Condominium Association of Commonwealth Plaza v. City of Chicago

SIXTH DIVISION
March 5, 2010

Nos. 08-2318 & 09-0306 cons.

CONDOMINIUM ASSOCIATION OF )
COMMONWEALTH PLAZA, an Illinois Not- )
For-Profit Corporation; SUHAIL AL CHALABI; ) Appeal from the
VIRGINIA M. HARDING; and DARREN MOSS, ) Circuit Court of
) Cook County, Illinois.
Plaintiffs-Appellants, )
v. )
)
THE CITY OF CHICAGO, a Municipal ) No. 06 CH 22757
Corporation; THE CHICAGO PLAN )
COMMISSION OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO; )
LORI T. HEALEY, Commissioner, Department )
of Planning and Development; RESURRECTION )
HEALTH CARE, an Illinois Not-For-Profit ) Honorable
Corporation; and SAINT JOSEPH HOSPITAL, ) Sophia Hall,
an Illinois Not-For-Profit Corporation; ) Judge Presiding.
)
Defendants-Appellees. )
_____________________________________________________________________________

CONDOMINIUM ASSOCIATION OF )
COMMONWEALTH PLAZA, an Illinois Not- )
For-Profit Corporation; SUHAIL AL CHALABI; )
VIRGINIA M. HARDING; and DARREN MOSS, )
) Appeal from the
Plaintiffs-Appellants, ) Circuit Court of
v. ) Cook County, Illinois.
)
THE CHICAGO PLAN COMMISSION OF THE )
CITY OF CHICAGO, LINDA SEARL, Vice )
Chairman and Acting Chairman; LORI T. ) No. 06 CH 12361
HEALEY, Secretary, and Commissioner of the )
Department of Planning and Development; )
ALDERMAN WILLIAM J.P. BANKS, )
ALDERMAN EDWARD M. BURKE, ALLISON ) Honorable
S. DAVIS, MAYOR RICHARD M. DALEY, ) Sophia Hall,
LEON D. FINNEY, JR., DORIS B. HOLLEB, ) Judge Presiding.
CAROLE BROWN, AMRISH K. MAHAJAN, )
GEORGE W. MIGALA, ALDERMAN BURTON )
Nos. 08-2318 & 09-0306 cons.
F. NATARUS, JOHN H. NELSON, NANCY )
A. PACHER, ALDERMAN MARY ANN )
SMITH, ALDERMAN BERNARD L. STONE, )
ALDERMAN REGNER “RAY” SUAREZ, )
members of the Commission; RESURRECTION )
HEALTH CARE, an Illinois Not-For-Profit )
Corporation; SAINT JOSEPH HOSPITAL, an )
Illinois Not-For-Profit Corporation; )
)
Defendants-Appellees. )

JUSTICE JOSEPH GORDON delivered the opinion of the court:

This case consists of the consolidation of two appeals from actions brought by the

Condominium Association of Commonwealth Plaza (Commonwealth Plaza), Suhail al Chalabi,

Virginia M. Harding, and Darren Moss, both alleging improper land usage by Resurrection Health

Care (Resurrection) and St. Joseph Hospital (St. Joseph) (collectively, the hospital defendants) in

connection with the St. Joseph campus, which is located within 250 feet of plaintiffs’ property.

In the first action (docket No. 06 CH 22757), plaintiffs challenged the validity of a zoning

amendment passed by the City of Chicago in favor of the hospital defendants. On July 28, 2006,

the Chicago city council passed an ordinance changing the zoning classification of certain land

around the St. Joseph campus to allow Resurrection to conduct further development of the

campus, including the construction of a medical office building, pursuant to an Institutional

Planned Development (IPD). Plaintiffs brought suit against the hospital defendants as well as

against the city of Chicago, the Chicago Plan Commission (Plan Commission), and Commissioner

Lori T. Healey (collectively, the city defendants), seeking a judicial declaration that the IPD

ordinance was invalid. Plaintiffs contended that the IPD ordinance was in violation of the

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Chicago zoning ordinance, in that the proposed office building exceeded the floor plan density

limitations of the preexisting zoning classification, the building was not a permitted use of the

property, and the IPD ordinance failed to require that construction begin within a certain

timeframe to prevent lapse of the rezoning. They also contended that they were denied

procedural and substantive due process in connection with the Plan Commission’s hearing on the

ordinance. The trial court granted summary judgment for defendants on plaintiffs’ first

contention, finding that lack of conformity with Chicago zoning ordinances would not justify

invalidation of the IPD. The court additionally found that there was no just reason to delay

enforcement or appeal of its order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 304(a) (210 Ill. 2d R.

304(a)).

In the second action (docket No. 06 CH 12361), plaintiffs sought administrative review of

a resolution adopted by the Plan Commission approving an application made by Resurrection

under the Lake Michigan and Chicago Lakefront Protection Ordinance (Chicago Municipal Code

§16–4 et seq. (eff. October 24, 1973)) (Lakefront Protection Ordinance) to obtain permission for

its planned developments on the St. Joseph campus. Plaintiffs further contended that

Resurrection was operating a parking lot in violation of a 1982 special use permit which required

that the parking lot be closed and locked after 8 p.m. The trial court dismissed the count

concerning the operation of the parking lot and certified it for appeal as well.

Plaintiffs appeal from both of these orders, and their appeals have been consolidated. For

the reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

I. BACKGROUND

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A. 06 CH 22757

Plaintiffs’ complaint in the first of the two consolidated cases now before us, which they

filed on October 24, 2006, alleged the following facts that are not in dispute. On March 12,

2004, Resurrection filed an application with the city of Chicago, requesting that the city council

change the zoning classification of certain specified land around the St. Joseph campus in order to

allow for implementation of an IPD on the property. Additionally, on February 18, 2004,

Resurrection applied to the Plan Commission for approval of its development plans under the

Lakefront Protection Ordinance (Chicago Municipal Code §16–4 et seq. (eff. October 24, 1973)),

which provides that any physical change made to property in Chicago’s lakefront district must

first be approved by the Plan Commission. In its proposal, Resurrection lists “long-term master

campus planning” as well as a number of short-term projects, including multiple building

additions, interior renovations, and 1 1/2 additional floors of parking structure. On May 19,

2006, the Plan Commission held a public hearing on these two applications. The Plan

Commission then granted approval to Resurrection’s plans under the Lakefront Protection

Ordinance and issued a recommendation to the city council committee on zoning that

Resurrection’s rezoning application be granted. Subsequently, the city council of Chicago voted

to enact an ordinance that changed the zoning classification of the subject property in accordance

with Resurrection’s request and approved the requested IPD.

Plaintiff al Chalabi is the vice president of Commonwealth Plaza, which owns property

within 250 feet of the rezoned property, and plaintiffs Harding and Moss are owners of separate

properties at that same address. Together with Commonwealth Plaza itself, they brought suit

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under section 11-13-25 of the Illinois Municipal Code (65 ILCS 5/11-13-25 (West 2006)),

seeking a judicial declaration that the IPD ordinance passed by the city council was void for two

reasons. First, under the heading “The Challenged IPD Ordinances are Void as Arbitrary,

Capricious, and Unreasonable,” they contended that the ordinance was invalid because it did not

comply with existing zoning ordinances. Specifically, they alleged that the ordinance did not

substantially comply with the floor area ratio requirements set out under section 17-8-0901 of the

Chicago Zoning Ordinance (Chicago Zoning Ordinance §17-8-0901 (2006)); that it did not

comply with the terms of the Lakefront Protection Ordinance; that it misstates the correct

procedure for obtaining approval for subsequent construction proposals; that it did not require

construction to begin within the time limits set out in section 17-13-0612 of the Chicago Zoning

Ordinance (Chicago Zoning Ordinance §17-13-0612 (2006)) so as to prevent lapse of the

rezoning; and that it “does not provide any valid or reasonable justification” for the rezoning.

Second, under the heading “Plaintiffs Were Deprived of Procedural and Substantive Due

Process,” plaintiffs contended that they were deprived of their due process rights during the Plan

Commission’s hearing on May 19, 2006, because their witnesses and representatives were

harassed by Commission members and they were not reasonably afforded the right of cross-

examination.

Plaintiffs filed a motion styled “Plaintiffs’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment,”

contending that the court should hold the IPD ordinance void as a matter of law based on its

alleged noncompliance with the Chicago Zoning Ordinance. Initially, on December 14, 2007, the

trial court granted plaintiffs’ motion, finding that the IPD “is in violation of the Chicago zoning

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ordinance and is void.” In particular, it found that the IPD conflicted with the Chicago Zoning

Ordinance in three ways: the timetable for construction did not satisfy the lapse provision in

section 17-13-0612 of the ordinance, the proposed office building had an unacceptable floor area

ratio under section 17-13-0612 of the ordinance, and the proposed office building was not a

permitted use of the property under the preexisting zoning classification.

On January 14, 2008, the city and hospital defendants separately filed motions for

reconsideration of the trial court’s order. They contended that under Landmarks Preservation

Council v. City of Chicago, 125 Ill. 2d 164, 531 N.E.2d 9 (1988), the court lacked authority to

invalidate an ordinance passed by a home rule municipality such as the city of Chicago on grounds

that the municipality failed to follow its own self-imposed procedures in enacting the ordinance.1

On April 23, 2008, after hearing oral arguments by the parties, the trial court granted defendants’

motions for reconsideration. Though it declined to reconsider its previous statutory analysis

finding inconsistencies between the IPD and the Chicago Zoning Ordinance, it nevertheless

agreed to rehear the case on the limited issue of whether such inconsistencies were proper

grounds for judicial invalidation of the ordinance.

After the trial court granted the motion for reconsideration, on June 3, 2008, plaintiffs

moved for leave to amend their complaint to add an allegation that defendants “violated plaintiffs’

1
Under the 1970 constitution, a home rule unit is defined as any municipality with a

population of over 25,000, or any county with a chief executive officer elected by the electors of

the county. Ill. Const. 1970, art. VII, §6(a). Chicago’s status as a home rule municipality is not

disputed by the parties.

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constitutional rights under the due process clauses of the United States and Illinois

Constitutions.” The court granted their motion.

Defendants then filed a joint motion seeking partial summary judgment on their own

behalf regarding the inconsistencies alleged by plaintiffs between the IPD and the Chicago Zoning

Ordinance. On August 20, 2008, the trial court granted this motion, reasoning as follows:

“The Court, having previously ruled that Institutional Planned Development 1019

(the ‘IPD’) is not in compliance with the Chicago Zoning Ordinance, but that based upon

the decisions in Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois v. City of Chicago, 125 Ill.

2d 164 (1988), Hanna v. City of Chicago, 331 Ill. App. 3d 295 (1st Dist. 2002), and

Napelton [sic] v. Village of Hinsdale, 2008 WL 227885 (June 5, 2008), this lack of

compliance did not support an order invalidating the IPD, hereby finds that there is no

genuine issue of material fact remaining as to whether such a lack of compliance, as a

matter of law, violates any provision of a state or federal statute or constitution, including

the due process clauses of both the United States and Illinois constitutions, as well as 65

ILCS 5/11-13-25, solely on account of its purported non-compliance with the Chicago

Zoning Ordinance.”

The trial court found that, pursuant to Rule 304(a) (210 Ill. 2d R. 304(a)), there was no just

reason for delaying either enforcement or appeal of the order. The trial court also granted

plaintiffs’ motion to stay the proceedings pending this appeal.

B. 06 CH 12361

The second case currently before us was initiated on June 21, 2006, when plaintiffs filed a

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“complaint for administrative review, to enjoin illegal use of property, and for other relief” against

the Plan Commission and the hospital defendants. The complaint consisted of two counts. In

count I, which is not at issue in the instant appeal, plaintiffs sought to void the Plan Commission’s

May 19, 2006, administrative decision to approve Resurrection’s development proposal as being

in conformance with the provisions of the Lakefront Protection Ordinance. (By contrast, in the

first case, plaintiffs sought to void the city council’s parallel legislative decision to approve the

IPD.) In support of this count, plaintiffs alleged that at the May 19 hearing, no competent

evidence was presented to show that the proposal was in line with the Lakefront Protection

Ordinance, and the Plan Commission did not recite any findings of fact in approving the proposal.

In count II, plaintiffs contended that the hospital defendants were using a parking lot, known as

the Surf Street Lot, in violation of the conditions set forth in a 1982 special use permit. Plaintiffs

alleged that the special use permit limited the parking lot’s hours of operation from 6:30 a.m. to 8

p.m. and required that it be locked at all other times. They further alleged that the hospital

defendants were keeping the lot open and unlocked past 8 p.m. and thereby disturbed the “peace,

quiet, health, and comfort of Plaintiffs” in an unspecified fashion. Accordingly, plaintiffs sought

to enjoin the hospital defendants from continuing to use the parking lot in violation of the special

use permit.

By way of answer, the Plan Commission filed the record of the administrative proceedings

that plaintiffs sought to review. The record reflects that St. Joseph held more than 30 meetings

with community members between August 2003 and June 2006 in order to “address community

concerns about the hospital’s proposed planned development.” It further states that “Alderman

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Tunney [whose ward contains the subject property] attended almost every one of these meetings.

In addition, representatives of the City’s Planning and Transportation Departments participated in

many of these meetings.”

The hospital defendants filed a motion under section 2-619 of the Code of Civil Procedure

(735 ILCS 5/2-619 (West 2009)) to dismiss count II, contending that there was no violation

because the IPD ordinance passed by the city council validly superseded the special use permit in

question. On May 8, 2007, the trial court issued an order granting their motion to dismiss count

II, and it subsequently certified this ruling for appeal under Rule 304(a) (210 Ill. 2d R. 304(a)).

Count I remains pending below.

As both appeals concern the validity of the ordinance approving the hospital defendants’

IPD, they have been consolidated.

II. ANALYSIS

On appeal, plaintiffs contend that the city’s passage of an ordinance that contradicted the

terms of its earlier zoning ordinance was a “per se” violation of their due process rights as

promised by the Illinois and United States constitutions and by section 11-13-25(b) of the Illinois

Municipal Code, which provides, “The principles of substantive and procedural due process apply

at all stages of the decision-making and review of all zoning decisions.” 65 ILCS 5/11-13-25(b)

(West 2006). Defendants, on the other hand, argue that under our supreme court’s decision in

Landmarks, 125 Ill. 2d at 179-80, 531 N.E.2d at 15-16, which was cited by the trial court in

rendering its decision, an ordinance enacted by a home rule municipality may not be invalidated

merely based on the municipality’s failure to follow its own self-imposed regulations.

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We agree with defendants that Landmarks and its progeny are controlling in this case. As

shall be developed below, despite the due process veneer that plaintiffs have attempted to place

upon their claim, their underlying complaint is still Chicago’s failure to comply with its own self-

imposed regulations in approving the hospital defendants’ IPD and, as such, is insufficient to

evade the application of Landmarks to the present case.

The contention that an ordinance enacted by a home rule municipality may be invalidated

upon judicial review due to an alleged violation of the municipality’s own rules was squarely

rejected by our supreme court in Landmarks. The plaintiffs in that case sought a declaration that

a Chicago ordinance rescinding the landmark status of a certain building was invalid based on

certain alleged procedural shortcomings in the passage of the ordinance. Landmarks, 125 Ill. 2d

at 173-74, 531 N.E.2d at 12-13. The court affirmed the dismissal of plaintiffs’ complaint.

Landmarks, 125 Ill. 2d at 180, 531 N.E.2d at 15-16. As a threshold matter, it stated that under

the 1970 Illinois Constitution, the city of Chicago is a home rule unit and therefore has broad

authority to govern its own affairs:

“ ‘Except as limited by this Section, a home rule unit may exercise any power and perform

any function pertaining to its government and affairs including, but not limited to, the

power to regulate for the protection of the public health, safety, morals and welfare; to

license; to tax; and to incur debt.’ ” Landmarks, 125 Ill. 2d at 178, 531 N.E.2d at 15,

quoting Ill. Const. 1970, art. VII, §6(a).

The 1970 Illinois Constitution further provides that the powers and functions of home rule units

shall be construed broadly. Ill. Const. 1970, art. VII, §6(m); see Landmarks, 125 Ill. 2d at 178,

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531 N.E.2d at 15. The passage of the challenged ordinance was “the performance of a legislative

function authorized by the home rule provisions of the Illinois Constitution.” Landmarks, 125 Ill.

2d at 180, 531 N.E.2d at 16.

Bearing this broad grant of authority in mind, the Landmarks court declined to consider

whether, as plaintiffs alleged, the city had transgressed its own requirements in passing the

ordinance at issue. The court explained:

“ ‘This court cannot handle matters which in effect are attempts to overrule decisions of a

legislative body based upon alleged failure to follow requirements imposed by that body

itself. *** We have authority to invalidate legislation adopted by the city council only

upon grounds that the enactment violates a provision of the Federal or State constitutions

or violates the mandate of a State or Federal statute.’ ” Landmarks, 125 Ill. 2d at 179,

531 N.E.2d at 15, quoting Illinois Gasoline Dealers Ass’n v. City of Chicago, 119 Ill. 2d

391, 404, 519 N.E.2d 447, 452-53 (1988), quoting Chirikos v. Yellow Cab Co., 87 Ill.

App. 3d 569, 574, 410 N.E.2d 61, 65 (1980).

Thus, in the absence of any such violation, plaintiffs’ challenge to the ordinance could not stand.

Landmarks, 125 Ill. 2d at 179-80, 531 N.E.2d at 15-16. In this regard, the Landmarks court

noted that plaintiffs had not alleged any independent constitutional violation by the city council,

such as a violation of constitutional guarantees of equal protection, procedural due process, or

substantive due process; rather, their claim rested upon the alleged inconsistency between the

challenged ordinance and the Chicago Municipal Code, an issue which the court could not reach.

Landmarks, 125 Ill. 2d at 180, 531 N.E.2d at 16.

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In rendering its decision, the Landmarks court relied upon its prior decision in Gasoline

Dealers, which it found to be controlling. The Gasoline Dealers plaintiffs challenged the validity

of a fuel tax ordinance, contending that its adoption was improper because it was improperly

removed from committee. Gasoline Dealers, 119 Ill. 2d at 403, 519 N.E.2d at 452. The court

declined to review that contention, since the alleged fault consisted merely of a failure by the city

council to follow its own rules. Gasoline Dealers, 119 Ill. 2d at 404, 519 N.E.2d at 452-53. The

court further found that plaintiffs had not demonstrated that the ordinance violated the Illinois

constitution or any state statute. Gasoline Dealers, 119 Ill. 2d at 404-05, 519 N.E.2d at 453. It

therefore affirmed the circuit court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of defendants.

Gasoline Dealers, 119 Ill. 2d at 405, 519 N.E.2d at 453.

The facts of Chirikos, 87 Ill. App. 3d 569, 410 N.E.2d 61, which is cited with approval in

both Landmarks and Gasoline Dealers, are also instructive in this regard. The Chirikos plaintiff

sought to invalidate a taxi fare increase amendment passed by the city of Chicago, alleging that its

enactment violated certain requirements and procedures contained in the existing city ordinance.

Chirikos, 87 Ill. App. 3d at 573-74, 410 N.E.2d at 65. Plaintiff also claimed that he was “denied

due process of law because of failure of the city council to act in accordance with established

legal requirements enacted by the council.” Chirikos, 87 Ill. App. 3d at 574, 410 N.E.2d at 65.

The court affirmed the dismissal of plaintiff’s complaint. Chirikos, 87 Ill. App. 3d at 580, 410

N.E.2d at 69. After reciting the principle of law quoted above, the court concluded: “The city

council was not bound by its own previous ordinances or requirements. The council had clear

right to repeal the then existing ordinance or to amend it as it saw fit.” Chirikos, 87 Ill. App. 3d

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at 574, 410 N.E.2d at 65.

A number of subsequent cases have followed the lead of Landmarks. See City of Elgin v.

County of Cook, 169 Ill. 2d 53, 63, 660 N.E.2d 875, 881 (1995) (holding that, even if county

failed to follow its own preexisting ordinances in enacting landfill ordinance, the landfill ordinance

could not be successfully challenged upon that ground); Hanna v. City of Chicago, 331 Ill. App.

3d 295, 771 N.E.2d 13 (2002) (upholding dismissal of count in which plaintiff claimed that

Chicago ordinance downzoning his property was void because it failed to consider the factors

required by the Chicago zoning ordinance), overruled on other grounds by Napleton v. Village of

Hinsdale, 229 Ill. 2d 296, 309-10, 891 N.E.2d 839, 847-48 (2008). More recently, in Dunlap v.

Village of Schaumburg, 394 Ill. App. 3d 629, 915 N.E.2d 890 (2009), plaintiff challenged the

validity of a zoning variance that the Village of Schaumburg, a home rule unit, granted to the

defendant landowners. She claimed that the variance was invalid because defendants had not

made a showing of hardship as was required under the village code. Dunlap, 394 Ill. App. 3d at

646, 915 N.E.2d at 904. We disagreed, finding that a legislative body, such as the village, was

not required to strictly conform to its own standards in enacting a zoning ordinance as long as the

resulting ordinance represented a rational means to accomplish an otherwise legitimate legislative

purpose. Dunlap, 394 Ill. App. 3d at 646, 915 N.E.2d at 904.

Defendants argue that, just as in Landmarks and its progeny, the instant case concerns a

home rule municipality exercising its home rule authority in a legislative capacity, so plaintiffs’

claim, which is “ ‘based upon alleged failure to follow requirements imposed by that body itself’ ”

(Landmarks, 125 Ill. 2d at 179, 531 N.E.2d at 15, quoting Gasoline Dealers, 119 Ill. 2d at 404,

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519 N.E.2d at 452, quoting Chirikos, 87 Ill. App. 3d at 574, 410 N.E.2d at 65), must necessarily

fail. Indeed, it is established that the power to enact zoning ordinances, such as the one in the

instant case, falls within the 1970 Constitution’s broad grant of home rule authority as discussed

in Landmarks. Thompson v. Cook County Zoning Board of Appeals, 96 Ill. App. 3d 561, 569,

421 N.E.2d 285, 292 (1981). That is, home rule municipalities under the 1970 constitution have

full authority to zone, rather than being constrained by state statute, provided that their zoning

does not violate constitutional standards. Ill. Const. 1970, art. VII, §6(a); see Dunlap, 394 Ill.

App. 3d at 643-46, 915 N.E.2d at 902-04 (discussing the wide sweep of constitutional home rule

authority with regard to zoning decisions).

Plaintiffs nevertheless seek to distinguish the Landmarks line of cases, arguing that it is

inapposite because no constitutional issue was raised in Landmarks. By contrast, in the present

case, plaintiffs have alleged a violation of their due process rights under the Illinois and United

States constitutions. In this vein, plaintiffs cite Treadway v. City of Rockford, 24 Ill. 2d 488, 182

N.E.2d 219 (1962), in which the court stated:

“It is obvious that when a statute prescribes certain steps as conditions to the enactment of

an ordinance these steps must be substantially complied with, and we have further held

that where a general zoning ordinance includes additional procedural requirements for its

amendment, not inconsistent with those of the statute, these requirements must also be

complied with.” Treadway, 24 Ill. 2d at 496, 182 N.E.2d at 224, citing Cain v. Lyddon,

343 Ill. 217, 175 N.E. 391 (1931).

Treadway, as the instant case, dealt with a challenge to a city zoning regulation. The

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plaintiffs in Treadway challenged an ordinance passed by the city of Rockford changing the

zoning classification of certain property from residential to business in order to allow the

construction of a shopping center on that land. Treadway, 24 Ill. 2d at 489, 182 N.E.2d at 220.

In relevant part, they alleged that, in approving the ordinance, the city had failed to follow the

publication requirements as set forth by state statute. Treadway, 24 Ill. 2d at 494-95, 182 N.E.2d

at 223. It is in this context that the court issued the above statement that plaintiffs seek to rely

upon. Plaintiffs contend that Treadway is controlling in the current case. They argue that, just as

the Treadway plaintiffs alleged a violation of the state statute governing the city’s exercise of its

zoning power, they have alleged a violation of the constitutional due process requirements which

govern Chicago’s exercise of its zoning power.

However, Treadway is inapposite, because it did not involve the authority of a home rule

municipality under the 1970 Constitution. Indeed, the Landmarks court distinguishes Treadway

on this very basis. Landmarks, 125 Ill. 2d at 180-81, 531 N.E.2d at 16. The ordinance at issue in

Treadway was passed in 1960. Treadway, 24 Ill. 2d at 495, 182 N.E.2d at 224. At that time, the

ability of municipalities to zone was prescribed by, and circumscribed by, state statute.

Landmarks, 125 Ill. 2d at 180, 531 N.E.2d at 16. Any municipal zoning ordinances that went

beyond the bounds of that limited authority were necessarily invalid. Landmarks, 125 Ill. 2d at

181. Thus, in order to determine the validity of the challenged ordinance, the Treadway court had

to examine its compliance with the relevant authorizing statute. By contrast, as has been

discussed, the ordinances at issue in Landmarks and in the present case were passed pursuant to

full home rule authority and therefore not necessarily tied down by the strictures of an authorizing

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statute. See Thompson, 96 Ill. App. 3d at 569, 421 N.E.2d at 292; Dunlap, 394 Ill. App. 3d at

643-46, 915 N.E.2d at 902-04.

Cain, 343 Ill. 217, 175 N.E. 391, cited in Treadway, is likewise distinguishable. At issue

in Cain was an ordinance changing the classification of the plaintiff landowner’s property from

residential to commercial. Cain, 343 Ill. at 218, 175 N.E. at 392. The court found that, insofar

as the reclassification was not passed in accordance with procedural requirements imposed by

local ordinance, it was invalid. Cain, 343 Ill. at 222, 175 N.E. at 393. However, like Treadway,

Cain takes place before the grant of home rule authority contained in the 1970 constitution. The

Landmarks court specifically distinguishes Cain upon this ground. Landmarks, 125 Ill. 2d at 181,

531 N.E.2d at 16. It explains that “the nonuniform application of the municipality’s own

procedural provisions [in Cain] was inconsistent with the General Assembly’s intent in delegating

limited zoning authority to municipalities in the then-existing zoning act.” Landmarks, 125 Ill. 2d

at 182, 531 N.E.2d at 16. By contrast, since zoning authority is not thus limited by the General

Assembly any more, the strictures described in Cain do not apply to present-day home rule

municipalities in Illinois. Landmarks, 125 Ill. 2d at 179-81, 531 N.E.2d at 15-16.

We therefore find plaintiffs’ distinctions to be unavailing and the Landmarks line to be

controlling in this case. The IPD ordinance enacted by the city council in this case is not rendered

unconstitutional simply because this municipality, a home rule unit, violated its own self-imposed

ordinances in enacting the IPD ordinance. Landmarks and Gasoline Dealers both stand for the

proposition that the mere failure of a home rule municipality to follow its own self-imposed

regulations in enacting an ordinance is not, in and of itself, a constitutional violation. Landmarks,

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125 Ill. 2d at 179, 531 N.E.2d at 15 (noting that it did not “mean[] to imply that any

constitutional violation is readily apparent” merely from the fact that the city council allegedly

departed from the procedural requirements in its municipal code in passing the challenged

ordinance); Gasoline Dealers, 119 Ill. 2d at 404-05, 519 N.E.2d at 453 (finding that “plaintiffs

have not demonstrated that the vehicle fuel tax ordinance violates the Illinois Constitution”

despite plaintiffs’ assertion that the ordinance was improperly adopted under city council rules).

We find further support for this position in Chirikos, 87 Ill. App. 3d at 574, 410 N.E.2d at

65. As discussed above, the Chirikos court rejected plaintiff’s contention that he was denied due

process of law because the city council’s taxi fare increase amendment violated the terms of a city

ordinance. Chirikos, 87 Ill. App. 3d at 574, 410 N.E.2d at 65. In doing so, the Chirikos court

stated, “This court cannot handle matters which in effect are attempts to overrule decisions of a

legislative body based upon alleged failure to follow requirements imposed by that body itself.”

(Emphasis added.) Chirikos, 87 Ill. App. 3d at 574, 410 N.E.2d at 65. In other words, the mere

fact that the city council might have failed to follow its own self-imposed requirements in enacting

the taxi fare increase amendment did not constitute a violation of plaintiff’s due process rights.

Similarly, the Chicago city council’s alleged failure to follow the terms of its own zoning

ordinance in approving the hospital defendants’ IPD does not constitute a violation of plaintiffs’

due process rights in the instant case.

This conclusion flows from the broad grant of authority given to home rule municipalities

with regard to zoning. We note that counsel for plaintiffs conceded at oral argument that, subject

to proper procedural due process requirements, the city has a right to amend its own zoning

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Nos. 08-2318 & 09-0306 cons.

ordinance and, if it chose, would have free rein to delete any conflicting provisions of a

preexisting ordinance. Otherwise, no repealing or amendatory legislation would ever be possible.

It was also noted at oral argument that, even if plaintiffs were to prevail in the instant case,

nothing would prevent the city council from amending the zoning ordinance to remove the

conflicts found by the trial court and then reenacting the challenged IPD in its entirety. Such is

the power of a home rule municipality where zoning is concerned. See Chirikos, 87 Ill. App. 3d

at 574, 410 N.E.2d at 65 (“The city council was not bound by its own previous ordinances or

requirements. The council had clear right to repeal the then existing ordinance or to amend it as it

saw fit”).

Plaintiffs nevertheless cite American National Bank & Trust Co. v. City of Chicago, 209

Ill. App. 3d 96, 110, 568 N.E.2d 25, 34 (1990), for the proposition that “the Landmarks decision

does not deprive the court of its power to review the validity of the zoning act under

constitutional standards,” contending that this language enables review of their constitutional due

process claim in the instant case. The plaintiff in American National Bank challenged the city of

Chicago’s approval of a planned development, claiming that the city had failed to consider certain

guidelines during the rezoning process as required by the municipal code, and further claiming

that the passage of the ordinance constituted a violation of its constitutional due process rights.

American National Bank, 209 Ill. App. 3d at 109-10, 568 N.E.2d at 33-34. The court found that,

in any event, plaintiff had not established that the city actually failed to consider the guidelines at

issue, so its claim in that regard was without warrant. American National Bank, 209 Ill. App. 3d

at 111, 568 N.E.2d at 34-35. It further rejected plaintiff’s due process claim, finding that plaintiff

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Nos. 08-2318 & 09-0306 cons.

had been afforded adequate notice and opportunity to be heard regarding the planned

development. American National Bank, 209 Ill. App. 3d at 113-14, 568 N.E.2d at 36.

To the extent that American National Bank stands for the proposition that the city

council’s breach of the municipal code, without more, would be an unconstitutional due process

violation, we must reject that proposition, for all the reasons discussed above. See Landmarks,

125 Ill. 2d at 179, 531 N.E.2d at 15-6; Gasoline Dealers, 119 Ill. 2d at 404-05, 519 N.E.2d at

452-53; Chirikos, 87 Ill. App. 3d at 574, 410 N.E.2d at 65. However, we also note that the

American National Bank plaintiff alleged procedural due process violations, such as lack of notice

and opportunity to be heard, which were entirely separate from the claimed failure of the city

council to follow its own requirements in enacting the challenged ordinance. Indeed, no such

allegations are currently before us in this appeal, although plaintiffs have raised such procedural

due process allegations in the portion of the first case which is not currently before us on appeal.)

Such independent claims remain cognizable under Landmarks and its progeny. See Landmarks,

125 Ill. 2d at 180, 531 N.E.2d at 16; Gasoline Dealers, 119 Ill. 2d at 404-05, 519 N.E.2d at

452-53.

Thus, in order to prevail in the instant case, plaintiffs would have to demonstrate that the

city council’s actions contained an independent constitutional violation – that is, a constitutional

violation that could be invoked regardless of the subject ordinance’s relationship to any prior or

collateral ordinances. Landmarks, 125 Ill. 2d at 179-80, 531 N.E.2d at 15-16; Chirikos, 87 Ill.

App. 3d at 574, 410 N.E.2d at 65. In order to establish such a constitutional violation, plaintiffs

would have to show that the city council’s actions in enacting the IPD ordinance failed to pass

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Nos. 08-2318 & 09-0306 cons.

rational basis review, under which legislative action will be upheld as long as it bears a rational

relationship to a legitimate legislative purpose and is not arbitrary or unreasonable. Napleton, 229

Ill. 2d at 307-09, 891 N.E.2d at 847-48 (zoning amendment challenged on due process grounds

was properly reviewed under the rational basis test); see La Salle National Bank of Chicago v.

County of Cook, 12 Ill. 2d 40, 46, 145 N.E.2d 65, 68 (1957) (“it is primarily the province of the

municipal body to determine the use and purpose to which property may be devoted, and it is

neither the province nor the duty of the courts to interfere with the discretion with which such

bodies are vested unless the legislative action of the municipality is shown to be arbitrary,

capricious or unrelated to the public health, safety and morals”); City of Aurora v. Burns, 319 Ill.

84, 94 (1925) (zoning classifications “when exercised reasonably, may bear a rational relation to

the health, morals, safety and general welfare of the community”). This is a broadly deferential

standard. As our supreme court has stated in applying this standard, “Whether a statute is wise or

unwise, and whether it is the best means to achieve the desired results, are among the matters for

the legislature and not the courts. A difference of opinion is insufficient to bring the classification

to a court’s attention.” People v. Shephard, 152 Ill. 2d 489, 503, 605 N.E.2d 518, 525 (1992).

Moreover, it is well established that municipal ordinances, like statutes, “are presumed

constitutional, and the burden of rebutting that presumption is on the party challenging the

validity of the statute to clearly demonstrate a constitutional violation.” Napleton, 229 Ill. 2d at

306, 891 N.E.2d at 846; see La Salle, 12 Ill. 2d at 46, 145 N.E.2d at 68 (zoning ordinances are

presumptively valid).2

2
We note in passing that, in the portion of their first action that is presently before us,

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Nos. 08-2318 & 09-0306 cons.

Plaintiffs are unable to meet this high standard. At oral argument, the parties were in

apparent consensus that the purpose of the IPD was to ensure that the hospital defendants would

remain in the neighborhood to continue providing health care to residents. Plaintiffs cannot and

do not assert that the provision of health care to the community is not a legitimate governmental

goal. Nor do they assert that allowing the hospital defendants to carry out their development

plans is not rationally related to achieving that goal. Rather, plaintiffs’ challenge to the ordinance

at issue, though dressed in constitutional language, hinges exclusively on their allegation that the

city violated its own self-imposed requirements in approving the ordinance. Their entire case

rises or falls by their claim of inconsistency between the two; without any such inconsistency, they

have no case at all. And, as discussed, such inconsistency is not a per se constitutional violation

under Landmarks and Gasoline Dealers. Landmarks, 125 Ill. 2d at 179, 531 N.E.2d at 15-16;

Gasoline Dealers, 119 Ill. 2d at 404-05, 519 N.E.2d at 452-53.

plaintiffs are bringing a facial challenge to the IPD ordinance, not a challenge to the ordinance as

specifically applied to the St. Joseph Campus, because they seek to have the ordinance voided in

its entirety. As they are bringing a facial challenge, plaintiffs bear the burden of demonstrating

that there is no set of circumstances under which the ordinance would be valid. Napleton, 229 Ill.

2d at 306, 891 N.E.2d at 846. Accordingly, the factors set out by the court in La Salle, 12 Ill. 2d

at 46, 145 N.E.2d at 68, for assessing the validity of a zoning ordinance in light of the gain to the

public when measured against the burdens imposed upon the individual property owner, do not

apply, because such factors are circumstance-dependent. Napleton, 229 Ill. 2d at 318, 891

N.E.2d at 852. Nor do plaintiffs argue their application to the instant case.

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Nos. 08-2318 & 09-0306 cons.

Plaintiffs’ next major argument is that Landmarks and its progeny are distinguishable on

grounds that plaintiffs in those cases did not invoke the due process guarantee in section 11-13-

25(b) of the Illinois Municipal Code. (Indeed, Landmarks was decided well before the 2006

enactment of section 11-13-25.) By contrast, plaintiffs in the present case have claimed that

enactment of the IPD ordinance violates the terms of section 11-13-25(b). However, that section

does not change anything in our analysis of this case. Section 11-13-25 reads:

“(a) Any special use, variance, rezoning, or other amendment to a zoning

ordinance adopted by the corporate authorities of any municipality, home rule or

non-home rule, shall be subject to de novo judicial review as a legislative decision,

regardless of whether the process of its adoption is considered administrative for other

purposes. ***

(b) The principles of substantive and procedural due process apply at all stages of

the decision-making and review of all zoning decisions.” 65 ILCS 5/11-13-25 (West

2006).

Plaintiffs argue that, by passing the IPD ordinance in violation of other provisions of the

Chicago Zoning Ordinance, the city has denied them the due process protections guaranteed in

section 11-13-25(b). Plaintiffs further imply in their brief that since zoning decisions are “subject

to de novo judicial review” under section 11-13-25(a), we are to accord no deference to the

decision of the Chicago city council in conducting our analysis of their claim.

However, such a view represents a misunderstanding of the scope and purpose of section

11-13-25. This section must be understood as an attempt to nullify the effect of the court’s

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Nos. 08-2318 & 09-0306 cons.

decision in People ex rel. Klaeren v. Village of Lisle, 202 Ill. 2d 164, 781 N.E.2d 223 (2002),

which held that a municipality was acting in an administrative (otherwise known as a quasi-

judicial) capacity rather than in a legislative capacity in ruling on a special use permit application.

Dunlap, 394 Ill. App. 3d at 639-40, 915 N.E.2d at 899; Millineum Maintenance Management,

Inc. v. County of Lake, 384 Ill. App. 3d 638, 647, 894 N.E.2d 845, 855 (2008). The distinction

is significant because the two types of decisions are subject to different standards of review:

Legislative decisions are subject only to rational basis review as long as they do not implicate a

fundamental constitutional right (Millineum, 384 Ill. App. 3d at 642-43, 894 N.E.2d at 852),

while administrative decisions are subject to heightened scrutiny. City of Chicago Heights v.

Living Word Outreach Full Gospel Church & Ministries, Inc., 196 Ill. 2d 1, 13, 749 N.E.2d 916,

924 (2001). Specifically, when an administrative ruling on a zoning permit application is

reviewed, the decision “may be reviewed to determine whether the decision was made in

compliance with any criteria listed in the zoning ordinance.” Living Word, 196 Ill. 2d at 13, 749

N.E.2d at 925. By contrast, since legislative decisions are reviewed for arbitrariness, such

compliance is not dispositive, but merely a factor to be considered. Living Word, 196 Ill. 2d at

13, 749 N.E.2d at 925.

As mentioned, the court in Klaeren ruled that a municipality granting a special use permit

was taking administrative action and therefore subject to a heightened level of review. Klaeren,

202 Ill. 2d at 183, 781 N.E.2d at 234. The legislature expressly responded to this decision by

classifying every adopted zoning amendment as a legislative act rather than an administrative one.

Dunlap, 394 Ill. App. 3d at 641, 915 N.E.2d at 900-01; Millineum, 384 Ill. App. 3d at 647, 894

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Nos. 08-2318 & 09-0306 cons.

N.E.2d at 856. That is, the phrase “de novo” in section 11-13-25 cannot be read in isolation, but

must be understood in its context – “ ‘de novo review as a legislative decision’ ” – which

prescribes the standard of review as that which is applicable to legislative decisions. (Emphasis in

original.) Millineum, 384 Ill. App. 3d at 652, 894 N.E.2d at 860. 3 Consequently, the IPD

ordinance remains subject to rational basis review, despite the fact that plaintiffs have brought a

claim under section 11-13-25. For the reasons discussed above, it passes muster under that

standard.

Plaintiffs further raise the contention that allowing a municipality to violate its own self-

imposed regulations is contrary to public policy because it upsets the expectations of property

owners and potentially disrupts the protections provided by the Chicago Zoning Ordinance.

However, as noted earlier, there is no dispute that the city of Chicago retains full power to repeal

or amend the zoning ordinance that was allegedly contravened in the instant case, which makes

plaintiffs’ protest in this regard lose much of its force. Moreover, in any case, “[t]his court may

not act to invalidate legislation simply upon considerations of what litigants, attorneys or this

court may regard as the public welfare.” Chirikos, 87 Ill. App. 3d at 574, 410 N.E.2d at 65.

Rather, we are bound to follow the principles articulated by our supreme court in Landmarks and

Gasoline Dealers. See Landmarks, 125 Ill. 2d at 179, 531 N.E.2d at 15-16; Gasoline Dealers,

3
Indeed, it has been suggested that if section 11-13-25 were interpreted as requiring

wholly de novo review of legislative zoning decisions, such review would be an impermissible

assumption of executive power by the judiciary and the section would therefore be

unconstitutional. Millineum, 384 Ill. App. 3d at 652, 894 N.E.2d at 860.

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Nos. 08-2318 & 09-0306 cons.

119 Ill. 2d at 404, 519 N.E.2d at 452-53.

Plaintiffs finally cite a number of out-of-state cases which, they argue, support their

contention that a municipality’s failure to follow self-imposed regulations in enacting an ordinance

is, in itself, sufficient grounds to invalidate that ordinance. However, a number of the cases they

raise are distinguishable.

For instance, in Miller v. City of Albuquerque, 89 N.M. 503, 554 P.2d 665 (1976),

petitioner applied to have a parcel of his land rezoned from R-1 (single-family residential) to R-3

(multifamily residential). The city’s zoning commission subsequently initiated its own zone

change request to rezone the subject property to SU-1 (special use for planned residential

development), which was more restrictive than the original R-1. Miller, 89 N.M. at 504, 554

P.2d at 666. In doing so, the commission was knowingly acting beyond the bounds of its own

authority and without the concurrence of any of the landowners whose property interests were

involved. Miller, 89 N.M. at 506, 554 P.2d at 668. Nevertheless, the commission proceeded to

approve its own request to change the classification to SU-1. Miller, 89 N.M. at 504, 554 P.2d

at 666. The court found that petitioner’s due process rights were violated, stating that in

bypassing its own rules, the commission “denied petitioner, in violation of the requirements of due

process, a meaningful and impartial hearing on his properly submitted zone change application.”

Miller, 89 N.M. at 506, 554 P.2d at 668. Thus, Miller was not premised solely on the zoning

commission’s failure to follow its own self-imposed requirements, but rather on an independent

procedural due process claim, namely, the failure to give petitioner a meaningful right to be heard.

Landmarks does not foreclose such independent procedural due process claims (Landmarks, 125

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Nos. 08-2318 & 09-0306 cons.

Ill. 2d at 180 (stating that plaintiff “has not contended that the ordinance was enacted in violation

of constitutional guarantees of *** procedural due process”)), yet plaintiffs have not raised such

an independent claim in the portions of their actions currently before us on appeal.

A similar distinction arises in McArthur v. Zabka, 177 Colo. 337, 494 P.2d 89 (1972),

also cited by plaintiffs, where the owners of property recently annexed by the city of Greeley

challenged the validity of the zoning classification imposed upon their land, alleging procedural

deficiencies in its adoption. Under the city charter, the relevant procedural requirements for

imposing a zoning classification were as follows: the planning commission would submit a

proposal, after which the city council was required to hold a public hearing on the proposal and

then accept it, reject it, or send it back to the commission for further study. McArthur, 177 Colo.

at 342-43, 494 P.2d at 92. What actually happened was this: after the commission submitted its

proposal and a public hearing was held on that specific proposal, the city council rejected it and

then substituted its own, apparently more restrictive, proposal on its own initiative. McArthur,

177 Colo. at 342, 494 P.2d at 91. The city council then approved its own substituted proposal

without ever holding a public holding on that proposal. McArthur, 177 Colo. at 342, 494 P.2d at

91. The court found that this deficiency was fatal to the ordinance. McArthur, 177 Colo. at 346,

494 P.2d at 93. In rendering this decision, the court found it significant that, in failing to follow

its own procedural requirements, the city deprived plaintiffs of the opportunity to prove that the

city’s final proposal would not be appropriate for their land or to prove that a compromise

between the commission’s original proposal and the city’s final proposal would have been

feasible. McArthur, 177 Colo. at 344-45, 494 P.2d at 93. Thus, as in Miller, the city’s failure to

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Nos. 08-2318 & 09-0306 cons.

follow self-imposed regulations was not the sole grounds of seeking relief but, rather, was alleged

in conjunction with violations of procedural due process that resulted therefrom.

Plaintiffs additionally cite Udell v. Haas, 21 N.Y.2d 463, 469, 235 N.E.2d 897, 900, 288

N.Y.S.2d 880, 893 (1968), where a zoning amendment was struck down for not being made “in

accordance with a comprehensive plan” as required by village law. This requirement of a

comprehensive plan, stated the court, was part of the “fundamental conception of zoning”

instituted under the belief that “consideration must be given to the needs of the community as a

whole.” Udell, 21 N.Y.2d at 469, 235 N.E.2d at 900, 288 N.Y.S.2d at 893. Thus, more than a

mere transgression of village standards was at stake; the failure to act under the auspices of a

comprehensive plan was at odds with the whole conception of zoning under New York law. As

with the previous two cases, more was at stake in Udell than a mere deviation from the letter of

self-imposed regulations, which is all that plaintiffs have brought before us in the instant appeal as

a grounds for invalidation of the IPD ordinance.

Moreover, in any event, cases from foreign jurisdictions are not binding upon us. Mikrut

v. First Bank of Oak Park, 359 Ill. App. 3d 37, 58, 832 N.E.2d 376, 392 (2005). Therefore, to

the extent that the out-of-state cases cited by plaintiffs are inconsistent with the precedent laid

down by our supreme court on this issue (see City of Elgin, 169 Ill. 2d at 63, 660 N.E.2d at 881;

Landmarks, 125 Ill. 2d at 179, 531 N.E.2d at 15-16; Gasoline Dealers, 119 Ill. 2d at 404-05, 519

N.E.2d at 452-53), we cannot follow them.

As we have found that any inconsistency between the terms of the IPD and the terms of

the Chicago zoning ordinance would not, in any event, be grounds for invalidating the IPD, we

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Nos. 08-2318 & 09-0306 cons.

need not reach the alternate ground that defendants urge in support of the judgment below,

namely, that the IPD is not actually at odds with the Chicago zoning ordinance. Furthermore, our

finding here is dispositive of both of plaintiffs’ appeals, because both are premised upon the

claimed facial invalidity of the IPD ordinance.

Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, the judgments of the trial court are affirmed.

Affirmed.

CAHILL, P.J., and R.E. GORDON, J., concur.

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 Nos. 08-2318 & 09-0306 cons.

REPORTER OF DECISIONS - ILLINOIS APPELLATE COURT
(Front Sheet to be Attached to Each Case)

Please use the Condominium Association of Commonwealth Plaza, an Illinois Not-For-Profit Corporation;
following form Suhail Al Chalabi; Virginia M. Harding; and Darren Moss,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.

The City of Chicago, a Municipal Corporation; the Chicago Plan Commission of the City of
Chicago; Lori T. Healey, Commissioner, Department Of Planning and Development;
Resurrection Health Care, an Illinois Not-For-Profit Corporation; and Saint Joseph Hospital,
an Illinois Not-For-Profit Corporation;

Defendants-Appellees.
__________________________________________________________________________

Condominium Association of Commonwealth Plaza, an Illinois Not-For-Profit Corporation;
Suhail Al Chalabi; Virginia M. Harding; and Darren Moss,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.

The Chicago Plan Commission of the City of Chicago, Linda Searl, Vice Chairman and Acting
Chairman; Lori T. Healey, Secretary, and Commissioner of the Department of Planning and
Development; Alderman William J.P. Banks, Alderman Edward M. Burke, Allison S. Davis,
Mayor Richard M. Daley, Leon D. Finney, Jr., Doris B. Holleb, Carole Brown, Amrish K.
Mahajan, George W. Migala, Alderman Burton F. Natarus, John H. Nelson, Nancy A. Pacher,
Alderman Mary Ann Smith, Alderman Bernard L. Stone, and Alderman Regner “Ray” Suarez,
Members of the Commission; Resurrection Health Care, an Illinois Not-For-Profit
Corporation; Saint Joseph Hospital, an Illinois Not-For-Profit Corporation;

Defendants-Appellees.
Docket No. No. 1-08-2318 & 1-09-0306 cons.

COURT Appellate Court of Illinois
First District, SIXTH Division

Opinion Filed March 5, 2010
(Give month, day and year)
JUSTICE JOSEPH GORDON DELIVERED THE OPINION OF THE COURT:

JUSTICES Cahill, P.J., and R.E. Gordon, J. , concur.

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 Nos. 08-2318 & 09-0306 cons.

APPEAL from the Lower Court and Trial Judge(s) in form indicated in margin:
Circuit Court of Cook
County; the Hon___ Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County.
Judge Presiding.
The Hon. Sophia Hall, Judge Presiding.
Indicate if attorney represents APPELLANTS or APPELLEES and include attorneys of
counsel. Indicate the word NONE if not represented.

APPELLANTS: APPELLANTS: Reuben L. Hedlund and Sarah J. Isaacson, Hedlund & Hanley, LLC, 77
John Doe, of Chicago West Wacker Drive, Suite 4800, Chicago, Illinois 60601-1664
For APPELLEES, APPELLEES (City of Chicago, Chicago Plan Commission, and Lori T. Healey): Mara S.
Smith and Smith of Georges, Benna Ruth Solomon, Myriam Zreczny Kasper, and Jennifer Erickson Baak, 30 N.
Chicago LaSalle St., Suite 800, Chicago, Illinois 60602

APPELLEES (Resurrection Health Care and St. Joseph Hospital): William J. McKenna and
Benjamin B. Folsom, Foley & Lardner, LLP, 321 N. Clark St., Suite 2800, Chicago, Illinois
60654
Add attorneys for 3rd
party appellants and/or
appellees.

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