which asked whether plaintiff's negligence was the sole proximate cause of his

33
No. 1-05-2822
injuries, there could be no verdict for plaintiff. Levin, 164 Ill. App. 3d at 651, 518 N.E.2d at 212.

The plaintiff's counsel argued that had he not been interrupted by defendant's objection to his

statement, he would have explained to the jury that the reason there could not be a verdict for the

plaintiff if they answered "yes" was that, if plaintiff's negligence were the sole proximate cause of

his injury, that would mean the plaintiff had failed to prove his case and could not recover. Levin,

164 Ill. App. 3d at 651, 518 N.E.2d at 212. The appellate court noted that, unlike in Sommese,

plaintiff's counsel did not state the source of the special interrogatory, he did not state that the

answer thereto would supersede the verdict, and he did not bid the jury to harmonize its verdict

with its answer to the interrogatory. Levin, 164 Ill. App. 3d at 652, 518 N.E.2d at 213. The

court further noted that although counsel's statement could be construed as advising the jury of

the "legal effect" of its answer, it was equally plausible that counsel was "merely advising the jury

of the answer's logical 'effect' – namely, that in contrast to a situation of comparative negligence,

if the sole negligence were Levin's then Levin could not recover against anyone else." Levin, 164

Ill. App. 3d at 652, 518 N.E.2d at 213. The court then held that "[i]n view of the ambiguity and

brevity" of the statement, "as well as the *** cautionary instruction by the trial judge," the trial

court did not commit reversible error in denying a mistrial. Levin, 164 Ill. App. 3d at 652, 518

N.E.2d at 213.

The supreme court in Batteast distinguished its facts from those in Levin by noting that,

unlike in that case, the improper statement was made twice, the trial court denied defendant's

objection to plaintiff's statement regarding the special interrogatory, no cautionary instruction was

given, and the statement was not ambiguous. Batteast, 137 Ill. 2d at 186, 560 N.E.2d at 321.

34
No. 1-05-2822
We find the instant facts to be more similar to those in Levin than those in Batteast.

In this case, as in Levin, plaintiff's counsel did not solicit the jury to harmonize its answer

to be consistent with the verdict (as was the case in Sommese), nor did he delineate or emphasize

the need to answer the special interrogatory with a "no" if the jury wanted to award plaintiff

damages. Although counsel briefly stated "if you're for Vernon, you will answer *** no," when

taken in full context, as set forth above, the thrust of counsel's argument centered upon the weight

of the evidence favoring that answer wherein counsel emphasized to the jury that based upon the

evidence presented and in the light of the City's burden of proof, an answer of "no" was required.

As noted, just prior to and following the objected to statement, Hudson's attorney emphasized

that the evidence supported the conclusion that Officer Lee was not enforcing the law. He also

emphasized that it was the City's burden to prove its affirmative defense that Officer Lee was

enforcing the law and, therefore, immune. Such comment on a special interrogatory is

permissible.

This result was recognized in O'Connell v. City of Chicago, 285 Ill. App. 3d 459, 674

N.E.2d 105 (1996), where the court explained:

"The decisions describe the two sides of the line that has been drawn:

plaintiff's lawyer may ask the jury for a certain answer to the interrogatory, based

on the evidence, and that jury may be told a contrary answer will mean no

recovery for the plaintiff. But the line is crossed when jurors are told to harmonize

or conform their interrogatory answer with their general verdict, or, as was done

in this case, when jurors are told inconsistency would mean the plaintiff's case is

35
No. 1-05-2822
not proved. That is impermissible linkage." O'Connell, 285 Ill. App. 3d at 467,

674 N.E.2d at 111.

Accord Kosinski v. Inland Steel Co., 192 Ill. App. 3d 1017, 1028, 549 N.E.2d 784, 790-91

(1989) (new trial not required where counsel stated: " 'If you listen to what negligence is and

what he was doing, *** if you answer that interrogatory any way other than no, then you are

saying the accident is [plaintiff's] fault and he can't recover,' " because statement properly asked

jury to answer the interrogatory based on the evidence and did not tell jury its award of damages

would be nullified by a "yes" answer to the interrogatory); Burns v. Howell Tractor & Equipment

Co., 45 Ill. App. 3d 838, 848, 360 N.E.2d 377, 385 (1977) (new trial not required where counsel

stated: " 'if you answer that Interrogatory any way than "no," then you are saying, "It is his fault

and he can't recover" ' "); Moore v. Checker Taxi Co., 133 Ill. App. 2d 588, 273 N.E.2d 514

(1971) (new trial not required where counsel stated: "If you believe he was not guilty of

negligence that caused this accident, you should answer no to [the interrogatory], because if

[plaintiff] was guilty of negligence, then he can't recover ***"). Accordingly, we cannot find that

the trial court abused its discretion in denying the City's motion for a new trial on this basis.

C. The City's Motion for Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict on the Willful and Wanton

Count

The City next contends that the evidence adduced at trial was insufficient for the jury to

reach a finding of willful and wanton conduct, noting that the only evidence regarding Officer

Lee's conduct prior to the accident consisted of the testimonies of Officers Lee and Ray, the

testimony of the witness Patrick, and the testimony and computer simulation of plaintiff's expert,

36
No. 1-05-2822
Dr. Ziejewski. The City contends that the trial testimony did not support a finding of willful and

wanton conduct and that the computer simulation was improperly admitted. Therefore, the City

argues that, as with the negligence count, it was entitled to judgment n.o.v.

We note that the jury's award to Hudson, which did not include punitive damages, can be

sustained by our affirmance of the negligence count alone. See Moore v. Jewel Tea Co., 46 Ill.

2d 288, 294, 263 N.E.2d 103, 106 (1970) ("It is settled law that where several causes of actions

are charged and a general verdict results, the verdict will be sustained if there are one or more

good causes of action or counts to support it"). Nevertheless, for the reasons discussed below,

we additionally find that the jury was also free to side with Hudson on the willful and wanton

count.

Section 1-210 of the Tort Immunity Act defines willful and wanton conduct as: "a course

of action which shows an actual or deliberate intention to cause harm or which, if not intentional,

shows an utter indifference to or conscious disregard for the safety of others or their property."

745 ILCS 10/1-201 (West 2004). Our supreme court has recently recounted that willful and

wanton conduct " ' "approaches the degree of moral blame attached to intentional harm, since the

defendant deliberately inflicts a highly unreasonable risk of harm upon others in conscious

disregard of it." ' [Citation.]" Murray v. Chicago Youth Center, 224 Ill. 2d 213, 237, 864 N.E.2d

176, 190 (2007), quoting Burke v. 12 Rothschild's Liquor Mart, Inc., 148 Ill. 2d 429, 448, 593

N.E.2d 522 (1992). The court further noted that willful and wanton conduct is " 'quasi-

intentional' " and is qualitatively different from negligence. Murray, 224 Ill. 2d at 237, 864

N.E.2d at 190, quoting Burke, 148 Ill. 2d at 450, 593 N.E.2d 522. The question of whether an

37
No. 1-05-2822
injury has been inflicted by willful and wanton conduct is a question of fact to be determined by a

jury. Murray, 224 Ill. 2d at 236, 864 N.E.2d at 189.

The City argues that Dr. Ziejewski's testimony and computer simulation were improper

and that, in the absence of that evidence, there was insufficient other evidence remaining to

support the jury's finding of willful and wanton conduct. As shall be discussed below, we do not

consider Dr. Ziejewski's testimony and computer simulation improper; however, we also disagree

with the City's conclusion that, in the absence of that evidence, the jury could not have found

Officer Lee's conduct willful and wanton. As noted, Officer Lee testified that she was driving

within the speed limit at 45 to 50 miles per hour, that her emergency lights were activated, and

that she had changed lanes from lane 2 to lane 1 when Hudson's car pulled out in front of her

from the shoulder. She stated that she applied the brakes once she saw Hudson's car and that she

then lost control. She also stated: "I was not necessarily looking if someone will merge into my

lane from the shoulder. *** I wasn't looking at the lane that I was going in, I was looking at the

car in front of me." Officer Ray's testimony was similar Officer Lee's in many respects; however,

he expressed some uncertainty as to whether the vehicle's emergency lights were activated and he

also said that the police vehicle was in lane 2 or 3 before the collision. Patrick testified that

Officer Lee's vehicle was traveling at 55 to 65 miles per hour, that Hudson's vehicle was traveling

at 10 miles per hour and that just the front of Hudson's vehicle was on the shoulder at the time of

the accident. She further stated that Officer Lee's vehicle "jumped from the left lane" all the way

to the right even though there was nothing obstructing Officer Lee's forward progress.

Thus, considering solely this evidence (to the exclusion of Dr. Ziejewski's testimony and

38
No. 1-05-2822
simulation, which the City objects to), the jury was free to disbelieve the City's position that

Hudson pulled out in front of Officer Lee's vehicle while she was turning into lane 1 from lane 2.

Likewise, the jury was free to give great weight to Officer Lee's admission that she was not

"looking at the lane that [she] was going in," as well as to Patrick's description that Officer Lee's

vehicle "jumped" from lane 4 to lane 1 for no apparent reason. Although these testimonies are

not the strongest conceivable evidence of willful and wanton conduct, viewing the evidence in a

light most favorable to Hudson, we cannot conclude that the jury in this case was unreasonable in

reaching such a conclusion. See Pedrick, 37 Ill. 2d at 504, 229 N.E.2d at 510. The jury may well

have concluded that in failing to look at the lane she was merging into and in "jumping" multiple

lanes of traffic, Officer Lee was acting with utter indifference to or in conscious disregard for the

safety of others. Although, there was testimony that there was nothing obstructing Officer Lee

from continuing forward in her lane, she testified that there were multiple civilian cars present

with her on the expressway. Thus, the jury may have concluded that Officer Lee's actions in

crossing multiple lanes of traffic at once under such conditions without looking at the lane she

was traveling into was a deliberate infliction of an unreasonable risk of harm upon those civilians,

including Hudson. See Murray, 224 Ill. 2d at 237, 864 N.E.2d at 190. This conclusion is

sustainable even in the absence of Dr. Ziejewski's testimony and computer simulation, to which

the City has objected. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court's denial of the City's motion for

judgment n.o.v. on this count.

D. The City's Motion for a New Trial on the Willful and Wanton Count

1. Expert Testimony and Computer Simulation

39
No. 1-05-2822
However, the City also contends that it is entitled to a new trial on the willful and wanton

count because Dr. Ziejewski's testimony and computer simulation were prejudicial. 5 The City

argues that the computer simulation lacked a sufficient factual basis, pointing out that Dr.

Ziejewski input several variables into the computer program he used to create the simulation that

were not supported by any evidence, namely that Dr. Ziejewski used the wrong make and model

of vehicle to represent Officer Lee's vehicle; that the simulation starts with Hudson's vehicle going

straight despite testimony that it was moving to the right; that Officer Lee's vehicle starts at 10

degrees off due west despite there being no testimony to that effect; that Officer Lee's vehicle

spins nearly 180 degrees before the impact despite there being no testimony to that effect, that

Officer Lee's brakes were applied in a certain manner (50 percent to the front and 100 percent to

the rear) despite there being no supporting testimony or physical evidence regarding the vehicle's

braking system; and that Hudson steered his car to the right after the impact. In this regard, the

City contends that Dr. Ziejewski's computer simulation was not sufficiently based on data from

the record and was, therefore, prejudicial. We disagree.

Generally, the opinion testimony of an expert is admissible if the expert is qualified by

knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education in a field that has at least a modicum of

reliability, and if the testimony would aid the jury in understanding the evidence. Wiegman v.

5
The City's challenge to Dr. Ziejewski's testimony and computer simulation appears to be

primarily directed to the willful and wanton count since the City does not purport to challenge the

jury's finding of negligence under count I except with respect to the application of section 2-202

immunity.

40
No. 1-05-2822
Hitch-Inn Post of Libertyville, Inc., 308 Ill. App. 3d 789, 799, 721 N.E2d 614, 623 (1999). The

admission of an expert's testimony lies within the sound discretion of the trial court. Wiegman,

308 Ill. App. 3d at 799, 721 N.E2d at 623. We will not reverse an erroneous ruling unless the

error was prejudicial or the result of the trial has been materially affected. Stricklin v. Chapman,

197 Ill. App. 3d 385, 388, 554 N.E.2d 658, 660 (1990).

An expert's opinion is only as valid as the reasons for the opinion. Soto v. Gaytan, 313 Ill.

App. 3d 137, 146, 728 N.E.2d 1126, 1132-33 (2000). Reconstruction testimony is testimony that

seeks to recreate an accident, including "who hit whom, where was the impact and how fast the

parties were going as determined by skid marks, debris, and damage to the vehicles." Finfrock v.

Eaton Asphalt Co., 41 Ill. App. 3d 1020, 1023, 355 N.E.2d 214 (1976); Stricklin,197 Ill. App. 3d

at 389, 554 N.E.2d at 660-61. In order for reconstruction testimony to be admissible, there must

be sufficient data about the accident in evidence to provide a reasonable basis for the expert's

opinion. J. Corkery, Illinois Civil & Criminal Evidence §702.111, at 408 (2000). "The trial court

is not required to blindly accept the expert's assertion that his testimony has an adequate

foundation. Rather, the trial court must look behind the expert's conclusion and analyze the

adequacy of the foundation." Soto, 313 Ill. App. 3d at 146, 728 N.E.2d at 133. See also Dyback

v. Weber, 114 Ill. 2d 232, 244, 500 N.E.2d 8 (1986) ("An expert witness' opinion cannot be

based on mere conjecture and guess"); Modelski v. Navistar International Transportation Corp.,

302 Ill. App. 3d 879, 886, 707 N.E.2d 239 (1999) (expert's opinions based on guess, speculation,

or conjecture as to what the witness believed might have happened are inadmissible).

In support of its position, the City cites Hiscott v. Peters, 324 Ill. App. 3d 114, 754

41
No. 1-05-2822
N.E.2d 839 (2001). However, we find that case inapposite. In Hiscott, plaintiff brought suit

against defendants for injuries sustained in an automobile accident. Hiscott, 324 Ill. App. 3d at

117, 754 N.E.2d at 842. At trial, plaintiff called Seyfried, a traffic accident reconstructionist, as

an expert witness. Hiscott, 324 Ill. App. 3d at 118, 754 N.E.2d at 844. Seyfried testified that he

had reviewed the accident report, which included a number of measurements of skid marks and a

gouge mark in the pavement at the scene of the accident. Hiscott, 324 Ill. App. 3d at 118, 754

N.E.2d at 844. He also reviewed photographs of the accident scene, the vehicles, and several

depositions. Hiscott, 324 Ill. App. 3d at 118, 754 N.E.2d at 844. Based on these observations,

he testified to the movement of the vehicles involved in the accident, including that defendant

"was faced with an emergency situation and that his vehicle likely went into a 'yaw' once it left the

gravel shoulder and returned to the pavement." Hiscott, 324 Ill. App. 3d at 122, 754 N.E.2d at

847. Defendant argued that it was error to permit Seyfried to testify as to the path his vehicle

took when there was no physical evidence to support the opinion. Hiscott, 324 Ill. App. 3d at

122, 754 N.E.2d at 847. The appellate court agreed, noting that contrary to the expert's opinion,

there was no evidence that defendant's vehicle was " 'yawing' " or that defendant was braking at

the time of the accident. Hiscott, 324 Ill. App. 3d at 122, 754 N.E.2d at 847. The court further

noted: "There was simply no *** factual basis to support Seyfried's opinion because there was

insufficient physical evidence to provide him with the basic data needed to reconstruct the

accident." Hiscott, 324 Ill. App. 3d at 124, 754 N.E.2d at 848. The court concluded that

because Seyfried's testimony related directly to the central controversies in the case, namely, how

the accident took place, that testimony could not be said to have had no effect on the outcome of

42
No. 1-05-2822
the trial and that it may have "tipped the scales" for the jury. Hiscott, 324 Ill. App. 3d at 124, 754

N.E.2d at 848.

In contrast, there was sufficient factual basis in this case for Dr. Ziejewski to reach his

conclusions. Although he used data from a Monte Carlo rather than a Caprice in his simulation,

he explained that he adjusted the characteristics of the car within the computer program to

conform with the characteristics of the police car. His conclusion that Officer Lee's vehicle

traversed four lanes of traffic before striking Hudson's vehicle is support by Patrick's testimony

that Hudson's vehicle was "trying to get over to the shoulder when [Officer Lee's vehicle] come

from the far left and all the way up to the right and hit him, like right to *** the back of his car

almost." Moreover, Dr. Ziejewski's assertion that Officer Lee made a hard right turn prior to the

collision is supported by Patrick's testimony that vehicle "jumped" across the lanes. Although

there was no direct testimony that Officer Lee's vehicle had spun nearly 180 degrees before the

collision, that conclusion is supported by the undisputed evidence that the police vehicle, which

was originally heading in the same westward direction as plaintiff's vehicle, came to rest facing in

nearly the opposite direction. Finally, although there was no testimony to support Dr. Ziejewski's

assertion regarding the application and locking of Officer Lee's brakes, that hypothesis was

supported by the evidence that Officer Lee's vehicle traveled across multiple lanes and spun nearly

180 degrees.

Arguably, however, even if we were to agree with the City that the computer simulation

was insufficiently founded, the jury could have reached its finding of willful and wanton even

without Dr. Ziejewski's computer simulation. Essentially, the computer simulation added

43
No. 1-05-2822
emphasis to the conclusion warranted by the testimonial evidence that Officer Lee lost control of

the vehicle and had begun to spin prior to hitting Hudson. As noted, Officer's Lee and Ray

testified that their vehicle started in lane 2 or 3 and ended up facing opposite the direction of

traffic – creating a sufficient basis for inference as to how their vehicle came to reach its final

position. Moreover, although Patrick did not articulate in her testimony that Officer Lee's vehicle

spun nearly 180 degrees before the collision, her testimony that the vehicle "jumped" across the

lanes, and that it came "from the far left and all the way up to the right," is certainly consistent

with and helpful to corroborate that conclusion. In sum, we cannot say that the admission of Dr.

Ziejewski's testimony and computer simulation was erroneous or, in any event, that it would

necessitate a new trial.

2. Willful and Wanton Issue Instruction

The City finally contends that it is entitled to a new trial because the jury was improperly

instructed that willful and wanton conduct could include conduct akin to ordinary negligence and

that violation of police department rules should be deemed willful and wanton. As noted, the jury

was instructed that willful and wanton conduct involves "a course of action which shows an utter

indifference to or a conscious disregard for a person's own safety and the safety of others." This

definition is essentially the same as the pattern jury instruction for willful and wanton conduct (see

Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Civil, No. 14.01 (2000) (hereinafter IPI Civil (2000)) and is not

objected to by the City. Rather, the City objects to the trial court's subsequently given issues

instruction regarding Hudson's claims on the willful and wanton count. The City first

contends that subparagraphs d, e, and f failed to take into account the state of mind required for

44
No. 1-05-2822
willful and wanton conduct and implied that the jury could find willful and wanton conduct for

acts that would normally only amount to negligence. Therefore, the City concludes that it was

error to include these allegations in the issue instruction. We disagree.

The decision to grant or deny a jury instruction is within the trial court's discretion.

Sanders, 306 Ill. App. 3d at 364, 714 N.E.2d at 554. The standard for determining whether the

trial court abused its discretion is whether, taken as a whole, the instructions fully, fairly and

comprehensively informed the jury of the relevant legal principles. Sanders, 306 Ill. App. 3d at

364, 714 N.E.2d at 554. As a general rule, a judgment will not be reversed where the jury

instructions are faulty unless they mislead the jury and the complaining party suffered prejudice.

Dabros v. Wang, 243 Ill. App. 3d 259, 269, 611 N.E.2d 1113, 1120 (1993).

The issue instruction given in this case was based on IPI Civil (2000) No. 20.01 [12],

which states:

"The plaintiff further claims that he was injured and sustained damage and

that the conduct of the defendant was willful and wanton in one or more of the

following respects:

[Set forth in simple form without undue emphasis or repetition those

allegations of the complaint as to willful and wanton conduct which have not

been withdrawn or ruled out by the court and are supported by the evidence.]"

(Bracketed material original).

The instruction actually given in this case conforms with the pattern instruction. It

included the same first sentence as the pattern instruction and then, as directed, it set forth the

45
No. 1-05-2822
allegations of Hudson's complaint as to willful and wanton conduct. The first sentence of the

instruction itself made clear that the jury had to determine whether any of the enumerated

allegations were true and whether they amounted to willful and wanton conduct. As noted, the

jury was given the correct definition of willful and wanton. Moreover, a subsequently given

burden of proof instruction further clarified that the jury had to determine whether the allegations

in the issue instruction amounted to willful and wanton conduct. That instruction explained that it

was Hudson's burden to prove "the defendant acted or failed to act in one of the ways claimed by

the plaintiff as stated to you in these instructions and that in so acting, or failing to act, the

defendant was willful and wanton." (Emphasis added.) IPI CIVIL (2000) No. B21.02.02.

In addition, the City's objection to the format of this issue instruction is contradicted by its

own alternate submission. The very same deficiency it now contends is present in the given

instruction, namely, that the allegations failed to take proper account of the state of mind involved

in willful and wanton conduct, was present in the alternate instruction the City proffered at the

instructions conference. In fact, in its alternate instruction, the City submitted an instruction

identical to plaintiff's subparagraph f in the very same format.

The City's argument with regard to subparagraph d is slightly more compelling. As noted,

that allegation stated Officer Lee "drove the police car without due regard for the safety of all

persons on the highway" (emphasis added). The City contends that failing to use "due regard" is

synonymous with negligence and the instruction, therefore, confused the jury as to the definition

of willful and wanton. In support, the City cites Sanders, where the court noted that section 11-

205(e) of the Illinois Vehicle Code (625 ILCS 5/11-205(e) (West 2004)), which uses the phrase

46
No. 1-05-2822
"due regard," imposed a duty to refrain from negligence. Sanders, 306 Ill. App. 3d at 362, 714

N.E.2d at 552. While we agree with the City that use of the term "due regard" in a willful and

wanton issue instruction is questionable even where it so appears in the pleading, we do not

believe the use of the phrase in this case was misleading or prejudicial. See Dabros, 243 Ill. App.

3d at 269, 611 N.E.2d at 1120.

The term "due regard" was never mentioned in the negligence jury instructions and was

only referenced by plaintiff's attorney during closing arguments where he defined the term as

referring to reckless behavior. While discussing the various allegations in the willful and wanton

count, Hudson's attorney stated that subparagraph d alleged that Officer Lee "was in violation of

the general order, [in that she] drove the police car without due regard for the safety of all the

persons on the highway, including Vernon Hudson." He then explained: "[T]hat means, like we

heard in the general order, we can't drive reckless. That's what reckless means, you can't be

heedless; you can't be unaware of what's going on and go ahead anyway." Thus, despite the

connection made between "due regard" and the negligence standard of ordinary care in various

sources outside the scope of this trial, the jury in this case was presented with an explanation of

the allegation consistent with the willful and wanton definition. As Hudson's attorney explained,

failure to use due regard meant being reckless or being unaware of what's going on, but going

anyway. This is consistent with the definition of willful and wanton conduct, which includes

having conscious disregard for the safety of others. Thus, we cannot conclude that the jury in this

case was misled by the use of the phrase "due regard" or that the City was thereby prejudiced.

The City further contends that the willful and wanton issue instruction was erroneous in

47
No. 1-05-2822
that it suggested in seven of the nine allegations that violation of the police department general

order constituted willful and wanton conduct per se. We agree that countermanding a police

department general order does not constitute negligence or willful and wanton conduct per se.

This has been established in Morton v. City of Chicago, 286 Ill. App. 3d 444, 454, 676 N.E.2d

985, 992 (1997). However, Morton implicitly indicates that a violation of an internal police

department rule can constitute some evidence of willful and wanton conduct. The court in that

case stressed that violation of a police department general order would not "in and of itself"

constitute willful and wanton conduct, that the jury could have found that there was a valid

reason for the officer in that case to not following the general order, and that "the violation of

self-imposed rules or internal guidelines *** does not *** alone constitute evidence of

negligence, or beyond that, wilful and wanton conduct. [Citation.]" Morton, 286 Ill. App. 3d at

454, 676 N.E.2d at 992. Thus, Morton impliedly stands for the proposition that, although a

violation of an internal rule will not automatically constitute willful and wanton conduct, a jury

may considere it along with other evidence in reaching a determination of willful and wanton

conduct. Therefore, the jury here could have found that Officer Lee's failure to abide the general

order by caravanning or pursuing the suspect or failing to adhere to basic traffic safety practices

was willful and wanton under the particular circumstances of this case.

Moreover, we cannot agree that this instruction was confusing or prejudicial when

considered in light of the jury instructions as a whole. See Harden v. Playboy Enterprises, Inc.,

261 Ill. App. 3d 443, 453, 633 N.E.2d 764, 771 (1993) ("Jury instructions are to be viewed as a

whole and reversible error occurs only when serious prejudice to a right to a fair trial has been

48
No. 1-05-2822
proven"). As noted above, the jury was correctly instructed as to the definition of willful and

wanton conduct, as well as to Hudson's burden of proof with regard to the allegations in the issue

instruction. Thus, it was clear that in order to find for plaintiff, the jury not only had to believe

one or more of the allegations in the willful and wanton issue instruction, but it also had to

determine that the conduct alleged qualified as willful and wanton. Therefore, we reject the City's

contention that the willful and wanton issue instruction misled the jury into thinking that violation

of the police department general order constituted willful and wanton conduct per se.

Moreover, we note that the City may well have failed to preserve any objection it would

have to the given jury instructions by not tendering a correct alternate instruction in the court

below. See Deal v. Byford, 127 Ill. 2d 192, 202-03, 537 N.E.2d 267, 271 (1989) ("To preserve

an objection to a jury instruction a party must both specify the defect claimed and tender a correct

instruction"). After objecting to the instruction tendered by plaintiff, the City proffered the

following instruction as an alternate:

"The plaintiff claims that he was injured and sustained damage and that the

conduct of the defendant was willful and wanton in one or more of the following

respects:

a. Failed to operate the motor vehicle at a speed and in a manner

compatible with conditions to ensure that control of the motor vehicle is

maintained at all times;

b. Executed a lane change striking Vernon Hudson's motor vehicle."

Along with reference to the police department general order, this instruction omitted

49
No. 1-05-2822
plaintiff's allegations that Officer Lee was willful and wanton for caravanning, for participating in

the pursuit, for failing to maintain control over her car, for moving into lane 1 when it was not

safe to do so, for following as a subterfuge for pursuit, and for failing to abandon the pursuit.

This conduct was placed in issue and could have constituted willful and wanton conduct if

perpetrated with utter indifference to or a conscious disregard for the safety of others. As noted,

the pattern jury instruction requires that the allegations of the complaint be set forth unless they

have been withdrawn, ruled out by the court, or are not supported by the evidence. IPI Civil

(2000) No. 20.01.01. The City has not contended, nor can it, that any of the allegations of the

issue instruction were excluded or ruled out by the court. Nevertheless, the City omitted those

alleged acts from its proffered instruction and thereby failed to provide a sufficient alternate

instruction to preserve its objection. See Deal, 127 Ill. 2d at 202-03, 537 N.E.2d at 271.

In looking at the dissent, we respectfully suggest that in its impassioned eloquence, it has

failed to accept the function of a reviewing court, which, upon review of a motion for judgment

n.o.v., is to view the evidence in its aspect most favorable to the opponent to determine whether

that evidence so overwhelmingly favors the movant that the verdict could never stand. See

Townsend, 318 Ill. App. 3d at 409, 741 N.E.2d at 1057. In fact, in ruling on a motion for a

judgment n.o.v., "a court does not weigh the evidence *** [but] may only consider the evidence,

and any inferences therefrom, in the light most favorable to the party resisting the motion."

Maple, 151 Ill. 2d at 453, 603 N.E.2d at 512 (1992). Here, the dissent instead appears to focus

upon evidence supporting the City without paying due credence to countervailing evidence and

inference which would support this jury's findings that, at the time of the occurrence, Officer Lee

50
No. 1-05-2822
was not executing or enforcing the law for purposes of section 2-202 immunity and, even more

strikingly, that her conduct was wilful and wanton.

As discussed above, when the evidence is viewed in a light most favorable to Hudson, the

jury's conclusion that the City was not immune from liability for Officer Lee's negligence is

sufficient to sustain the verdict. Officer Lee specifically denied that she was attempting to enforce

the law through pursuit or apprehension of the suspect. Rather, she contended that her presence

on the expressway at the time of the occurrence was geared toward potentially "assisting" the

pursuing officers by providing traffic control should the need arise or by providing back up in the

event the suspect took a hostage or started shooting at the police. Neither of these potentialities

were ever actually indicated in this case. Thus, the jury was free to conclude that Officer Lee was

not engaged in activity "designed to carry out or put into effect any law" (Fitzpatrick, 112 Ill. 2d

at 221, 492 N.E.2d at 1296), but was merely making herself available to provide law

enforcement. As we have pointed out, even if the jury took Officer Lee's testimony at face value,

simply making oneself available for the possibility of law enforcement is not enough to attain

immunity. See Leaks, 238 Ill. App. 3d at 17, 606 N.E.2d at 159 (finding no immunity where

police officer, who was on patrol, was backing up his vehicle in attempt to ascertain whether a

group of people gathered outside an apartment building where engaged in illegal activity because

there was no actual indication that a crime was being committed at the time of the accident);

Aikens, 145 Ill. 2d at 285, 583 N.E.2d at 490, 493 (holding that section 2-202 does not

"immunize the negligent performance of all official functions and duties by police," and stating

"section 2-202 immunity is a limited immunity, which dimensions are narrower than the scope of a

51
No. 1-05-2822
police officer's employment or his performance of official functions or duties").

Moreover, the jury was free to conclude that Officer Lee was not even attempting to

"assist" as she described it, let alone enforcing the law, but was merely following the pursuit out

of personal interest or because of her camaraderie with her fellow officers. There was evidence

that 12 to 15 other police vehicles were involved in the pursuit. Further, the police department

general order specifically limited police participation in pursuits without providing an exception

for "assistance," by stating that pursuits could be conducted by only two vehicles and that other

officers shall "remain aware of the direction and progress of the pursuit, but will not actively

participate, and will not respond or parallel the pursuit on adjacent streets, unless specifically

authorized to do so." (Emphasis added.) Viewed in a light most favorable to Hudson, these

facts seriously call into question whether Officer Lee was truly attempting to enforce the law, or,

for that matter, whether she was even attempting to "assist;" such questions must be resolved by

the jurors as the triers of fact. The dissent does not give adequate weight to our duties to sustain

the findings of fact by the jury where there is sufficient supporting evidence and to refrain from

overriding those findings where they conflict with our own value judgments.

The dissent fails to note the distinction between a police officer in the act of law

enforcement and one who is merely making herself available for law enforcement like an officer

on routine patrol. For instance, the dissent notes that we commented that Officer Lee would have

been immune had she actually been attempting to provide traffic control. The dissent calls our

statement puzzling and asserts that we have ignored that Officer Lee testified that traffic control

was one of the first things she "might" be required to do. However, the opposite is true; we made

52
No. 1-05-2822
this statement in direct reference to Officer Lee's testimony wherein she disclaimed any attempt to

engage in the pursuit but noted that she was going to see if she might become needed for traffic

control or other exigencies that might arise. This distinction, that immunity is available only for

those efforts to execute or enforce the law where a need for such execution or enforcement is

actually indicated, was clearly made by Leaks and is consonant with Fitzpatrick, where a police

officer was found to be immune because he was in the act of investigating a traffic accident when

the plaintiff's injury occurred. The dissent attempts to distinguish Leaks from the instant case by

noting that, here, there was, in fact, a crime committed while there was no specific indication of

any crime in that case. However, the dissent fails to acknowledge that Officer Lee specifically

removed herself from enforcement related to the crime in this case in that she disclaimed any

attempt to participate in the pursuit. Here, the jury was well able to infer from Officer Lee's

testimony that her "assistance" was, at best, an unfocussed attempt to make herself available for

as yet unrealized opportunities for law enforcement.

The dissent further points to Lieutenant Jackson's testimony that police officers have a

general duty to "assist" other officers and contends that this duty to "assist" was unrebutted.

However, in giving great weight to Lieutenant Jackson's testimony, the dissent fails to consider

Officer Lee's description of what she was doing when she said that she was going to assist,

namely, that she was going to see if she might become needed to provide traffic control or

backup. Implicitly, the dissent also fails to recognize that our supreme court in Aikens clearly

stated that not every police duty constitutes enforcement of the law for purposes of section 2-202

immunity.

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No. 1-05-2822
Moreover, while placing great emphasis on Lieutenant Jackson's testimony, the dissent

fails to recognize other evidence supporting the inference and conclusion that Officer Lee was

merely following the pursuit out of personal interest or camaraderie rather than in response to any

police duty to "assist." As noted, the police department general order, which was entered into

evidence and read aloud to the jury by Officer Lee, directly discouraged police officers from

taking any active part in pursuits. Specifically, the general order limited pursuits to two vehicles

and directed that other officers shall "remain aware of the direction and progress of the pursuit,

but will not actively participate, and will not respond or parallel the pursuit on adjacent streets,

unless specifically authorized to do so." (Emphasis added.) The general order further forbade

"caravanning" and "following as a subterfuge for pursuit." No section of the police general order

provided for "assisting" a pursuit. In addition, there was evidence that 12 to15 police vehicles

were already involved in the pursuit. Thus, the jury could well have inferred that despite

Lieutenant Jackson's assertion that police officer's have a duty to assist, Officer Lee's participation

was not geared toward that particular end but was based on her own personal interest in the

outcome or on her camaraderie with her fellow officers.

The dissent seems to attach major significance to the state of Officer Lee's emergency

lights at the time of the occurrence and charges us with repeatedly suggesting that the officer's

emergency lights were not engaged. In fact, we have not purported to rely upon that factor in

determining whether the jury had an evidentiary basis for its verdict.6 While there was ample

6
We further note that the dissent is mistaken in its assertion that we affirmatively stated in

our footnote 4 that Officer Lee's emergency lights were not activated. There, we did not purport

54
No. 1-05-2822
evidence that Officer Lee's emergency lights were, in fact, activated, that factor is relatively

insignificant in this case. It is certainly not the case that a police officer will automatically be

deemed to be enforcing the law whenever she has engaged her vehicle's emergency lights. Rather,

the dispositive inquiry on which we have focused is whether the police officer was engaged in

activity "designed to carry out or put into effect any law." Fitzpatrick, 112 Ill. 2d at 221, 492

N.E.2d at 1296.

Moreover, contrary to the dissent's position, there was some conflicting evidence on this

point that the jury could have found to be persuasive. Although Officer Lee testified that her

emergency lights were on, she also testified that citizen cars were "all around", "they were moving

with me," and that some of them must have been passing her. Inferentially, this statement could

have been construed by the jury as negating the assertion that the emergency lights were activated

since citizens would presumably not pass a police car with emergency lights activated. This

conclusion would also be consonant with the City's assertion that Hudson pulled out in front of

Officer Lee after previously yielding to other police vehicles by moving to the shoulder. Although

possible, it is doubtful that Hudson would yield to one vehicle with emergency lights and then pull

out in front of another vehicle that had emergency lights activated. Furthermore, although Officer

to comment on whether Officer Lee's emergency lights were activated but merely referred

hypothetically, in a totally different context, to the failure to engage emergency lights as one

example of a violation of the police general order that would potentially have less significance

under the immunity statute than a violation of the order through participation in unauthorized

pursuit.

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No. 1-05-2822
Ray first testified that the emergency lights were on, he later said that he could not recall whether

they were on. The dissent contends that Officer Ray's statement was the result of clever cross-

examination by plaintiff's counsel and what he really meant to say was that he was not sure

whether it was he or Officer Lee who turned the emergency lights on. However, such an analysis

is one for the jury and not for the court to make. See People v. Feyrer, 269 Ill. App. 3d 734, 742,

646 N.E.2d 1244, 1250 (1994).

The dissent further strays from the essential issues of this case by charging us with

misstating a portion of Lieutenant Jackson's testimony regarding a police officer's obligation to

communicate with dispatch. As with the evidence concerning the emergency lights, here to, the

jury was free to resolve any conflicting evidence in favor of the conclusion that, regardless of any

communication with dispatch, Officer Lee's "assistance" did not amount to an actual attempt to

execute or enforce any law. However, we are somewhat disturbed by the dissent's assertion that

we misstated Lieutenant Jackson's testimony.

Although we did not provide an exact quote of Lieutenant Jackson's statement, we believe

our paraphrasing is sufficiently accurate. To be sure, Lieutenant Jackson was asked: "If Officers

Ray and Lee are assisting in the participation of an apprehension of a suspected felon, they are

required under department policy and procedure to advise dispatch that they are going to be

participating in that role, correct?" Lieutenant Jackson answered this question "yes," but then

clarified that the dispatcher may have called for radio silence, which would have hindered Officer

Lee from communicating with dispatch. Our recitation of Lieutenant Jackson's testimony reflects

this fact. The dissent appears to attempt to draw a distinction between "pursuit" and

56
No. 1-05-2822
"apprehension" with regard to the duty to communicate with dispatch even though neither

counsel's question nor Lieutenant Jackson's answer made any such distinction. It is inappropriate

for the court to impose its interpretation of any given testimony upon the jurors who have,

themselves, heard the testimony in its full context. See Maple, 151 Ill. 2d at 453, 603 N.E.2d at

512.

With regard to the special interrogatory, we believe the dissent has failed to take full

account of the distinctions made in the cases we have cited. The cases make clear that whether a

comment on a special interrogatory requires a reversal depends on the specific context and

circumstances surrounding the comment and that where the emphasis is on the evidence rather

than a need for the jury to harmonize its answer with its verdict, a reversal is not necessarily

required. See Batteast, 137 Ill. 2d at 186, 560 N.E.2d at 321; Levin, 164 Ill. App. 3d at 652, 518

N.E.2d at 213; O'Connell, 285 Ill. App. 3d at 467, 674 N.E.2d at 111. Here, as discussed above,

the statements made by plaintiff's counsel regarding the special interrogatory focused on the

evidence and the City's burden of proof. Thus, we cannot find that the trial court abused its

discretion in determining that counsel's statement was permissible. See Maple, 151 Ill. 2d at 455,

603 N.E.2d 515.

In any event, even without regard to our conclusions concerning the negligence count and

the jury's finding that Officer Lee was not enforcing the law, the jury's verdict is clearly

sustainable under the willful and wanton count. The dissent, however, contends that there was

insufficient evidence to support the jury's finding of willful and wanton conduct and the City was,

therefore, entitled to judgment n.o.v. The dissent notes that Patrick described Officer Lee's

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No. 1-05-2822
vehicle going from the far left lane to the far right lane before the impact with Hudson, and that

Officer Lee might have been driving slightly above the speed limit. The dissent, however, defends

Officer Lee by noting that police officers may exceed the speed limit under certain circumstances

and by noting that Officer Lee stated that she merged only from lane 2 to lane 1 and attempted to

avoid Hudson before the impact.

Here, as with the negligence count, the dissent appears merely to focus on evidence which

she, as a trier of fact, might have found persuasive but again fails to acknowledge the evidence the

actual trier of fact could have relied upon. As noted above, Patrick described Officer Lee's merge

across multiple lanes of traffic as a "jump," and Officer Lee testified that she was not looking at

the lane she was merging into although she was aware that there were multiple civilian cars on the

road. In this regard, we note that it was for the jury and not this court to weigh the testimonies of

Officer Lee and Patrick with regard to their descriptions of the events leading up to the

occurrence. See Feyrer, 269 Ill. App. 3d at 742, 646 N.E.2d at 1250.

The dissent also adopts the City's position that the issue instruction given to the jury on

the willful and wanton count mandates a new trial. The dissent notes that this instruction

"mimicked plaintiff's complaint" but fails to acknowledge that the pattern jury instruction requires

just that – that the allegations of the complaint be set out. See IPI Civil (2000) No. 20.01 [12].

The issue instruction is not designed to define willful and wanton conduct; its function is simply to

set out the allegations of the complaint that are supported by the evidence and have not been

withdrawn or ruled out. See IPI Civil (2000) No. 20.01 [12]. Moreover, as noted, the City's

alternate instruction proffered in conjunction with its objection to the given instruction suffered

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No. 1-05-2822
from the very same deficiencies it now alleges on appeal. As previously discussed, in order to

preserve an objection to a jury instruction, a party must specify the instruction's defect and

provide a correct instruction. See Deal, 127 Ill. 2d at 202-03, 537 N.E.2d at 271.

Finally, the dissent contends that the video simulation was prejudicial because, as we

noted, Dr. Ziewjewski created his the simulation by inputting several facts into the computer

program that were not directly supported by the evidence. The dissent specifically rejects our

position that Dr. Ziewjewski's use of a hard right turn in the beginning of the simulation was

supported by Patrick's testimony that the vehicle "jumped" across the lanes. The dissent states

that the term "jumped" is "nothing more than a colloquialism, and not a description of what

actually occurred." The dissent further suggests that the term "jumped" can only be understood in

its literal meaning, as in "to spring from the ground." However, as we previously indicated,

before Patrick described the movement of Officer Lee's vehicle as a "jump" across the lanes of

traffic, she first testified that Officer Lee's vehicle moved from the far left lane to the far right

lane, stating "[Officer Lee's vehicle] come from the far left and all the way up to the right and hit

him." Thus, Patrick's subsequent use of the word "jumped" merely described how the vehicle

moved across the lanes. It is unreasonable to say that the use of the term "jumped" in this context

was meant to indicate that the vehicle left the ground and went airborne; on the other hand, it

would seem reasonable for Dr. Ziewjewski to construe Patrick's use of the term "jumped" as

meaning that Officer Lee's vehicle moved across the lanes very quickly, which would have

required a hard right turn. See Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary at 460 (1969) (in

addition to other definitions, defining "jump" as "to give a sudden movement," "to move

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No. 1-05-2822
energetically," "to move haphazardly or aimlessly").

We will not speculate whether the evidence in this case with respect to the willful and

wanton count could conceivably have sufficed to support a verdict in favor of the City had such a

verdict been returned. However, we are certain that there is ample evidence to support the

verdict that the jury did render as to the willful and wanton count. Likewise, as discussed, there

is sufficient evidence to support the verdict with respect to the negligence count. See, e.g.,

Friedland v. Allis Chalmers Co. of Canada, 159 Ill. App. 3d 1, 9, 511 N.E.2d 1199, 1205 (1987)

("Only if the verdict was palpably erroneous and wholly unwarranted, was clearly the result of

passion or prejudice, or appears to be arbitrary, unreasonable, and not based upon the evidence

will it be overturned"); Kahn v. James Burton Co., 5 Ill. 2d 614, 623, 126 N.E.2d 836, 841

(1955) ("A verdict will not be set aside merely because the jury could have found differently or

because judges feel that other conclusions would be more reasonable. [Citation] *** Under our

system of jurisprudence, jury determinations can be set aside only when a court of review *** is

clearly satisfied that they were occasioned by passion or prejudice or found to be wholly

unwarranted from the manifest weight of the evidence").

III. CONCLUSION

For all the foregoing reasons, we affirm judgment of the trial court.

Affirmed.

McNULTY, J., concurs.

Justice O'MALLEY, dissenting:

I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion in its entirety. In my view, the City was

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protected by section 2-202 of the Tort Immunity Act (Act) (745 ILCS 10/2-202 (West 2004)) where

Chicago police officer Sung Joo Lee was executing and enforcing the law at the time of the

occurrence; moreover, the exception to section 2-202 of the Act was not triggered because none of

the evidence supported a finding of willful and wanton conduct on the officer’s part. This is true

whether or not Officer Lee was engaged in a pursuit or simply going to assist other officers. Even

when the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiff, the City was entitled to a

judgment n.o.v. on these counts. Further, I believe the comments of plaintiff’s attorney instructing

the jury to answer the special interrogatory regarding execution and enforcement in favor of his client

completely eviscerated the utility of that special interrogatory and virtually ensured, in the context

of this tragic accident, that the jury would answer as instructed. Finally, the jury instruction on willful

and wanton conduct was fatally flawed as was the video prepared by plaintiff’s expert. Where the

evidence might be considered to be closely balanced, these last issues constitute reversible error and

would require a new trial. (In my view, the evidence is actually not closely balanced, it

overwhelmingly favors the City, but some might regard it as such.) Moreover, I am not attempting

to substitute my evaluation of the facts for that of the jury, nor have I only considered evidence

favoring the City, as the majority suggests, there are simply so few facts which favor the plaintiff that

this verdict is not sustainable.

I fully appreciate that if we are to ever achieve finality in litigation, great deference must be

given to the jury’s conclusions. However, this does not demand slavish adherence to verdicts which

are clearly wrong, nor does it relieve this court of its responsibility to critically review jury verdicts.

It is apparent to me that this verdict is the result of passion or prejudice in the sense that it is a

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No. 1-05-2822
sympathy verdict against a target defendant. Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Civil, (IPI Civil) No.

1.01 (2007 ed.) (“Your verdict must not be based upon speculation, prejudice, or sympathy.”).

EXECUTION & ENFORCEMENT

The City claims it was entitled to judgment n.o.v. because its officer was in the execution and

enforcement of the law and I agree. Section 2-202 of the Act immunizes all municipal employees for

their acts or omission in the execution and enforcement of the law. See 745 ILCS 10/2-202 (West

2004). As principal and agent, the City is immunized where its employee is immunized. 745 ILCS

10/2-109 (West 2004); Wade v. City of Chicago, 364 Ill. App. 3d 773, 780 (2006). Where a police

officer is engaged in a course of conduct designed to carry out or put into effect any law, the

immunity applies unless his or her conduct was willful and wanton. Fitzpatrick, 112 Ill. 2d at 221;

745 ILCS 10/2-202 (West 2004). Here, Officer Lee was, in my view, so engaged and nothing she

did could properly be considered willful and wanton conduct.

The evidence showed that at about 9 p.m. on May 7, 2001, Officer Lee and her partner,

Officer Howard Ray, normally assigned to protect Chicago Housing Authority residents, heard a

radio dispatch that a homicide suspect was being pursued on the Eisenhower expressway by other

officers. Lee and Ray entered the expressway, not to engage in the pursuit, but rather to assist in the

eventual apprehension of the suspect, either by controlling traffic at the scene or any other helpful

activity. The night was clear and dry, and the highway well lit. At one point after entering the

expressway, Lee was required to get off the eastbound expressway and get on the expressway

westbound because the pursuit changed directions. Going westbound, with her turn signal and

emergency equipment activated, she moved from the first to the third lane, and collided with plaintiff

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No. 1-05-2822
because his car either protruded from the shoulder into Lee’s lane, or he pulled out from the shoulder

in front of her.

The testimony of Chicago police Lieutenant Carolyn Jackson established that all officers were

expected to assist other officers should the occasion arise, and no permission from superiors was

required for such a decision. Contrary to what the majority implies, I gave Jackson’s testimony no

more weight than it deserved. Lieutenant Jackson is a ranking officer in the Chicago Police

Department, and her testimony was entirely unrebutted. I have taken issue with a statement which

appears in the majority opinion: the majority states that Lieutenant Jackson testified that “if Officers

Lee and Ray were assisting in apprehending a suspected felon, they were required under department

policy and procedure to advise dispatch.” This indicates that if these officers were doing exactly what

they said they were doing—attempting to assist in the apprehension of a suspected felon—they were

required to notify dispatch or be in violation of a general order. After reviewing over 57 pages of

Lieutenant Jackson’s testimony, taken in context, it is my position that that is not a correct

interpretation of what she said in spite of the majority’s protest regarding the same. She made it

crystal clear that it was only officers engaged in or assisting in the pursuit who had to notify dispatch,

those being the primary and secondary cars. In her opinion, an officer was not involved in a pursuit

unless they could see it, and these officers undisputedly could not see the pursuit because they had

to monitor their radio to know where it was going. The majority states its presentation is fair,

because it then mentions “countervailing evidence” regarding Jackson’s comments about anticipated

radio silence. However, these remarks regarding radio silence have little to do with the issue of

whether Lee and Ray violated a general order in not contacting dispatch (except they might not get

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No. 1-05-2822
through if they tried). Jackson’s real opinion is to be found in the veritable mountain of contradictory

evidence which shows that it is the opposite of what is said in the majority opinion. Jackson testified

that she believed Lee and Ray were not involved in a pursuit, so they were not required to contact

dispatch. Further, she clearly maintained that Officer Lee not only did not violate a general order,

but she did nothing wrong.

To address a preliminary matter, while the majority claims that whether or not Lee’s

emergency equipment was activated is insignificant to its opinion, I think it is an important factor and

further, it is repeatedly referred to in the majority opinion and used as at least a partial basis for some

of its conclusions. Therefore, I think it worthy of comment. In my view, there can be no serious

dispute that Lee’s equipment was activated. Both officers testified that the emergency equipment was

on. Even if one chose to disregard their testimony as biased, an independent witness, Denise Patrick,

testified that the lights and sirens were on. Most importantly, the plaintiff, Vernon Hudson, testified

to seeing the officers’ lights behind him and hearing the siren moments before the crash.

In spite of this evidence, the majority maintains that it is “questionable” whether the

emergency equipment was on, choosing to base its conclusion that the equipment may not have been

on primarily upon a halting, confused, bit of cross-examination where Officer Ray is questioned by

plaintiff’s attorney, as well as two bits of speculation it then offers. Ray stated as follows:

Q. [Plaintiff’s Attorney] Did you put the lights on, the

oscillating lights and siren on?

A. [Officer Ray] I can’t recall.

Q. As you sit in this courtroom, you don’t have any memory

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No. 1-05-2822
of turning them on, do you?

A. I know they were on, but I don’t—I can’t recall—I don’t

know what—I would have to see the car because sometimes the lights

are on the driver’s side, and then sometimes they’re on my side.

Q. But as you sit here today, you don’t remember if they were

on.

A. No, I can’t recall.” (Emphases added.)

It is clear to me that Officer Ray was responding to the first question—inquiring whether he

turned the lights and sirens on—presumably as opposed to Officer Lee. The next question skillfully

and quickly moves from whether he himself turned on the equipment to whether it was on at all, and

he became confused, and responded again that he did “not recall.” Aside from a bit of speculation

to be discussed below, this is the only genuine piece of evidence in a record where everybody else

involved, including plaintiff, testified to seeing Lee’s lights and hearing sirens immediately before the

crash.

Nonetheless, the majority claims that, aside from Ray’s testimony above, there is other

evidence that Lee’s equipment was not activated, speculating upon two bits of testimony from Lee

herself. Initially, Lee agreed at trial that upon entering the highway, there were “cars all around” and

“some must have been passing her.” (These were actually plaintiff’s lawyer’s words; however, Lee

agreed, albeit hesitatingly). The majority then posits that no one would be passing a police car with

lights and sirens activated, so Lee’s equipment was probably not on. In fact, in my view, common

sense dictates otherwise. Lee said she activated her equipment upon entering the Eisenhower.

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No. 1-05-2822
Where this happens, it usually takes a number of minutes for other drivers to react and move out of

the way. Cars certainly do not disappear instantaneously, and cars in front of her or slightly ahead

of her may well have to pass to get to the right shoulder. I acknowledge that while this inference

might conceivably be considered evidence that her equipment was not activated, in view of the solid

testimony that it was, the latter seems unfounded. Further, if cars were actually “moving with her,”

it corroborates her testimony that she was going 45 to 50 miles per hour, not 55 to 65 as Denise

Patrick said.

Another reason the majority suggests that the emergency equipment was not activated

presents an interesting issue. Officer Lee testified that Mr. Hudson pulled out in front of her, but Mr.

Hudson maintained he pulled to the shoulder in response to lights and sirens behind him. The

majority then speculates that Mr. Hudson actually pulled to the shoulder in response to the pursuers’

lights and sirens, then pulled back into the roadway in front of Lee. The majority then states that

while possible, it would be illogical to think that Mr. Hudson would pull over for one set of lights,

but pull out in front of Lee if her equipment was activated, so it must mean Lee’s equipment was not

on. If true, it would have Mr. Hudson pulling over, waiting for some period of time because the

pursuers were well ahead of Lee and she could not even see them, and then pulling out in front of a

lightless, sirenless Lee.

However, Mr. Hudson’s testimony contradicts this scenario. He says he was pulling over in

response to the lights, not pulling out, when he was hit. In any event, whether pulling out or pulling

over, Mr. Hudson maintained that he reacted immediately upon seeing lights in his rearview mirror

and hearing sirens, and was struck only seconds later. Since it is indisputable that it was Lee who hit

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No. 1-05-2822
him, not the pursuers, it had to be Lee’s equipment Mr. Hudson saw and heard.

The more interesting aspect of this is, had the jury believed that Mr. Hudson pulled in front

of Lee, as Officer Lee stated, there can be no question that this verdict is incorrect, and the product

of sympathy and / or prejudice. The verdict form reveals that the jury found plaintiff 0% negligent

and the officers 100% negligent. If plaintiff pulled in front of the officers, this accident would

essentially be his fault and surely the verdict would reflect some substantial percentage of negligence

on the part of plaintiff. I believe it to be common knowledge on the part of drivers that one is

required to yield when pulling into moving traffic from the shoulder of the road. See 625 ILCS 5/11-

905 (West 2006); 625 ILCS 5/11-709.1 (West 2006). In fact, either way, it is evident Mr. Hudson’s

car occupied some part of Officer Lee’s lane, so it is surprising that the jury still found him 0%

negligent. I take this to be evidence of the jury’s bias against the defendant City.

In one footnote, the majority hypothesized that the emergency equipment was not on, and the

officers were driving in violation of a general order to activate it if in a pursuit. Slip op. at 28-29, n.

4. It then speculates, wholly without citation, that such conduct would “arguably” somehow render

the officers unable to enforce the law. Slip op. at 28-29, n. 4. While this may be just a hypothetical,

I note that there is simply no support in the record or in the law for this position, and none is offered.

Would the majority also maintain that if these officers had apprehended the suspect after pursuing

without permission, the arrest would be illegal?

As for a discussion of case law, the majority then offers something of a survey of the law

where officers have and have not been found to be in the execution and enforcement of the law. The

first cases are those in which officers were found to be in the execution and enforcement of the law.

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No. 1-05-2822
See Bruecks v. County of Lake, 276 Ill. App. 3d 567 (1995), Morris v. City of Chicago, 135 Ill. App.

3d 374 (1985), and Fitzpatrick v. City of Chicago, 112 Ill. 2d 211 (1986).

Bruecks and Morris are virtually identical to the case at bar, although this case is even more

compelling for finding the officers within section 2-202. In Bruecks, an officer heard a report of shots

fired in the area. Bruecks, 276 Ill. App. 3d at 568. Although other officers were responding to the

scene, the officer decided to respond as well. Bruecks, 276 Ill. App. 3d at 568. Unlike Officer Lee,

he did not activate his emergency equipment and stated that he did not consider the situation to be

an emergency. Bruecks, 276 Ill. App. 3d at 568. He was involved in an accident on the way to the

scene, negligently striking plaintiff’s vehicle. Bruecks, 276 Ill. App. 3d at 568. The court stated that

the officer was “clearly” being called upon to execute the law. Bruecks, 276 Ill. App. 3d at 569. The

fact that he was not specifically dispatched to the scene, did not have his emergency equipment

activated, and did not subjectively consider this to be an emergency did not affect the court’s

decision. Bruecks, 276 Ill. App. 3d at 569. In this case, Officer Lee responded to a radio call and

decided to go to the assistance of other officers, although not specifically dispatched to the scene and

in spite of the fact that others were also responding. Unlike Bruecks, however, Officer Lee did have

her emergency equipment activated. As in Bruecks, Officer Lee was in the execution and

enforcement of the law and our result should be the same.

Similarly, in Morris v. City of Chicago, 130 Ill. App. 3d 740 (1985), the court held that an

officer who struck plaintiff in plaintiff’s parked car while responding to a radio call of a crime in

progress was executing and enforcing the law and therefore immune under section 2-202. Morris,

130 Ill. App. 3d at 741, 744. The court found that the immunity applied because, at the time of the

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No. 1-05-2822
accident, there was an “unbroken effort” on the officer’s part to respond to the call and thereby

execute and enforce the law. Morris, 130 Ill. App. 3d at 744. The court did not agree that the

officer could not be said to be executing and enforcing, because he did not actually see a crime in

progress. Morris, 130 Ill. App. 3d at 743. Here too, there was an “unbroken effort” on Officer Lee’s

part to respond to the radio call as she thought appropriate. Like Morris, there was a crime in

progress here as well: a homicide suspect eluding the police. See 625 ILCS 5/11-907 (West 2004).

(Whether or not a crime has been, or is being committed seems to be key in the case law. See

Bruecks, 276 Ill. App. 3d at 568-69; Morris, 135 Ill. App. 3d at 744; Bosen v. City of Collinsville,

166 Ill. App. 3d 848, 850-51 (1987); and Leaks v. City of Chicago, 238 Ill. App. 3d 12, 14-15

(1992)). Morris is, in my view, indistinguishable and indeed the majority makes no effort to

distinguish it. Bruecks and Morris are therefore controlling in the case at bar and should be followed.

In its order, the majority then moved on to discuss an “extensive” line of cases which find that

the public employee involved was not executing and enforcing the law. I acknowledge that there are

many such cases, but every one on which the majority relied is so factually different from this case

as to be wholly inapposite. In Aikens v. Morris, 145 Ill. 2d 273 (1991), the supreme court found that

the act of transporting prisoners was not covered by the immunity. In Simpson v. City of Chicago,

233 Ill. App. 3d 791 (1992), an officer on his way to fill out a missing persons report was not

immune. In Leaks v. City of Chicago, 238 Ill. App. 3d 12, 14-15 (1992), a police officer cruising on

routine patrol had an accident while backing up after stopping at a corner where some individuals

were gathered. Although he maintained that he suspected drug activity, the court disagreed, saying

no immunity applied where no crime had in fact been committed, the officer had nothing more than

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No. 1-05-2822
a suspicion that a crime had occurred, and he was essentially just cruising. Leaks, 238 Ill. App. 3d

at 17. In Sanders v. City of Chicago, 306 Ill. App. 3d 356, 359 (1999), an officer was initially

traveling to assist another officer, but he received word that the emergency was over prior to having

an accident. The court disagreed with the trial court’s granting of summary judgment in favor of the

City, instead granting summary judgment for the plaintiff, holding that the officer was not immune

as a matter of law. Sanders, 306 Ill. App. 3d at 361-62. Clearly, these situations are dramatically

different than the one in the case at bar. All the conduct by the officers in the aforementioned cases

was either ministerial or routine, or became routine by the passing of an emergency (see generally,

Sanders, 306 Ill. App. 3d at 359-62). Indeed, these cases stand for the proposition that routine

activities are generally not immunized. Leaks, 238 Ill. App. 3d at 17; Aikens, 145 Ill. 2d at 278-79;

Simpson, 233 Ill. App. 3d at 792-93. However, these situations are wholly unlike going to assist in

the apprehension of a homicide suspect who was contemporaneously committing a crime.

In terms of analysis, the entire majority memo first adopts the position that the officers were

not in the execution and enforcement of the law because they were not going to assist as they said,

but were actually involved in a pursuit in violation of a general order. I note that the violation of a

general order may be some evidence of willful and wanton conduct (although not here), but no cases

support the proposition that a violation of a general order strips an officer of immunity or the ability

to enforce the law (the significance of such a violation, or lack thereof, is extensively discussed in the

section of this dissent addressing willful and wanton conduct).

According to the majority, it would be reasonable for the jury to inferentially conclude that

the officers were actually pursuing, not going to assist, because they “closely” monitored their radio

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and changed lanes in response to what lane the fleeing felon was occupying. Both these things

actually corroborate Lee’s position that she was going to assist, not pursuing, and not the other way

around. Initially, I note that Lieutenant Jackson’s unrebutted testimony was that officers are not in

pursuit or caravanning unless they could see the pursuit. Lee said she could not see the pursuit, but

further, if she could, it would not have been necessary to monitor her radio to know where she was

going or in what lane the felon was driving. Instead, Lee was clear that she never saw the white van

that was being pursued, and that she moved into the far right-hand lane only so that she would be

traveling “in the same direction” if the suspect again exited the expressway as he had previously done.

In short, all of this confirms Lee’s testimony that she was going to assist, not engaged in a pursuit.

If the jury believed otherwise, it would, in my view, be against the manifest weight of this evidence.

See York v. Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center, 222 Ill. 2d 147, 178 (2006) (“A new trial

should be granted only when the verdict is contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence.”). A

verdict is against the manifest weight of the evidence when the opposite conclusion is clearly

apparent. Redmond v. Socha, 216 Ill. 2d 622, 651 (2005). Here, it is.

The majority then turns the tables and states that the officers could not be in the execution

and enforcement of the law because they were going to assist and were not the direct pursuers.

Specifically, the majority delineates five specific reasons why the jury was justified in concluding that

Lee was not enforcing the law if she was actually going to assist other officers: First, because Lee

denied being in direct pursuit, or that she would be “hands-on” in apprehending the criminal; second,

because Lee said that she was going to assist in the apprehension, she was merely “available” to

enforce the law, not enforcing it; third, related to “availability,” because she was uncertain exactly

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what assistance would be required, her efforts were simply “unfocused” availability, conduct

purportedly not entitled to immunity; fourth, the law being enforced was “nebulous”; and finally, the

fifth reason the jury’s verdict is allegedly justified is because they could reasonably believe that Lee

and Ray joined in this endeavor for their own amusement–out of curiosity or camaraderie with fellow

officers–and were therefore not enforcing the law. None of the above reasons supports the latter

conclusion, in my view.

First, the majority’s position that only prime actors, direct pursuers, and / or those who are

first to apprehend the criminal enjoy immunity, finds no support in the law. Rather, the opposite is

true, as Bruecks v. County of Lake, 276 Ill. App. 3d 567 (1995), Morris v. City of Chicago, 135 Ill.

App. 3d 374 (1985), and Bosen v. City of Collinsville, 166 Ill. App. 3d 848 (1987), demonstrate.

In those cases, officers began to travel to a scene in response to information received on their radios,

as Lee and Ray did here; like Morris, here other cars were responding. Morris, 135 Ill. App. 3d at

742. None of the officers knew exactly what would be required when they arrived. In addition, in

Bosen, the officer was exceeding the speed limit, as Lee is alleged to have done here, although the

officer in Bosen was estimated to be traveling at 50 miles per hour on wet pavement in a 25 miles-

per-hour zone as he responded to a radio call. As in the instant case, the officers in all three cases

had an accident prior to reaching the scene, so none actually arrived. Nonetheless, the court found

each officer to be unequivocally immune. See Bruecks, 276 Ill. App. 3d at 568-69, Morris, 135 Ill.

App. 3d at 744, and Bosen, 166 Ill. App. 3d at 850-51.

Next, the majority maintains this verdict is justified because Lee was only attempting to assist

in an apprehension, which allegedly amounts to simply making oneself “available” to enforce the law

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(citing Leaks), and does not trigger the immunity. Further according the majority, where Lee did not

know precisely what would be required of her when she arrived (traffic control or some other

activity), her efforts were tantamount to an “unfocused” availability because no specific law was

being enforced, or it was a “nebulous” one, not triggering immunity. I do not believe any of these

arguments have merit.

I initially note that, in a sense, all officers are “available” for law enforcement just by walking

into the Area to report for their shift, and certainly while they are carrying out routine duties on their

watch. There is, however, a qualitative difference between that kind of routine availability and the

conduct of the officers here. It would be disingenuous to claim that Lee’s “availability” as she

responded to this emergency is in any way the same as the availability of the officer on routine patrol

in Leaks. Furthermore, there is no case law that supports the majority’s holding that immunity does

not apply when officers are only “available” to enforce the law, certainly Leaks and Aikens do not.

One might say that the officers in Bruecks, Morris, and Bosen were merely available at the time they

heard the radio transmission. Where they took a substantial step to respond, however, mere

availability was transformed into law enforcement activity and they were deemed to be immune. See

Bruecks, 276 Ill. App. 3d at 568-69; Morris, 135 Ill. App. 3d at 743-44; and Bosen, 166 Ill. App. 3d

at 850-51. The officers in the case at bar should also be immune.

Puzzlingly, the majority comments that there is “little doubt that had Officer Lee been on her

way to provide traffic control,” or “had the lead officers *** requested backup ***,” immunity would

apply. (Emphasis added.) Slip op. at 27-28. First, this ignores, or claims the jury rejected, the fact

that the officer’s testimony was unrebutted that she was on her way to provide traffic control or do

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anything else which might be helpful. Second, Lt. Jackson testified that officers were expected to

provide assistance, and that decision was up to them. Where officers are expected to provide

assistance, it stands to reason that no request for backup has to be made either. Thirdly, nothing in

the Act precludes immunity and no case is cited that stands for the proposition that an officer is

stripped of immunity solely because no backup was requested or permission given. 745 ILCS 10/2-

202 (West 2004).

Further, there is no confusion about what law was being enforced, nor is it “nebulous.” It is

illegal to elude the police and indisputably, this is the law that was being enforced; Lee and Ray’s

conduct is clearly referable to that law. Simply because the officers did not know what activities

would be required to enforce that law when they arrived, or whether some other law or laws would

simultaneously require enforcement at the scene, i.e., traffic control, etc., does not make this conduct

“unfocused” or strip them of immunity. The majority states “The only law that was in actual need

of enforcement related to the apprehension of the criminal suspect, and Officer Lee explicitly denied

that she was taking part in that enforcement.” Slip op. at 28. (Notably, the only thing Lee “explicitly

denied” was being involved in a pursuit, not law enforcement—she testified that she intended to assist

at the eventual apprehension if such was required, and that is law enforcement. See Bruecks, 276

Ill. App. 3d at 568-69; Morris, 135 Ill. App. 3d at 744; and Bosen, 166 Ill. App. 3d at 850-51.). The

officers here were clearly “engaged in a course of conduct designed to carry out or put into effect any

law.” Wade v. City of Chicago, 364 Ill. App. 3d 773, 780 (2006).

The majority cites Leaks v. City of Chicago, 238 Ill. App. 3d 12 (1992), as authority that

being “available” to enforce the law does not trigger the immunity. Leaks is completely different

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No. 1-05-2822
factually and is wholly inapplicable to the case at bar in my view. In Leaks, an officer on routine

patrol backed over someone when leaving a gathering of individuals on a corner. The court said he

was not entitled to immunity because he merely had a “suspicion” that a crime had been committed

(drug activity) where one had actually not been committed. Leaks does not, as the majority claims,

support a proposition that “availability” to enforce the law does not trigger immunity and in fact no

case does. See Bruecks, 276 Ill. App. 3d at 568-69; Morris, 135 Ill. App. 3d at 743-44; and Bosen,

166 Ill. App. 3d at 850-51. In the instant case, unlike Leaks,7 there is nothing routine about a

homicide suspect eluding the police and an emergency situation that demanded the attention of many

officers. Here, Lee and her partner were either responding to a specific call outside their district

about a specific crime in progress at a specific place, the Eisenhower, to assist in the anticipated arrest

in any way that was helpful, or they were pursuing under the same circumstances, albeit in violation

of a general order to notify. Either way, simply because they had an accident prior to having the

opportunity to carry out this task in no way diminishes Lee’s entitlement to immunity under the Act.

See Bruecks, 276 Ill. App. 3d at 568-69; Morris, 135 Ill. App. 3d at 743-44; and Bosen, 166 Ill. App.

3d at 850-51; see also 745 ILCS 10/2-202 (West 2004). Thus, the jury was not “free to conclude,”

7
Moreover, Leaks is not “consonant” with Fitzpatrick v. City of Chicago, 112 Ill. 2d 211

(1986), as the opinion states. In fact, Fitzpatrick is far more supportive of the dissent than the

majority opinion. In Fitzpatrick, no crime had occurred, simply a traffic accident which required

investigating. Accident investigation comes closer to the routine conduct of the officer in Leaks

than that of the officers in in the case at bar. Nonetheless, in Fitzpatrick, unlike Leaks, the officer

was immune.

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No. 1-05-2822
as the majority states, that she was not enforcing the law.

The majority next claims that the jury was again “free to conclude” that the officers were not

enforcing the law because they joined in this pursuit for their own amusement, either out of personal

curiosity or camaraderie with their fellow officers. First, I note that there is not a scintilla of evidence

that this was the reason these officers responded. The jury may also have concluded that they were

not enforcing the law because they were going to the movies or the beach, but that would not be

justified either. I acknowledge that the jury is free to draw reasonable inferences from the evidence,

but they are not free to indulge in pure, unsupported speculation or flights of fancy. See generally,

IPI Civil, Nos. 1.01 and 3.04. Moreover, the fact that “12 to 15” cars were involved in this effort

is irrelevant and does not bolster the majority’s “camaraderie” argument, because neither Lee nor Ray

knew how many cars were involved. In fact, it appears that no one knew, at the time of the incident,

how many cars were involved until after the incident was over.

Moreover, I note that neither personal curiosity nor camaraderie is inconsistent with enforcing

the law. It is reasonable to assume that there is some curiosity to learn about a situation and more

that a bit of camaraderie involved in any effort officers make to assist each other or ensure one

another’s safety. This does not mean that because camaraderie or personal interest is part of the

motivation for some law enforcement activity, that such activity may not still be legitimately

characterized as law enforcement, entitling the officers so engaged to immunity. For example, if

officers rush to assist an officer down at the scene of a bank robbery, and have an accident on the

way, they would be, in my view, enforcing the law, even though part of their motivation stems from

a feeling of camaraderie or loyalty to a fellow officer. See generally, Bruecks, 276 Ill. App. 3d at

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No. 1-05-2822
568-69; Morris, 135 Ill. App. 3d at 743-44; and Bosen, 166 Ill. App. 3d at 850-51. Therefore,

camaraderie or even curiosity cannot be said to be mutually exclusive with law enforcement, and I

know of no case which holds otherwise.

Finally, on the point of enforcement, the majority insists that, when viewed in the light most

favorable to Mr. Hudson, where General Order 97-03 provides that only two cars may pursue

without an “exception for assistance,” it “seriously calls into question” whether Lee was “truly

attempting” to enforce the law or “even assist.” I frankly completely fail to see how one flows from

the other. Even if Lee were involved in a pursuit in violation of a general order (to seek

authorization), how does that “seriously call into question” whether she was “truly attempting to

enforce the law” or “assist” in its enforcement? She would simply have missed a step–she did not

call in. This argument suggests that the majority incorrectly elevates the violation of a general order

to the violation of an actual law, perhaps taking the officer outside the scope of his or her

employment and making him unable to enforce the law, or some such theory (as it intimated in a

footnote in the opinion). However, the majority is aware, as the jurors are not, that internal standards

of any organization have no legal effect whatsoever, their violation is not even negligence per se; such

a violation, if one occurred here, certainly did not remove the officers from the scope of employment.

See Wade v. City of Chicago, 364 Ill. App. 3d 773, 781 (2006), citing Morton v. City of Chicago,

284 Ill. App. 3d 444, 454 (1997). Further, there is no authority to support an argument that an

officer cannot be enforcing the law if in violation of a general order, and the majority cites to none.

COMMENT ON SPECIAL INTERROGATORY

Related to the above discussion of execution and enforcement of the law, is plaintiff’s

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No. 1-05-2822
attorney’s comment on the special interrogatory relating to enforcement in closing argument.

Counsel stated, “Ladies and gentlemen[,] if you’re for Vernon[,] you will answer this special

interrogatory [N]o.” This comment completely eviscerated the purpose of the special interrogatory,

which is to test a general verdict (Simmons v. Garces, 198 Ill. 2d 541, 555 (2002)), and could not

fairly be said to be made “in accordance with the evidence” as case law requires. Batteast v. Wyeth

Laboratories, Inc., 137 Ill. 2d 175, 186 (1990). The comment appears by itself at the end of

counsel’s closing. With regard to placing it in the context of the evidence, counsel’s sole effort to

do that, if indeed that is what it was, was an off-handed reference to “other arguments” regarding

“their affirmative defense made earlier.” There is no attempt to define the limits of enforcement or

draw the jury’s attention to what is and is not enforcement, or exactly what Officer Lee did to take

her out of the parameters of enforcement. The majority states that the comment is permissible

because counsel did not “solicit the jury to harmonize its answer to the special interrogatory with its

verdict nor did he delineate or emphasize the need to answer the special interrogatory with a ‘no’ if

it wanted to award plaintiff damages.” It seems to me he actually did both when he told the jury if

they were “for Vernon”–in other words, if they wanted to give Vernon a verdict, i.e., money, they

would answer the interrogatory “No.” His remark emphasizes the relationship between the answer

to the interrogatory and the verdict in no uncertain terms and I think it is incorrect to say it does not.

Batteast v. Wyeth Laboratories, Inc., 137 Ill. 2d 175, 186 (1990), cited by the majority in its

opinion, is more supportive of the dissent. In Batteast, the supreme court found a comment which

was virtually identical to the one in this case to be improper where that lawyer told the jury that if

they wanted to make an award in favor of plaintiff they had to answer an interrogatory a certain way.

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The Batteast court unequivocally found this comment to be improper, but reversed on other grounds,

so we will never know if they would have reversed if the comment was the sole issue.

In O’Connell by Nelson v. City of Chicago, 285 Ill. App. 3d 459, 467 (1996), the court stated

that lawyers could make mention of special interrogatories, “but the line is crossed when jurors are

told to harmonize or confirm their interrogatory answer with their general verdict.” I presume this

directive from the case law does not mean such remarks are only objectionable where the magic

words “harmonize” or “conform the verdict” are used. Where that is the actual effect of a comment,

I believe it to be improper. See generally, O’Connell by Nelson v. City of Chicago, 285 Ill. App. 3d

at 467. Here, counsel’s directive to the jury, in my view, had just such an effect. Simply because the

comment was only made once, “briefly,” as the majority states, taken in context or in any other way,

this comment was reversible error and literally shaped the jury’s finding that this officer was not in

the execution of the law where the evidence shows she was. Sommese v. Maling Bros., Inc., 36 Ill.

2d 263, 268 (1966) (holding that the statement by plaintiff’s attorney to the jury during closing

argument to “harmonize” its answer on the special interrogatory with its general verdict was

improper).

Significant to our case, the Sommese court also stated that “[e]ven if an objection had been

made to the argument and sustained, defense counsel would be unable to overcome the fact that the

jury had already obtained the forbidden information, not only as to the source of the interrogatory,

but as to the effect of the interrogatory.” Sommese, 36 Ill. 2d at 268. Like Sommese, in the case at

bar, the City objected, it was sustained, and the jury was later instructed that argument is not

evidence. However, under these circumstances, I would not indulge in what is often a legal fiction

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that the bell can be unrung by an instruction to disregard. See Sommese, 36 Ill. 2d at 268. While

Sommese is slightly different in that there, the lawyer told the jury which side had submitted the

special interrogatory, the attorney’s actions in this case improperly let the jury know the effect of the

answer. I also note that, where counsel instructed the jury not to find Officer Lee in the execution

and enforcement of the law if they were “for Vernon,” they were also alerted to the inextricable link

between their answer to the interrogatories and the final outcome of the case—a link juries do not

necessarily make on their own. This may well have influenced their answer to the next special

interrogatory regarding willful and wanton. Finally, even though this improper comment occurred

only once, it was so prejudicial as to deny defendant a fair trial, and is reversible error on that ground

alone. Ramirez v. City of Chicago, 318 Ill. App. 3d 18, 26 (2000).

WILLFUL & WANTON

The plaintiff contended, and the jury and the majority agreed, that even if Officer Lee was in

the execution and enforcement of the law, her conduct was willful and wanton, bringing her within

the exception found in section 2-202 of the Act. I disagree.

Willful and wanton conduct is “a course of action which shows an actual or deliberate

intention to cause harm or which, if not intentional, shows an utter indifference to or conscious

disregard for the safety of others or their property.” 745 ILCS 10/1-210 (West 2004). Willful and

wanton conduct consists of more than mere inadvertence, incompetence, or unskillfulness. See

Geimer v. Chicago Park District, 272 Ill. App. 3d 629, 637 (1995). As the courts have interpreted

this phrase, proof is required that the defendant knew that his or her actions were likely to cause

injury to another. In Medina v. City of Chicago, 238 Ill. App. 3d 385, 392 (1992), for example, this

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court described conduct as willful and wanton when “a person *** ignores known or plainly

observable dangerous conditions and does something that will naturally and probably result in injury

to another.” To prove willful and wanton conduct, a plaintiff must show that the defendant, “by

deliberately inflicting ‘a highly unreasonable degree of harm’ on the plaintiff, ‘approache[d] the

degree of moral blame attached to intentional harm.’ ” Morton v. City of Chicago, 286 Ill. App. 3d

444, 452 (1997), quoting Burke v. 12 Rothschild’s Liquor Mart, Inc., 148 Ill. 2d 428, 448 (1992)

(alteration in original); accord Wade v. City of Chicago, 364 Ill. App. 3d 773, 783 (2006).

In the opinion, the majority states the jury verdict is “clearly” sustainable on willful and

wanton apparently for two reasons: because Lee allegedly made a “hard right turn,” and the officer’s

car purportedly “jumped” across two lanes. I initially note that the “hard right” turn, which the

majority relies on as “clear” evidence of willful and wanton conduct, was literally made up by the

expert and is nowhere to be found in the evidence. I acknowledge that Lee would have had to veer

to the right to cross lanes, but if she executed what most of us consider a “hard” right turn, i.e., as

in turning a corner, she would have been going sideways across the lanes. There simply is no

evidence of a hard right turn, and “jumping” (as described by Denise Patrick) across multiple lanes

does not, in my view, provide corroboration of a hard right turn or anything else; in fact, no one even

knows what is meant by this term.

In the first place, I think it obvious that “jumped” in this context is nothing more than a

colloquialism, and not a description of what actually occurred. The majority complains that I take

the term “literally” and I maintain that this is the only appropriate way to take it–to define the word

by its plain and commonly accepted definition. Unlike the majority’s dictionary definition, my

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Webster’s defines jumping to mean, “to spring from the ground...,” sudden leap “upward” (Webster’s

New Compact Format Dictionary Book Essentials Publications 1987): obviously, it would border

on the ridiculous to claim that Lee’s car was actually jumping or “leaping upward,” where the highest

speed anyone claims she was going is 65 miles per hour on dry pavement.

The majority instead applies an alternative definition, “moving quickly,” apparently from a

different Webster’s. I would agree that if Lee was going up to 65 miles per hour, some might equate

that with “moving quickly.” I do not agree, however, that going at a speed permissible by law for

conditions and veering right to cross two lanes after exercising due care, which is all she essentially

did, could conceivably be raised to the level of willful and wanton conduct. While it is true that jurors

may properly find something willful and wanton in one case and simply negligence in another, mere

incompetence or inadvertence is not enough (Geimer v. Chicago Park District, 272 Ill. App. 3d 629,

637 (1995)); willful and wanton always must have a quasi-intentional character that is entirely lacking

here. Murray v. Chicago Youth Center, 224 Ill. 2d 213, 237 (2007). Fictional “hard right” turns and

“jumping” police cars are hardly “clear” evidence of willful and wanton conduct, in my view. In fact,

such evidence is virtually illusory when compared to the real evidence of the officers’ conduct in the

instant case.

In that regard, a thorough review of what plaintiff says amounts to willful and wanton conduct

plainly shows that none of these acts, standing either alone or in conjunction with each other, comes

close to meeting the high bar of reckless disregard required for willful and wanton. Five of plaintiff’s

allegations accuse the officers of some violation of a general order regarding pursuit (b, c, i, j, and

k), two allude to simple driving violations which plaintiff claims is in derogation of a general order

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(a and h), and some (a, e, f, and g) are only allegations relating to violation of various rules of the

road under the Illinois Vehicle Code (625 ILCS 5/11-100 et seq. (West 2004)). Most amounted to

nothing more than negligence, and the addition of the word “recklessly” does not transform conduct

which is merely negligent into willful and wanton, i.e., “Recklessly failed to maintain control over her

motor vehicle,” “Recklessly executed a lane change, striking Vernon Hudson’s motor vehicle,” etc.

See Winfrey v. Chicago Park District, 274 Ill. App. 3d 939, 943 (1995) (“When the plaintiff is

alleging that the defendant engaged in willful and wanton conduct, such conduct must be shown

through well-pled facts, and not by merely labelling [sic] the conduct willful and wanton.”); Robb v.

Sutton, 147 Ill. App. 3d 710, 714 (1986) (“Recklessness connotes wilful [sic] and wanton conduct.”)

Further, in my view, Officer Lee’s conduct could not be classified as willful and wanton as

I understand the term, even if she had been engaged in a pursuit without permission and in violation

of a general order. The majority states that a violation of a general order may be considered by the

jury to be “some” evidence of willful and wanton conduct and I acknowledge that it may be. See

First Springfield Bank & Trust v. Galman, 188 Ill. 2d 252, 256 (1999). Significantly, however, in

order to be considered even “some” evidence of willful and wanton conduct, the violation of the

general order in and of itself, must be a proximate cause of this accident or one of them. See First

Springfield Bank & Trust, 188 Ill. 2d at 256 (“To recover damages based upon a defendant’s alleged

statutory violation, a plaintiff must show that *** (3) the violation proximately caused her injury.”).

For example, if a general order required an officer to wear a blue hat in a pursuit and she was wearing

green, the violation of the general order would have nothing to do with the accident. So too in this

case, permission or lack thereof, had absolutely nothing to do with Lee’s driving that evening, and

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this accident would have occurred whether or not permission had been requested or given. As for

her presence on the road, there is no evidence that permission would have been denied if requested,

so it is reasonable to assume she would have been there and the accident would have occurred.

Moreover, her presence on the road is not an issue because it is impermissible to reason back to

infinity to establish probable cause, i.e., if Officer Lee had never been born, the accident would not

have occurred either. See Palsgraf v. Long Island R.R. Co., 248 N.Y. 339, 162 N.E. 99 (1928)

(Cardozo, C.J.).

Because the violation of the general order is not in this case proximately related to the

occurrence, the jury would then have had to have based its decision that Lee was willful and wanton

on her conduct alone. As previously noted, the crux of this allegedly willful and wanton conduct on

the part of Officer Lee is that, going at or slightly above the speed limit,8 if one believes witness

Denise Patrick’s testimony perhaps enhanced by four drinks and many obstacles blocking her view.9

8
I am not “excusing” a speed above the limit, as the majority states, and indeed no excuse is needed

for an officer in these circumstances. In an emergency, an officer may exceed the speed limit if such

will not endanger others and can reasonably expect citizens to clear the way pursuant to statute. 625

ILCS 5/11-205(c), -907(a) (West 2004). There would be no reason for Officer Lee to think a slightly

elevated speed in virtually ideal driving conditions that evening would pose a danger.
9
I am well aware the jury may accept Patrick’s testimony, but in this case, I would deem

acceptance of such flawed testimony more evidence that this verdict is the result of bias against

the City. Patrick admitted to having had four shots. She was viewing the scene from a street

above the Eisenhower and looking across many lanes of traffic, after dark with the bright lights of

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The night was clear and dry, the road well-lit, her emergency equipment was activated, her turn signal

was on, she checked her mirrors, and she was responding to an emergency. Lee changed lanes twice,

and Patrick said that Lee moved from the far left lane to the far right lane (two lanes), colliding with

Hudson’s car. Officer Lee’s testimony was that after she merged from the second lane into the right

lane, Hudson’s car came from the shoulder into her lane, and that although she slammed on the

brakes, she was unable to avoid hitting him. There was no testimony rebutting Officer Lee’s

statement that she sought to avoid colliding with Hudson’s vehicle, and that would be a ridiculous

assumption, given that she and her partner were in the car. I also point out that the officer safely

traversed both lanes and would have gone directly forward if Mr. Hudson’s car had not been

protruding into her lane either because he failed to fully pull over or was pulling out in front of Lee.

Taken as a whole, then, this testimony does not even come close to a conscious disregard for the

safety of others or the degree of moral blame attached to intentional harm. Moran v. City of

Chicago, 286 Ill. App. 3d 444, 452 (1997); see also 745 ILCS 10/1-210 (West 2004). The fact that

her turn signal was on, her emergency equipment was activated and that she braked in an attempt to

avoid the collision, in fact, shows just the opposite—a conscious regard for the safety of others.

Therefore, neither the violation of the general order nor the conduct itself could be evidence of

anything other than negligence, if that. If the jury found otherwise, they were wrong because such

a conclusion is against the manifest weight of the evidence. York, 222 Ill. 2d at 178.

the roadway and the “el” platform. It is not surprising that she was able to see the blue lights and

hear Lee’s siren, under these circumstances, but other evidence she offers seems very

questionable–elevated speed, “jumping,” etc.

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Bosen v. City of Collinsville, 166 Ill. App. 3d 848 (1987), presents a similar situation,

although this case is a stronger one for not finding willful and wanton conduct. In Bosen, a police

officer responded to a burglar alarm at a private residence. Bosen, 166 Ill. App. 3d at 849. Traffic

was heavy and the pavement wet, and the officer activated his emergency lights and used his siren

intermittently as he drove. Bosen, 166 Ill. App. 3d at 849. At an intersection, the officer noticed

another car crossing in front of him. Bosen, 166 Ill. App. 3d at 849. While he tried to avoid colliding

with the other car, he could not. Bosen, 166 Ill. App. 3d at 849. The court found that the officer had

been driving in excess of the speed limit, but it nonetheless concluded that the officer’s actions were

not willful and wanton. Bosen, 166 Ill. App. 3d at 849-50. In reaching this conclusion, the court

noted that the officer was using his emergency lights and his siren intermittently, and sought to avoid

the collision. Bosen, 166 Ill. App. 3d at 850. Even though he was unable to do so, that was merely

negligence. Bosen, 166 Ill. App. 3d at 850.

Unlike in Bosen, driving conditions in the instant case were virtually ideal, and Lee had taken

every precaution prior to executing her lane change. Like the officer in Bosen, Lee slammed on her

brakes to avoid a collision but was unable to do so. Thus, the case at bar is virtually indistinguishable

from Bosen and the officer’s conduct cannot be considered willful and wanton. Even where the

evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiff, a judgment n.o.v. should have been granted.

Similarly, in Sanders v. City of Chicago, 306 Ill. App. 3d 356 (1999), the defendant police

officer heard an emergency call that two fellow officers were being attacked at a location outside of

the defendant officer’s beat. Sanders, 306 Ill. App. 3d at 359. Without requesting permission to do

so, the officer left his beat and proceeded to the location of the attack. Sanders, 306 Ill. App. 3d at

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359. While en route, he heard that the suspect had been cornered but not yet searched. Sanders, 306

Ill. App. 3d at 359. The defendant officer observed stopped traffic in his lane of travel, switched to

the opposite lane in order to reach the scene more rapidly, and struck a pedestrian, who ultimately

died. Sanders, 306 Ill. App. 3d at 359-60. The defendant officer claimed not to have heard a radio

dispatch that no further help was needed. Sanders, 306 Ill. App. 3d at 359.

Despite traveling in the wrong lane of travel, being outside his regular beat, and the fact that

the accident occurred after the suspect had been cornered, the court affirmed the jury’s finding the

officer did not act in a willful and wanton manner. Sanders, 306 Ill. App. 3d at 367. The court noted

that, although the officer entered the wrong traffic lane, he was responding to an emergency call from

fellow officers, and prior to entering the wrong lane, the officer activated his siren, slowed down, and

ensured there were no cars coming in the opposite direction. Sanders, 306 Ill. App. 3d at 367.

In the instant case, unlike Sanders, the emergency was ongoing at the time of the accident,

and both Officer Lee and the officer in Sanders were involved in serious accidents while responding

to the information they received over their radios, but the evidence is clear that Lee’s turn signal and

emergency equipment were activated. The officer in Sanders, however, was found not to have acted

in a willful and wanton manner, and given this evidence, this should have been the finding here.

JURY INSTRUCTION

Nonetheless, the jury did find the above conduct to be willful and wanton. In my view, this

finding is easily attributable to the erroneous issues instruction they were given as well as plaintiff’s

expert’s video discussed below. The instruction reflected plaintiff’s complaint as to what he

maintained officers had done in a willful and wanton manner. As previously stated, most of the

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conduct can only be described as simple negligence, (see, notably counts a, c, e, f, and g); the

remaining allegations allege violations of general orders regarding pursuit (b, c, h, & j), which if

proven, are not even negligence per se.

I am fully aware of the well-established rule that what a jury deems willful and wanton must

be decided by the circumstances of each case and what may only amount to negligence in one case

may be willful and wanton in another. Streeter v. Humrichouse, 357 Ill. 234, 238 (1934). However,

there is a qualitative difference between negligence and willful and wanton conduct that always

differentiates the two: negligence never has the intentional or quasi-intentional character of willful

and wanton conduct. See Murray, 224 Ill. 2d at 237, quoting Burke, 148 Ill. 2d at 450. For this

reason, a jury may not link two (or ten, for that matter) negligent acts and say that, combined, they

amount to willful and wanton. “Willful and wanton” is a different animal. See generally, Burke, 148

Ill. 2d at 450. The jury appears to have ignored this qualitative difference here. If they found a lack

of “due care” and / or “changing lanes” (or some combination thereof) to be willful and wanton, they

were simply wrong.

I am also aware that this jury was properly instructed as to what actually does constitute

willful and wanton conduct as the majority notes. However, they were then confronted by an

instruction that had a laundry list of things which plaintiff claimed to be willful and wanton conduct,

but were in reality only negligent acts. There is no reason to assume that they were able to discern

that these acts, alleged in the instruction to be willful and wanton, were actually only negligence.

Therefore, there can be no confidence in their conclusions.

This is especially true of those subparagraphs containing alleged violations of general orders.

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I doubt that it would surprise anyone if the average juror would equate a violation of a general order

with willful and wanton conduct. Nonetheless, our courts in Illinois have repeatedly held that a

violation of an organization’s internal standards are not even negligence per se, let alone willful and

wanton conduct per se, reasoning that they do not impose legal duties. Morton, 283 Ill. App. 3d at

454. See also Floyd v. Rockford Park District, 355 Ill. App. 3d 695, 702 (2005) (holding that a

public entity’s violation of its own rules does not constitute proof of negligence much less willful and

wanton conduct). Indeed, this trial court early on properly granted the City’s motion in limine to

prevent plaintiff’s counsel from arguing that a violation of a general order was willful and wanton

conduct per se. They were nonetheless provided with an instruction that implied that it was.

I agree with the City that this jury was likely confused by the list of what plaintiff claimed to

be willful and wanton conduct and an incorrect assumption that a violation of a general order is

willful and wanton behavior on the part of a police officer. This instruction was thus highly

prejudicial to the City and may have tipped the balance in plaintiff’s favor in this close case. N.W.I.

International, Inc. v. Edgewood Bank, 291 Ill. App. 3d 247, 258 (1997). Moreover, even if any of

the subparagraphs of plaintiff’s complaint properly described willful and wanton conduct, most could

only be considered mere negligence, and we will never know upon which one or ones the jury relied

in reaching the verdict. Where a jury is instructed that it may find the defendant liable for acts which

legally cannot be the basis of liability, then any resultant verdict must be set aside even if other

theories were properly before the jury. Darby v. Checker Co., 6 Ill. App. 3d 188 (1972).

The majority claims that the City has waived the instruction issue because they failed to

proffer an instruction which pointed out the defect and gave a correct instruction. I note that waiver

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is a limitation on the parties, not on this court and we may dispense with waiver when the interests

of justice so demand. In re Estate of Funk, 221 Ill. 2d 30, 97 (2006); see also Mellon v. Coffelt, 313

Ill. App. 3d 619, 626 (2000) (holding that, “in the interest of justice,” the court would review a

waived argument on appeal from a motion to dismiss). This is such a case, and the City is entitled

to a new trial on this issue.

ADMISSION OF THE VIDEO

The City contends on appeal, and I agree, that it is entitled to a new trial because a video

created by plaintiff’s expert, Doctor Ziejewski, was erroneously admitted. I note that a video is a

most powerful piece of evidence, perhaps disproportionately so—an observation requiring no

citation, in my view. The doctor presented this film to the jury as though it was a mathematically and

scientifically accurate representation of what occurred the evening of May 7th, based on the immutable

laws of physics. He even made it clear that his production was not an “animation” because they were

similar to cartoons with no science behind them. Doctor Ziejewski also suggested that the computer

would solve “all equations,” implying it would fill in the blanks. In reality, it was Doctor Ziejewski

who filled them in.

There are at least six important facts which the expert seemed to literally invent, since either

there was no testimony about these at trial or the trial testimony is directly contradictory to his video.

These briefly are: (i) the expert used the wrong make and model of vehicle (though the right one was

surely available); (ii) the simulation starts with Hudson’s vehicle going straight, despite testimony it

was going to the right; (iii) Officer Lee’s vehicle starts at ten degrees off due West, despite there

being no testimony to that effect; (iv) Officer Lee’s vehicle spun 180 degrees around before the

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impact, despite there being no supporting testimony; (v) her brakes were applied in a certain manner

(50% to the front, 100% to the rear), absent any evidence; and (vi) Hudson steered his car to the

right after impact, without any testimony to this effect. None of the above was contained in the

evidence and Dr. Ziejewski even admitted that when he had “to introduce dynamic instability” in

order to have the police car spinning out of control across the highway absent any testimony that it

was, he interjected or invented the locking brake theory, though he did not know if the brakes

actually did lock or if the police car had locking brakes. In fact, since there were no materials

regarding skid marks, etc., Ziejewski did no more than look at pictures of damage to the cars.

French v. City of Springfield, 65 Ill. 2d 74 (1976), is instructive on this issue. In French, the

court remanded for a new trial where a video was improperly introduced. French, 65 Ill. 2d at 81-82.

The plaintiff claimed it was proffered merely to acquaint the jury with the area, but the court held it

was meant to be a representation of what actually occurred and contained material mistakes. French,

65 Ill. 2d at 81-82. In our case, the admission was more clearly in error because Dr. Ziejewski said

it was a representation of what occurred, not a simulation, and made no bones about his opinion that

this presentation was a bullet proof recreation of the accident based on scientific principles. Thus,

the instant case is even more compelling than French.

Hiscott v. Peters, 324 Ill. App. 3d 114 (2001) is also on point, but again the instant case is

far more dramatic in terms of missing or false “facts.” In Hiscott, the expert stated that the

defendant’s car went into a “yaw” once it left the gravel shoulder and returned to the pavement,

although there was no physical evidence to support that opinion. Hiscott, 324 Ill. App. 3d at 119.

The appellate court held there was no evidence of yawing or that the defendant was braking at the

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time of the accident. Hiscott, 324 Ill. App. 3d at 123-24. In our case, the expert injected not one

or two, but six “facts” into his video which are wholly unsupported by the evidence and / or

contradict it.

The majority attempts to distinguish Hiscott by saying that in Hiscott there was “insufficient”

evidence of the expert’s theory, but in this case, all the missing facts could be found inferentially in

other evidence introduced at trial. In my view, the connections that the majority seeks to make

between these missing “facts” and other evidence in the record are entirely improper in that they are

well beyond what might be fairly considered reasonable inferences from the evidence, and must

themselves be the subject of expert testimony. See Wade v. City of Chicago Heights, 295 Ill. App.

3d 873, 882 (1998) (holding that expert testimony is proper where the evidence offers “ ‘knowledge

and application of principles of science beyond the ken of the average juror.’ ”), quoting Zavala v.

Powermatic, Inc., 167 Ill. 2d 542, 546 (1995); see also Compton v. Ubilluz, 353 Ill. App. 3d 863,

867 (2004) (“Evidence is ‘beyond the ken’ of the average juror when it involves knowledge or

experience that a juror generally lacks.”).

For example, the majority asserts that Dr. Ziejewski’s statement that Officer Lee made a “hard

right turn” prior to the collision is supported by Patrick’s testimony that the vehicle “jumped” across

the lanes. As previously discussed, there are varying definitions of “jumping,” and we, therefore, do

not even know what it means. Moreover, “jumping” does not provide corroboration of anything, let

alone a hard right turn. The purported hard right turn was literally made up by the expert; further,

any connection that might exist between “jumping” and turns is outside the knowledge of the average

layman, and must be offered by an expert.

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Next, the majority states that Ziejewski’s injection of the 180 degree spin across the highway

finds corroboration in the fact that the police car came to rest facing Hudson’s car. Aside from the

fact that there was no evidence of a spinning police car from anyone but the expert, a more

reasonable conclusion was that the police car simply was turned around by this hard impact. Third,

as though it has established a fact with its 180 degree hypothesis, the majority concludes that the

application and locking of Officer Lee’s brakes—found nowhere in the evidence—is borne out by the

fact that the police car traveled across three lanes and spun 180 degrees. Clearly, she could travel

across three lanes wholly absent locking brakes and may well have. Moreover, the officers denied

any spinning until impact and no one saw the police car spinning across the lanes.

Because I am not an expert, I haven’t any idea if a hard right turn is corroborated by

“jumping,” whether the direction the police car faced postaccident had anything to do with a 180

degree spin, or whether this alleged spin means that Officer Lee’s brakes locked. In my view, such

conclusions are well beyond a “reasonable inference from the evidence,” and are purely a matter for

expert testimony. These may not properly be offered by the majority as a reason to justify the fact

that this expert drew conclusions either absent evidence or in derogation of it. The missing “facts”

are thus not in the evidence either directly or inferentially; therefore, this video lacked foundation and

was erroneously admitted, requiring a new trial. French and Hiscott are directly on point, and if they

are correctly decided, then this case is not, at least on the issue of the video. I further agree with the

City that along with the erroneous instruction, this video was very influential in the jury’s conclusion

that the officer’s conduct was willful and wanton.

For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent.

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