ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
Appellate Court
Russell v. SNFA, 2011 IL App (1st) 093012-B
Appellate Court JOHN RUSSELL, as Executor of the Estate of Michael Russell,
Caption Deceased, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. SNFA, Defendant-Appellee.
District & No. First District, Sixth Division
Docket No. 1-09-3012
Filed December 16, 2011
Rehearing denied January 18, 2012
Held An action arising from the death of plaintiff’s brother in a helicopter
(Note: This syllabus crash that occurred in Illinois was improperly dismissed on the ground
constitutes no part of that the French company that made a part that allegedly caused the crash
the opinion of the court was not subject to the jurisdiction of the Illinois court, since the decedent
but has been prepared was employed by a medical air service doing business primarily in
by the Reporter of Illinois, and the requisite minimum contacts existed where the
Decisions for the malfunction of the custom-made, tail-rotor, drive-shaft bearings made by
convenience of the defendant occurred in Illinois, defendant had reason to know and expect
reader.)
that its bearings would be marketed in all states, including Illinois, and
the Illinois sales were sufficient to establish minimum contacts, and
furthermore, it was reasonable for Illinois to exercise personal jurisdiction
over defendant and the exercise of jurisdiction complied with the due
process clause of the Illinois Constitution.
Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 05-L-1112; the Hon.
Review Jeffrey Lawrence, Judge, presiding.
Judgment Reversed and remanded.
Counsel on Todd A. Smith and Brian LaCien, both of Powers Rogers & Smith, P.C.,
Appeal of Chicago, for appellant.
Robert Marc Chemers and Scott L. Howie, both of Pretzel & Stouffer,
Chtrd., of Chicago, for appellee.
Panel PRESIDING JUSTICE R. GORDON delivered the judgment of the court,
with opinion.
Justices McBride and Lampkin concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Plaintiff’s brother died during a helicopter crash in Illinois. Defendant SNFA, a French
company, made a part for that helicopter, which plaintiff claims was defective and the cause
of the crash. Defendant moved to dismiss on the ground that Illinois had no jurisdiction over
it, and the trial court dismissed for lack of personal jurisdiction. For the reasons discussed
below, we reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
¶2 The Illinois Supreme Court directed us to reconsider our opinion in this case in light of
two opinions subsequently decided by the United States Supreme Court: J. McIntyre
Machinery, Ltd. v. Nicastro, ___ U.S. ___, 131 S. Ct. 2780 (2011), and Goodyear v. Dunlop
Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown, ___ U.S. ___, 131 S. Ct. 2846 (2011). Russell v. SNFA, No.
112323 (Ill. Sept. 28, 2011) (supervisory order). We have reconsidered and find that these
opinions only strengthen our conclusions.
¶3 BACKGROUND
¶4 I. The Parties
¶5 On January 28, 2003, Michael Russell (Russell) died during a helicopter crash in Illinois.
Russell, who was the pilot and sole occupant, was working for Air Angels, a medical air
service that did business primarily in Illinois and, in particular, Cook County. Russell died
leaving a wife and two sons. Plaintiff John Russell (plaintiff) is Michael Russell’s brother
and the executor of Michael Russell’s estate.
¶6 In his complaint, plaintiff alleged that the crash was caused, specifically, by the failure
of one of the helicopter’s tail-rotor drive-shaft bearings, which defendant manufactured.
Plaintiff alleged that, as a result of this failure, the drive shaft fractured, leaving the tail rotor
inoperable. The helicopter then spun out of control, crashing to the ground.
¶7 Defendant is a French manufacturer of both custom-made aerospace bearings and
helicopter tail-rotor bearings.
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¶8 II. The Product at Issue
¶9 In its brief to this court, defendant admitted the following facts.
¶ 10 The helicopter involved in the accident was an A 109 helicopter manufactured by Agusta
S.p.A. (Agusta) in Italy in 1989. The helicopter contained seven tail-rotor bearings
manufactured by defendant. These bearings were custom-made by defendant for use in
Agusta’s A 109 helicopters. The helicopter in question had several owners and operators. In
1998, a German company sold it to Metro Aviation in Louisiana, which in turn sold it to Air
Angels, which was Russell’s employer at the time of the crash.
¶ 11 In 1998 and again in 2002, Metro Aviation replaced some of the bearings. The
replacement bearings had been manufactured by defendant in France, and then sold to Agusta
in Italy, which in turn sold them to its American subsidiary, Agusta Aerospace Corporation
(Agusta AC), which then sold them to Metro Aviation in Louisiana. Defendant
acknowledges that Agusta AC sells SNFA’s custom-made bearings to owners of A 109
aircraft around the world.
¶ 12 Specifically for Agusta, defendant manufactures several different custom-made tail-rotor
bearings. Agusta provides defendant with precise specifications, and defendant manufactures
the bearings according to those specifications. Defendant acknowledges that it knows that
its custom-made tail-rotor bearings are incorporated by Agusta into helicopters and also sold
as individual replacement parts.
¶ 13 Defendant states that it is in the business of providing custom-made bearings, mostly to
European customers. Defendant manufactures custom-made bearings for both the aerospace
industry and for helicopters. Defendant claims that it has no American customers for its
helicopter bearings, but admits that it does have three American customers for its aerospace
bearings: (1) Rolls Royce, a jet-engine manufacturer; (2) Honeywell, an engine manufacturer;
and (3) Hamilton Sundstrand, a subsidiary of United Technologies Corporation.
¶ 14 III. Orders Appealed From
¶ 15 On August 26, 2010, the trial court granted defendant’s motion to dismiss for lack of
personal jurisdiction, but it stayed the order. The trial court’s written order stated that its
ruling was “made in accordance w/ [sic] transcript.” In open court, the trial court explained,
as follows, why it rejected plaintiff’s claim that defendant was doing business in Illinois:
“Now, in the case before me, there is no office, there is no showing whatsoever of the
derivation of a substantial portion of overall business in Illinois.
There is only the most minimal showing of physical presence in Illinois. Two visits
are discussed, but only one of those visits falls within the parameter of which the cases
say the Court should consider, in determining the existence of general jurisdiction. ***
So, I selected a slightly broader period of two-and-a-half years, but the first visit was
in 2000, and the accident didn’t occur [until] 2003.
So, during the relevant period, we have a single visit of a SNFA representative to
Hamilton Sundstrand in Rockford, and we have invoicing done through Rockford,
although the product, itself, was shipped to San Diego.
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At best, we have a decent dollar amount of sales reflected in the invoices, not quite
a million dollars, if I rely on that figure in that contract that I mentioned.
Whereas, in Riemer [v. KSL Recreation Corp., 348 Ill. App. 3d 26 (2004)], $6 million
in sales by a much smaller company than SNFA were held insufficient, and the Court
found a lack of general jurisdiction in that case.
So, my conclusion is that the plaintiff in this case has failed to meet its burden of
showing continuous and systematic presence in Illinois.”
¶ 16 In open court, the trial court also explained why it rejected plaintiff’s claim that the court
had jurisdiction over defendant due to the fact that the helicopter crashed in Illinois:
“[I]f the plaintiff was to make a case at all, it had to be based on general jurisdiction,
simply because the [helicopter] accident didn’t arise out of their Illinois contacts.
So, it doesn’t meet–putting aside the question of purposefully-directed activity, [the
accident] simply did not arise out of the Illinois activity.”
¶ 17 On September 24, 2008, the trial court found that there was no just reason to delay either
enforcement or appeal of its ruling. Plaintiff filed a notice of appeal, appealing the orders
dated August 26, 2009, and September 24, 2009, as well as earlier orders related to
discovery. This appeal followed.
¶ 18 ANALYSIS
¶ 19 I. Standard of Review
¶ 20 “The plaintiff bears the burden of establishing a prima facie basis upon which
jurisdiction over an out-of-state resident may be exercised.” Roiser v. Cascade Mountain,
Inc., 367 Ill. App. 3d 559, 561 (2006); Alderson v. Southern Co., 321 Ill. App. 3d 832, 846
(2001); Khan v. Van Remmen, Inc., 325 Ill. App. 3d 49, 53-54 (2001). “If jurisdictional facts
remain in controversy, then the court must conduct a hearing to resolve those disputes.”
Knaus v. Guidry, 389 Ill. App. 3d 804, 813 (2009). “When the circuit court decides a
jurisdictional question solely on the basis of documentary evidence” and without an
evidentiary hearing, as it did in this case, then “the question is addressed de novo on appeal.”
Roiser, 367 Ill. App. 3d at 561; Alderson, 321 Ill. App. 3d at 846. On appeal, we must
“resolve in favor of the plaintiff any conflicts in the pleadings and affidavits.” MacNeil v.
Trambert, 401 Ill. App. 3d 1077, 1080 (2010). If we find that plaintiff has made a prima
facie case for jurisdiction, we must then determine if any material evidentiary conflicts exist.
MacNeil, 401 Ill. App. 3d at 1080. If a material evidentiary conflict exists, we must remand
the case to the trial court for an evidentiary hearing. MacNeil, 401 Ill. App. 3d at 1080.
¶ 21 II. Applicable Statutory and Constitutional Provisions
¶ 22 Section 2-209 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-209 (West 2002)) sets forth
when Illinois courts will exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant. Subsection (a),
which governs specific jurisdiction, lists 14 different actions by a defendant which will
subject him or her to Illinois jurisdiction. 735 ILCS 5/2-209(a)(1) through (a)(14) (West
2002). A defendant is subject to jurisdiction for “any cause of action arising from the doing
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of any” of these “acts,” which include the transaction of business or the commission of a tort.
735 ILCS 5/2-209(a)(1) through (a)(14) (West 2002). Subsection (b), which governs general
jurisdiction, lists four grounds, only two of which apply to corporations: “(3) *** a
corporation organized under the laws of this State; or (4) *** [a] corporation doing business
within this State.” 735 ILCS 5/2-209(b)(3), (b)(4) (West 2002). Subsection (c) is a “catchall
provision” which permits Illinois courts to “ ‘exercise jurisdiction on any other basis now or
hereafter permitted by the Illinois Constitution and the Constitution of the United States.’ ”
Roiser, 367 Ill. App. 3d at 561 (quoting 735 ILCS 5/2-209(c) (West 2002)). Subsection (c)
permits an Illinois court to exercise personal jurisdiction to the extent permitted by the due
process clause of the fourteenth amendment to the United States Constitution. Klump v.
Duffus, 71 F.3d 1368, 1371 (7th Cir. 1995) (Illinois long-arm statute was amended in 1989
to add subsection (c), which is “coextensive with the due process requirements of the United
States Constitution”).
¶ 23 An exercise of jurisdiction under any of the three statutory subsections must also comport
with the due process clause. The due process clause limits a state’s exercise of personal
jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant to those instances where the defendant had at least
“minimum contacts” with the state. Roiser, 367 Ill. App. 3d at 561. This court has described
the minimum contacts standard as follows:
“The minimum contacts standard ensures that requiring the out-of-state resident to
defend in the forum does not ‘ “offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial
justice.” ’ [Citation.] The minimum contacts analysis must be based on some act by
which the defendant purposefully availed itself of the privilege of conducting activities
within the forum state, in order to assure that a nonresident will not be haled into a forum
solely as a result of random, fortuitous, or attenuated contacts with the forum or the
unilateral acts of a consumer or some other third person.” (Internal quotation marks
omitted.) Roiser, 367 Ill. App. 3d at 561-62.
¶ 24 This year, a unanimous United States Supreme Court in Goodyear reaffirmed its
adherence to the minimum contacts test. Goodyear, ___ U.S. at ___,131 S. Ct. at 2853. The
minimum contacts needed for jurisdiction depends on whether the jurisdiction asserted is
general or specific jurisdiction. Goodyear, ___ U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2853-54; MacNeil,
401 Ill. App. 3d at 1081. General jurisdiction exists when defendant’s general business
contacts with the forum state are continuous and systematic. Goodyear, ___ U.S. at ___, 131
S. Ct. at 2851; Knaus, 389 Ill. App. 3d at 814; MacNeil, 401 Ill. App. 3d at 1081. See also
Helicopteros Nacionales de Columbia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 414 n.9, 415 (1984).
Specific jurisdiction exists when the cause of action arose out of defendant’s contacts with
the forum state. Goodyear, ___ U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2853; Knaus, 389 Ill. App. 3d at
814; MacNeil, 401 Ill. App. 3d at 1081. See also Helicopteros, 466 U.S. at 414 & n.8.
¶ 25 In the case at bar, plaintiff claimed that this court could exercise jurisdiction under
subsection (a), (b) or (c). Plaintiff claimed that this court had specific jurisdiction, under
subsection a, because of “[t]he commission of a tortious act within this State.” 735 ILCS 5/2-
209(a)(2) (West 2002). Plaintiff also claimed that this court had general jurisdiction under
subsection (b), because defendant was a “corporation doing business within this State.” 735
ILCS 5/2-209(b)(4) (West 2002). Last, but not least, plaintiff claimed that this court could
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exercise jurisdiction under the catchall provision of subsection (c). 735 ILCS 5/2-209(c)
(West 2002). As noted above, the trial court rejected plaintiff’s claims of jurisdiction under
subsections (a) and (b), but did not make a specific ruling with respect to subsection (c).
¶ 26 III. Minimum Contacts
¶ 27 For the reasons discussed below, we find that the court had specific jurisdiction over
defendant, under both subsections (a) and (c). 735 ILCS 5/2-209(a)(2), (c) (West 2002).
Since we find that jurisdiction exists under these subsections, we do not review plaintiff’s
claim of general jurisdiction under subsection b. In addition, “[w]hile defendant has
contested some of the facts asserted by plaintiff, the facts relied on by this court in finding
specific personal jurisdiction are not contested by defendant.” Bell v. Don Prudhomme
Racing, Inc., 405 Ill. App. 3d 223, 234 (2010). As a result, there is no need to remand for an
evidentiary hearing. Bell, 405 Ill. App. 3d at 234.
¶ 28 With specific jurisdiction, a nonresident defendant has minimum contacts with the forum
state, when the defendant has purposefully directed its activities at the forum, and the
litigation results from alleged injuries that arise out of or relate to those activities. Goodyear,
___ U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2853-54; Bell, 405 Ill. App. 3d at 231 (citing Burger King
Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 472 (1985)).
¶ 29 For a tort action, the state in which the injury occurs is then considered to be the state in
which the tort occurred. Bell, 405 Ill. App. 3d at 231 (citing Indianapolis Colts, Inc. v.
Metropolitan Baltimore Football Club Ltd. Partnership, 34 F.3d 410, 412 (7th Cir. 1994),
citing Calder v. Jones, 465 U.S. 783, 790 (1984)). See also Goodyear, ___ U.S. at ___, 131
S. Ct. at 2851 (North Carolina lacked specific jurisdiction over a tort action where the subject
bus accident occurred in France); MacNeil, 401 Ill. App. 3d at 1084 (“ ‘For purposes of the
tort provision of the long-arm statute, the place of the wrong is the place where the last event
necessary to hold the actor liable takes place. [Citation.]’ ” (quoting Arthur Young & Co. v.
Bremer, 197 Ill. App. 3d 30, 36 (1990))). “The Seventh Circuit has repeatedly held that
tortfeasors must expect to be haled into Illinois courts for torts where the injury took place
there.” ABN AMRO, Inc. v. Capital International Ltd., 595 F. Supp. 2d 805, 828 (N.D. Ill.
2008) (mem. op.). In the case at bar, the injury occurred in Illinois, and thus Illinois is the
state in which the tort occurred. Cf. Helicopteros, 466 U.S. at 415 (finding that a wrongful
death claim did not arise out of defendant’s activities in Texas, where the helicopter crash
occurred in Peru and not Texas).
¶ 30 In the case at bar, both parties cited the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Asahi
Metal Industry Co. v. Superior Court, 480 U.S. 102 (1987), as the high court’s most recent,
relevant statement about minimum contacts, but they disagreed about what Asahi means, and
how it should be applied to the facts of our case. Since that time, the United States Supreme
Court has taken up the issue of minimum contacts again, in both Goodyear and McIntyre.
Of these two cases, McIntyre is the more relevant to our case because, like our holding today,
it is based on specific jurisdiction. McIntyre, ___ U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2788. Although
the Court in Goodyear reiterated the basic principles of minium contacts and general-versus-
specific jurisdiction, the issue in Goodyear was whether general jurisdiction existed.
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Goodyear, ___ U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2851(sole issue was whether the corporations were
“amenable to general jurisdiction in North Carolina”). Thus, McIntyre is more applicable to
our decision.
¶ 31 In the discussion below, we will consider first Asahi and then McIntyre and explain how
these two cases apply to the facts at hand. Even though McIntyre is the more recent case, we
still pay close attention to Asahi, because the vitality of Asahi was reaffirmed by all nine
justices in McIntyre. McIntyre, ___ U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2788-89 (four-justice plurality
opinion discussing Asahi), 2792 (two-justice concurrence citing Asahi with approval), 2803
(three-justice dissent citing Asahi with approval).
¶ 32 Asahi concerned a cause of action only for indemnification. Asahi, 480 U.S. at 106 (the
accident victim’s claims were “eventually settled and dismissed, leaving only [an] indemnity
action”). A plaintiff, who was injured in a motorcycle accident in California, sued the
Taiwanese manufacturer of the motorcycle’s inner tubes. Asahi, 480 U.S. at 105-06. The
Taiwanese tube manufacturer, in turn, filed a cross-complaint for indemnification against
Asahi, the Japanese manufacturer of the tube’s valve assembly. Asahi, 480 U.S. at 106. The
only question before the Court was whether a California court should exercise personal
jurisdiction in order to require a Japanese submanufacturer to indemnify a Taiwanese
manufacturer. Asahi, 480 U.S. at 115. All nine justices answered no.
¶ 33 All nine justices found that, for a forum to exercise personal jurisdiction over a
defendant, (1) the defendant must have minium contacts with the forum, and (2) it must be
reasonable for the forum to exercise jurisdiction. Asahi, 480 U.S. at 112-14, 116, 121-22. All
nine justices agreed that, in the case before them, the exercise of jurisdiction was not
reasonable, and agreed on the factors that govern reasonableness.1 Asahi, 480 U.S. at 113,
116, 121.
¶ 34 However, the justices disagreed about whether minimum contacts existed, on the facts
before them. Four justices believed that minimum contacts did not exist. Asahi, 480 U.S. at
112-13. Four justices believed that “[t]his is one of those rare cases” in which minium
contacts exist, but it would still be unreasonable to exert jurisdiction. Asahi, 480 U.S. at 116
(Brennan, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment, joined by White, Marshall,
and Blackmun, JJ.) One justice believed that the Court should not even consider the issue of
minimum contacts, since it could decide the case on reasonableness alone. Asahi, 480 U.S.
at 121-22 (Stevens, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment, joined by White
and Blackmun, JJ.).
¶ 35 Even the four justices who did not find minimum contacts cited with approval the
decision of Rockwell International Corp. v. Costruzioni Aeronautiche Giovanni Agusta,
S.p.A., 553 F. Supp. 328 (E.D. Pa. 1982) (mem. op.). Asahi, 480 U.S. at 113. Finding that
there was no evidence that Asahi had “designed” its product in anticipation of sales in the
forum state, they cited Rockwell as an example of where the opposite was true–where a
defendant had designed its product in anticipation of sales in the forum state. Asahi, 480 U.S.
at 113.
1
We discuss reasonableness, below, in the following section of this opinion.
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¶ 36 The defendant in Rockwell was SNFA, the same defendant that is before us, and the facts
in Rockwell are almost indistinguishable from the facts in our case. Like we hold today, the
Rockwell court held that the forum state, which was the site of the crash, could exercise
specific personal jurisdiction over defendant SNFA. Rockwell, 553 F. Supp. at 329. Exactly
as in our case, defendant had custom-made bearings for an A 109 helicopter, manufactured
by Agusta. Rockwell, 553 F. Supp. at 329. Exactly as in our case, a subsequent owner
replaced the tail-rotor drive-shaft bearings with ones also manufactured by defendant.
Rockwell, 553 F. Supp. at 330. Exactly as in our case, plaintiff alleged that the bearings and
the drive shaft failed, causing the helicopter to crash. Rockwell, 553 F. Supp. at 330. Exactly
as in our case, the forum state in Rockwell had a long-arm statute with a subsection that
authorized the exercise of personal jurisdiction to the fullest extent allowed by the due
process clause. Rockwell, 553 F. Supp. at 330.
¶ 37 First, the Rockwell court found that the cause of action arose from defendant’s activity
in the state. Rockwell, 553 F. Supp. at 331. Specifically, it found that the “cause of action is
traced from the sale of the ball bearings by SNFA, through its chain of distribution, to the
apparent malfunction that allegedly caused the helicopter to crash.” Rockwell, 553 F. Supp.
at 331. As a result, the court concluded that the “sale, malfunction and injury all occurred
within” the forum state. Rockwell, 553 F. Supp. at 331. As in our case, the malfunction and
the injury indisputably occurred in the forum state.
¶ 38 In addition, the Rockwell court reached the conclusion that the sale occurred in the forum
state, even though the bearings had traveled through a similar distribution network as the
bearings in our case–a sale by defendant to Agusta in Italy, a sale by Agusta to its American
distributor, and then a sale to an American consumer. Rockwell, 553 F. Supp. at 329, 331.
The fact that the consumer sale in Rockwell took place in Pennsylvania, the crash site,
whereas the consumer sale in our case took place in Louisiana is of no import, since
defendant is not suggesting that jurisdiction in Louisiana would be proper.
¶ 39 Second, the Rockwell court found that minimum contacts existed. Defendant argued
against minimum contacts claiming, exactly as it does in our case, that its sales of ball
bearings to Agusta were confined to Europe and that a court should not blur the distinction
between Agusta and defendant. Rockwell, 553 F. Supp. at 331. The Rockwell court rejected
that claim, as we do now. “[B]ecause the ball bearings are custom-made, SNFA intended its
products to be an inseparable part of the marketing plan of Agusta.” Rockwell, 553 F. Supp.
at 332. Since “the bearing was uniquely designed for incorporation into Agusta’s helicopter,”
SNFA had to distribute its product through Agusta’s distributions system. Rockwell, 553 F.
Supp. at 333. The demand for these bearings is dependent on the demand for Agusta’s
product containing SNFA bearings. Thus, SNFA benefitted, and intended to benefit, from
Agusta’s marketing and distribution.
¶ 40 SNFA does not deny that it knew that Agusta helicopters were sold throughout the
United States. SNFA also does not deny that it knew that Agusta had an American subsidiary
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for the purpose of American distribution.2 “Given the distribution system, SNFA had ample
reason to know and expect that its bearing, as a unique part of a larger product, would be
marketed in any or all states, including [the forum state].” (Emphasis in original.) Rockwell,
553 F. Supp. at 333. “By virture of having a component specifically designed for the Agusta
helicopter, SNFA had a ‘stake in,’ and expected to derive definite benefit from sales of the
Agusta A-109 (and replacement parts) in the United States.” Rockwell, 553 F. Supp. at 333.
¶ 41 In essence, Agusta is the marketer and distributor to the consumer of their joint and
ultimate product. SNFA has chosen to leave to Agusta the marketing and distribution to the
consumer. Agusta is thus the conduit through which this SNFA product, custom-made for
Agusta, reaches the ultimate consumers.
¶ 42 The facts of Asahi are distinguishable from the facts at bar, as the Asahi Court itself
recognized. Asahi, 480 U.S. at 113. Four justices found no minimum contacts by a Japanese
component maker, which had sold a component to a Taiwanese manufacturer. Asahi, 480
U.S. at 106. The Court found no jurisdiction since there was no evidence that the defendant
before it had designed its product for the manufacturer. Asahi, 480 U.S. at 113. As the Court
itself noted, the relationship between SNFA and Agusta is just the opposite. Asahi, 480 U.S.
at 113 (citing Rockwell, 553 F. Supp. at 328).
¶ 43 Although Rockwell is not binding on us, we find its logic persuasive, as did the United
States Supreme Court. The trial court erred in not recognizing that the tort occurred in
Illinois and that the injuries related to defendant’s activities directed toward the forum. For
the reasons discussed above, we find that, under Asahi, minimum contacts existed.
¶ 44 Our conclusion is also supported by the United States Supreme Court’s more recent
decision in McIntyre. In McIntyre, the four justices in the plurality opinion found that a
British manufacturer had not submitted itself to the authority of the forum state by using an
American distributor, where there was only one sale to the forum state. McIntyre, ___ U.S.
at ___, ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2786, 2790. The two concurring justices concurred in the judgment
denying jurisdiction, but not with the plurality’s reasoning which found that jurisdiction was
more “a question of authority, rather than fairness.” McIntyre, ___ U.S. at ___, ___, 131 S.
Ct. at 2789 (plurality), 2794 (concurrence). The two concurring justices found that, although
distribution by an American distributor could be sufficient for jurisdiction, it was not
sufficient in the particular case before them because there was only “a single isolated sale.”
McIntyre, ___ U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2792 (Breyer, J., concurring, joined by Alito, J.). The
three dissenting justices found that a manufacturer’s use of an American distributor in the
states was sufficient to establish jurisdiction, even though there was only one sale in the
forum state, where the manufacturer did not care where in the United States its products were
sold. McIntyre, __ U.S. at __, 131 S. Ct. at 2794 (Ginsberg, J., dissenting, joined by Kagan
2
Although we rely on the admissions that defendant made in this case and on this appeal, we
observe that the Rockwell court also found that SNFA had “worked closely” with Agusta engineers
to develop the ball bearings for the A 109 helicopter, and that SNFA was aware that the A 109
helicopter was “targeted” for the market in the United States, as well as Europe. Rockwell, 553 F.
Supp. at 330.
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& Sotomayor, JJ.).
¶ 45 Thus, in McIntyre, all the justices found that distribution by an American distributor in
the states could be sufficient to establish jurisdiction, given the right set of facts. In the case
at bar, plaintiff’s interrogatory to Augusta AC, the American distributor, had asked Augusta
AC to set forth “each entity to whom the Defendant has shipped SNFA/Augusta Products
who then further distributed those SNFA/Augusta Product to entities in the State of Illinois
during the past ten (10) years.” In response, Augusta AC stated that it “sold approximately
2,198 SNFA-produced parts” between 2000 and the date of its response, March 26, 2007.
Thus, insufficient sales is not an issue in the case before us, as it was in McIntyre. Cf. Soria
v. Chrysler Canada, Inc., 2011 IL App (2d) 101236, ¶¶ 6, 29 (post-McIntyre, a Canadian
vehicle manufacturer was held to have minimum contacts with Illinois, when the Canadian
manufacturer assembled vehicles according to the specifications of its American parent and
distributor and when thousands of these vehicles were later sold in Illinois by independently
owned dealerships).
¶ 46 In addition, during the same time period, five Augusta helicopters with SNFA parts were
sold to entities in Illinois.3 Since an expensive item like a helicopter is unlikely to be sold in
mass quantities, the price of five helicopters represents significant sales in terms of dollar
value. Cf. McIntyre, ___ U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2803 n.15 (dissent). Thus, whether you
measure sales in terms of quantity or dollar value, the sales to Illinois were sufficient to
establish minimum contacts.
¶ 47 In sum, under the governing United States Supreme Court cases of Asahi and McIntyre,
we find that defendant had minimum contacts with Illinois, the forum state.
¶ 48 IV. Reasonableness
¶ 49 In addition to establishing defendant’s minimum contacts with Illinois, plaintiff must
show, to comply with federal due process, the reasonableness of our state’s exercise of
personal jurisdiction over defendant. Asahi, 480 U.S. at 113; Bell, 405 Ill. App. 3d at 233.
To determine reasonableness, courts consider the following factors: (1) the burden on the
defendant; (2) the forum state’s interest in resolving the dispute; (3) the plaintiff’s interest
in obtaining relief; (4) the interest of the affected forums, including the forum state, in the
most efficient resolution of the dispute; and (5) the interest of the affected forums in the
advancement of substantive social policies. Asahi, 480 U.S. at 113; Bell, 405 Ill. App. 3d at
234.
¶ 50 In the case at bar, most of these factors favor finding jurisdiction in Illinois. First, Illinois
3
In Augusta’s supplemental response to plaintiff’s sixth interrogatory question, Augusta
stated that it had sold three helicopters with SNFA bearings to companies based in Elmhurst, Morton
Grove and Grayslake, Illinois. In its amended response to plaintiff’s seventh interrogatory question,
Augusta stated that it had also sold two helicopters “titled to Merrill Lynch Business Financial
Services, Inc, in Chicago, Illinois.” Plaintiff in its opening appellate brief asserted that five
helicopters were sold to entities in Illinois, and defendant did not contest that fact in its responding
appellate brief.
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has an interest in resolving a dispute concerning a helicopter crash and a death that occurred
in Illinois, particularly when that tragedy concerns the provision of ambulance services to
Illinois residents and citizens.4 Second, plaintiff as executor has a strong interest in obtaining
relief for his brother’s estate. Third, as the crash site of an aircraft, Illinois has a strong
interest in the efficient resolution of the resulting dispute. Fourth, Illinois also has a strong
interest in advancing the substantive social policy of compensating victims for torts occurring
in Illinois and of ensuring the safety of the air ambulance services utilized by its citizens. Cf.
McIntyre, ___ U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2798 (dissent) (“among States of the United States,
the State in which the injury occurred would seem most suitable for litigation of a products
liability tort claim”).
¶ 51 In Asahi, our Supreme Court found reasonableness lacking where the suit was “about
indemnification rather than safety standards.” Asahi, 480 U.S. at 114-15. By contrast, the
issue in our case is more about safety standards than indemnification.5
¶ 52 We recognize “the heavy burden on the alien defendant” of having to litigate on our soil.
Asahi, 480 U.S. at 116. However, as the United States Supreme Court has held, this is not
the only factor; and we find that all the other factors support a finding of reasonableness. See
Robillard v. Berends, 371 Ill. App. 3d 10, 20 (2007) (“the applicable factors weigh in favor
of the plaintiff’s position”).
¶ 53 In addition, we observe that “SNFA designed and manufactured a component that was
incorporated into a product which was intended to be, and was, in fact, sold” in the United
States. Rockwell, 553 F. Supp. at 334. “Where that component allegedly fails and causes
injury in the very market in which the product was expected to be sold, it is not unreasonable
or unfair to require the defendant to be subject to suit in that forum.” Rockwell, 553 F. Supp.
at 334.
¶ 54 For these reasons, we find it is reasonable for Illinois to exercise jurisdiction over
4
In Asahi, the Supreme Court found that because “the plaintiff is not a California resident,
California’s legitimate interests in the dispute have considerably diminished.” Asahi, 480 U.S. at
114. However, it is unclear who the Court meant by “plaintiff” in this context: (1) the accident
victim or (2) the Taiwanese manufacturer seeking to assert jurisdiction over its Japanese
submanufacturer in a cross-complaint. As the Court observed, California has less of an interest in
the indemnification of a foreign plaintiff than in a tort on its own soil. Asahi, 480 U.S. at 114. In
addition, in the case at bar, plaintiff’s complaint alleges that the deceased was living in Illinois at
the time of the crash. Defendant’s appellate brief asserts, without citation to the record, that the
deceased was a resident of Georgia. Although Illinois’s interest might be augmented if the deceased
was an Illinois citizen (Asahi, 480 U.S. at 114), we do not find that resolution of this factual issue
is necessary to our resolution of this appeal.
5
The United States Supreme Court found that, although pressure would be placed on a
submanufacturer if the ultimate manufacturer was found liable for a defective part, “[t]he possibility
of being haled into [an American] court as a result of an accident involving [the submanufacturer’s]
components undoubtedly creates an additional deterrent to the manufacture of unsafe components.”
Asahi, 480 U.S. at 115.
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defendant.
¶ 55 V. Illinois Due Process
¶ 56 Lastly, personal jurisdiction over defendant must also comply with the due process clause
of the Illinois Constitution. Bell, 405 Ill. App. 3d at 234. The due process protections of the
United States and Illinois Constitutions are not identical. Knaus, 389 Ill. App. 3d at 814;
Kostal v. Pinkus Dermatopathology Laboratory, P.C., 357 Ill. App. 3d 381, 386-87 (2005)
(citing Rollins v. Ellwood, 141 Ill. 2d 244, 275 (1990)). Under our state’s due process clause,
an Illinois court may exercise jurisdiction “only when it is fair, just, and reasonable to require
a nonresident defendant to defend an action in Illinois, considering the quality and nature of
the defendant’s acts which occur[red] in Illinois or which affect[ed] interests located in
Illinois.” Rollins, 141 Ill. 2d at 275 (1990). See also Knaus, 389 Ill. App. 3d at 815; Bell, 405
Ill. App. 3d at 234; Commerce Trust Co. v. Air 1st Aviation Cos., 366 Ill. App. 3d 135, 147
(2006) (finding that the Illinois due process clause permitted jurisdiction over the airplane’s
seller where the fatal flight began in Illinois, and thus involved “the safety of Illinois aircraft
and air traffic”).
¶ 57 Here, an aircraft crashed on Illinois soil; the aircraft was involved in providing
ambulance services to Illinois citizens and residents; the allegedly defective part was custom-
made by defendant for this model of aircraft; by custom-making parts for a helicopter
manufacturer, defendant made itself dependent on the marketing and distribution network
of the manufacturer; and it was reasonably foreseeable to defendant that it would be haled
into an American forum, when it had previously been subject to jurisdiction for the alleged
failure of the same part in the same model aircraft, manufactured by the same company.
¶ 58 CONCLUSION
¶ 59 For the above reasons, we reverse the trial court’s dismissal for lack of personal
jurisdiction and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
¶ 60 Reversed and remanded.
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