ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
Appellate Court
Travelport, LP v. American Airlines, Inc., 2011 IL App (1st) 111761
Appellate Court TRAVELPORT, LP, a Delaware Limited Partnership, Plaintiff-Appellee,
Caption v. AMERICAN AIRLINES, INC., Delaware Company, Defendant-
Appellant.
District & No. First District, Third Division
Docket No. 1-11-1761
Filed September 21, 2011
Held In an action by a computerized airline reservation business alleging
(Note: This syllabus anticipatory breach of contract and seeking a preliminary injunction based
constitutes no part of on defendant airline’s termination of its contract with one of plaintiff’s
the opinion of the court affiliates, the airline’s appeal from the order requiring it to reinstate the
but has been prepared affiliate’s ability to ticket was not rendered moot by the parties’
by the Reporter of agreement to extend the affiliate’s ticketing authority, and the appellate
Decisions for the court held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in entering a
convenience of the preliminary injunction pending a decision on the merits where plaintiff
reader.)
raised a fair question of whether it would suffer irreparable injury without
the injunction, legal damages would not provide an adequate remedy, and
a fair question was raised as to whether plaintiff would succeed on the
merits.
Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 10-CH-48028; the
Review Hon. Lee Preston, Judge, presiding.
Judgment Affirmed.
Counsel on Dewey & LeBoeuf, of Chicago (Alan N. Salpeter, Vincent P. Schmeltz
Appeal III, and Brian M. Westhoff, of counsel), for appellant.
Duane Morris LLP, of Chicago (Paul E. Chronis and John T. Schriver, of
counsel), for appellee.
Panel JUSTICE NEVILLE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Quinn and Murphy concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Travelport, LP, sued American Airlines for anticipatory breach of contract and sought
a preliminary injunction to prevent American from taking the steps it threatened to take that,
according to Travelport, would breach the contract. After the judge who denied the motion
for a preliminary injunction was transferred, Travelport moved for reconsideration. The
successor judge heard the motion and granted Travelport the preliminary injunction it sought.
We hold that the successor judge correctly found that the initial judge erred and correctly
reconsidered the entire motion. Because American did not object when the successor judge
heard the motion for reconsideration without hearing live testimony from the witnesses, we
find that American forfeited, for this appeal, any issue concerning the successor judge’s
determination of the motion without live testimony. We also find that the trial court did not
abuse its discretion by entering the preliminary injunction. Accordingly, we affirm the trial
court’s judgment.
¶2 BACKGROUND
¶3 Travelport owns and operates a global delivery system (GDS) for travel information. The
GDS includes computerized reservation systems (CRSs) designed to help travel agents find
airline flights and associated products and services. Travelport obtains data from airlines and
other service providers and makes the data searchable online. Travelport earns its income by
charging fees when customers book flights using a CRS Travelport operates.
¶4 In 1993, Travelport agreed to carry flight data for American. The parties amended their
agreement in 2006, in a document labeled “Preferred Fares Agreement” (PFA). In that
contract, American agreed to provide complete information about its flights to Travelport for
distribution to travel agencies that received their booking information through Travelport.
In the contract, American specifically promised that for five years it would not “remove its
grant of ticketing authority” to CheapTickets.com, a travel agency affiliated with Travelport.
American acknowledged Orbitz as an affiliate of Travelport, but it did not expressly commit
to granting Orbitz ticketing authority for the five-year term of the PFA.
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¶5 In 2008, American began negotiations to replace GDSs with a different system designed
to lower the costs American incurred in distributing its tickets. American asked Orbitz, in
particular, to use its direct system instead of using the GDS operated by Travelport to book
tickets. American and Orbitz failed to reach any agreement. On November 1, 2010, American
sent Orbitz a letter in which American said it would terminate its contract with Orbitz as of
December 1, 2010. In particular, American would revoke the permission it had granted
Orbitz to sell tickets for American’s flights.
¶6 On November 5, 2010, Travelport sued American for a judgment declaring that the
termination of the agreement with Orbitz would breach the PFA. Travelport moved for a
temporary restraining order to preclude American from discontinuing its relationship with
Orbitz pending a determination on Travelport’s request for a preliminary injunction.
¶7 Preliminary Injunction Hearing
¶8 The trial court granted the temporary restraining order and held an evidentiary hearing
on the motion for a preliminary injunction. Three witnesses testified: Bridget Blaise-Shamai
and William Hopping of American and Kurt Ekert of Travelport. Blaise-Shamai explained
American’s efforts to reduce its costs through its new system, which would eliminate use of
GDSs like Travelport. She recounted negotiations with Orbitz and their inability to reach any
agreement. Hopping, an attorney who helped negotiate the PFA, testified about his
understanding of the terms of the agreement.
¶9 Ekert testified that Travelport earns its income as a GDS only when its customers–mostly
travel agencies–book flights through Travelport. American sold, through Travelport’s
affiliated agencies, $3.4 billion worth of tickets in the 12-month period before the hearing.
On cross-examination, Ekert admitted that American flights booked through Orbitz
accounted for only 2½% of Travelport’s revenues.
¶ 10 Ekert explained that a customer using Orbitz (or another online travel agency) searches
the information available from Travelport for an appropriate flight, and when the customer
finds the flight he wants, he books the flight. The GDS helps the customer compare prices
and times for flights from many different airlines. If the customer cannot book the flight
through Orbitz, the customer must find another way to buy the ticket, usually through a
different online agency that uses a competing GDS. If the court permitted American to deny
Orbitz permission to sell American tickets, Orbitz would need to choose between two
courses of action. Orbitz could continue to post the information American supplied to
Travelport under the PFA, but then customers who searched for airline information through
Orbitz would encounter the frustration of finding an American flight they wanted, but which
they could not book through Orbitz. Ekert said, “it would effectively be like having a
supermarket where people came to walk around and then they left to go buy elsewhere.” If
Orbitz stopped carrying American’s information, its customers would have a strong motive
to use competitors who provided more complete flight information. In either case, Orbitz and
Travelport could lose customers and sales. Ekert added that Travelport’s reputation, and its
ability to attract new customers, depended on its ability to provide its customers full
information and related services. Ekert could not estimate the number of customers or sales
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Travelport would lose if American revoked Orbitz’s ticketing authority. Ekert testified that
if its customers switched to using programs like American’s, that allowed the airlines direct
contact with consumers, Travelport would go out of business.
¶ 11 Counsel for American signed a document, admitted at trial, in which counsel said,
“American Airlines will not be claiming that American has or will suffer irreparable injury
because of the entry of injunctive relief in this action.”
¶ 12 In its complaint, Travelport alleged that a corporation that owned Travelport also owned
many shares of Orbitz’s stock and that stock lost value when American announced its
decision to withdraw Orbitz’s ticketing authority. But at oral argument, Travelport relied on
the assertion in its complaint that if American disallowed ticketing by Orbitz, Travelport
would lose bookings, and bookings provided Travelport its revenue. American answered that
discontinuing Orbitz’s ticketing authority would not breach the PFA, and American had
revoked the ticketing authority of other travel agencies without protest from Travelport.
Although American had raised the issue of standing in a pretrial motion, at trial neither party
argued standing.
¶ 13 On December 21, 2010, Judge Martin Agran entered an order denying Travelport’s
motion for a preliminary injunction. Judge Agran recounted the elements of proof needed for
a preliminary injunction and said:
“Orbitz is a separate and distinct publically traded corporation. [American] in its
November 10, 2010 email advised Orbitz that it was terminating its rights under the
0charter agency agreement ***, an agreement separate and apart from the PFA. It is
the Court’s opinion that Travelport does not have standing to sue on behalf of Orbitz.
If it does not have standing, it does not have a protectable interest.
***
*** Without a protectable interest there can be no fair question of a likelihood
of success on the merits of the case.
***
*** Travelport argues that its existing and prospective customer relationships
have been irreparably damaged. Kurt Ekert testified at his deposition that he was not
aware of any accounts that have left Travelport; that he is not aware of any travel
agency that is currently a travel agency of Travelport who has signed an agreement
with American to use their Direct Connect system and to not use the Travelport
GDS[.] *** He also stated in court that ‘if American is successful in its actions here,
I believe the customer migration away from Travelport to American’s direct connect
or other solutions will be massive.’ *** The irreparable harm that is claimed at this
juncture is based on beliefs and fears and is too speculative to allow the entry of a
preliminary injunction.
***
*** Because it appears that money damages will be ascertainable in the event of
a breach of contract, the plaintiff has not established that there is no adequate remedy
at law.
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***
*** Because it is the Court’s opinion that the aforementioned criteria for entry
of a preliminary injunction have not been met, the balancing of equities is not, at this
time, a necessary consideration.”
¶ 14 Reconsideration
¶ 15 Travelport promptly moved for reconsideration. American promptly terminated Orbitz’s
ticketing authority. Travelport amended its complaint to add a claim for damages it suffered
because American terminated Orbitz’s ticketing authority.
¶ 16 Judge Agran accepted a transfer to another courthouse, and a new judge, Lee Preston,
took over Judge Agran’s docket. Judge Preston heard the motion for reconsideration on May
23, 2011. Neither party sought to transfer the case to Judge Agran for ruling on the motion
for reconsideration. Neither party sought leave to present any testimony at the hearing on the
motion for reconsideration.
¶ 17 Judge Preston held:
“The court’s denial of the motion for preliminary injunction was based primarily on
the determination that Travelport did not have an ascertainable right in need of
protection. The court determined that Travelport did not have standing to sue on
behalf of Orbitz, and thus does not have a ‘protectable interest.’ ***
The court concedes that it erred in ruling that Travelport did not have standing
in this action because Travelport is not suing on behalf of Orbitz. *** American will
allegedly breach the PFA and the Full Content Agreement if it withdraws ticketing
authority from Orbitz. ***
***
Because the court erred in determining that Travelport did not have an
ascertainable right in need of protection, the court must reconsider the other elements
for a preliminary injunction. The second element that Travelport must establish is
whether it will suffer irreparable harm without the preliminary injunction. ***
‘Once a protectable interest is established, irreparable injury is presumed if that
interest is not protected.’ Cameron v. Bartels, 214 Ill. App. 3d 69, 73 (4th Dist. 1991)
***. Thus, under Illinois law, the irreparable injury that Travelport will suffer and has
suffered if American terminates its agreements with Orbitz is presumed. This
presumption is supported by the testimony of Mr. Ekert and Ms. Blaise-Shamai
during the motion hearing. Mr. Ekert stated that the reputation of GDS’s like
Travelport is fundamental to the success of the GDS. *** Ms. Blaise-Shamai also
testified that what is said in the press affects an airline’s or a GDS’s reputation. ***
The evidence provided by plaintiff Travelport in its briefs and during the motion
hearing sufficiently demonstrated that Travelport would suffer irreparable harm if
American terminated its agreements with Orbitz. ***
*** Travelport has sufficiently alleged facts and presented evidence that
demonstrate that it has a probability of success if the allegations in its Complaint are
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proven true. ***
Further, Travelport demonstrated that a legal remedy may not be adequate in this
case. *** Travelport set forth sufficient evidence demonstrating that it would suffer
lost revenue, customers, and goodwill.”
¶ 18 The court ordered American to reinstate Orbitz’s ability to ticket American flights from
the date of the order until the expiration of the PFA, scheduled for September 1, 2011.
American appealed under Supreme Court Rule 307(a)(1) (Ill. S. Ct. R. 307(a)(1) (eff. Feb.
26, 2010)). After American filed the appeal, the parties reached an agreement extending
Orbitz’s ticketing authority past September 1, 2011. Travelport moved to dismiss the appeal
as moot, and American opposed the motion. Both parties filed separate briefs concerning
mootness.
¶ 19 ANALYSIS
¶ 20 Mootness
¶ 21 Rule 307(a)(1) gives this court jurisdiction to hear this interlocutory appeal from the
order that imposed a preliminary injunction requiring American to reinstate Orbitz’s ticketing
authority. After the court entered the injunction, the parties reached an agreement to extend
Orbitz’s ticketing authority. Travelport contends that the agreement moots the appeal.
¶ 22 American cites Mohanty v. St. John Heart Clinic, S.C., 225 Ill. 2d 52 (2006), as authority
for finding that we should decide the appeal. In Mohanty, which also involved an
interlocutory appeal under Supreme Court Rule 307(a)(1), the appellate court ordered the
trial court to enter a preliminary injunction to enforce a restrictive covenant in the parties’
employment contract. The restrictive covenant and the preliminary injunction lapsed before
our supreme court decided the appeal. Our supreme court found that the expiration of the
injunction did not moot the appeal because a decision concerning the validity of the covenant
would directly affect the defendant’s recovery on its claims for misappropriation and unjust
enrichment due to the plaintiff’s alleged violations of the restrictive covenants.
¶ 23 We find American’s appeal here effectively indistinguishable from the appeal in
Mohanty. Although the injunction here no longer has effect, Travelport has sued for damages
it suffered when American allegedly breached the PFA by discontinuing Orbitz’s ticketing
authority. The trial court must decide whether the PFA precluded American from
discontinuing Orbitz’s ticketing authority. Because a decision on the preliminary injunction
could affect the parties’ rights that remain at issue in this case, we find that the appeal is not
moot.
¶ 24 Reconsideration by Successor Judge
¶ 25 Judge Preston reconsidered Judge Agran’s order and entered an injunction that required
American to reinstate Orbitz’s ability to ticket American flights. A trial judge has authority
to reconsider a prior judge’s rulings, but the successor judge should exercise restraint in
using that authority, especially if the circumstances show that the party seeking
reconsideration shopped for a more sympathetic judge. Balciunas v. Duff, 94 Ill. 2d 176, 187-
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88 (1983). But a successor judge may always correct legal errors in the prior judge’s orders.
Brandon v. Bonell, 368 Ill. App. 3d 492, 502 (2006).
¶ 26 Here, the facts indicate that Travelport did not shop for a new judge. Judge Agran
focused on the needless surplusage in Travelport’s complaint about the ownership of Orbitz’s
stock, which obscured the more crucial allegations that Travelport stood to lose income from
bookings if American terminated Orbitz’s ticketing authority. In the PFA, American agreed
to provide flight information to Travelport for distribution to travel agencies, like Orbitz, that
obtained information from Travelport, and Orbitz could not use the information without
ticketing authority. Travelport has standing to complain that American breached the PFA,
and its implicit covenant of good faith, by barring Travelport from earning income from
booking flights through one of its largest sources of revenue, Orbitz. Judge Preston correctly
found that Judge Agran erred, as a matter of law, when he held that Travelport lacked
standing to pursue its complaint. See Wexler v. Wirtz Corp., 211 Ill. 2d 18, 23 (2004) (motion
to dismiss for lack of standing presents an issue of law).
¶ 27 American does not now argue that Travelport lacked standing to bring the complaint.
Instead, American argues that we should subject the trial court’s order to special scrutiny
because American actually revoked Orbitz’s ticketing authority following Judge Agran’s
decision on the motion for a preliminary injunction and, therefore, Judge Preston’s order will
not preserve the status quo. However, when the court enters a preliminary injunction, it seeks
to preserve, as the status quo, the last, uncontested, peaceable status preceding the
controversy. Gannett Outdoor of Chicago v. Baise, 163 Ill. App. 3d 717, 721 (1987). At the
time Travelport filed suit and sought the preliminary injunction, Orbitz had ticketing
authority for American flights. Judge Preston properly addressed the question of whether the
evidence in the record supported Judge Agran’s decision to deny Travelport a preliminary
injunction that would preserve the status quo and Orbitz’s authority to sell tickets for
American flights. Because Judge Preston correctly found that Judge Agran erred on a legal
issue, he properly reconsidered the order. Brandon, 368 Ill. App. 3d at 502.
¶ 28 Record on Review
¶ 29 Both parties rely on facts and evidence not presented to the trial court, and both parties
move to strike portions of each other’s statements of facts. We will consider only the
evidence properly before the trial court, so we grant both parties’ motions to strike from the
briefs statements of fact not supported by evidence presented to the trial court. See Stokes
v. Colonial Penn Insurance Co., 313 Ill. App. 3d 202, 204 (2000).
¶ 30 Due Process
¶ 31 American argues that Judge Preston violated its right to due process by hearing the
motion to reconsider based solely on the written record, without rehearing the testimony
presented on the motion. We find that American (1) never asked Judge Preston for a transfer
to have Judge Agran hear the motion to reconsider; (2) never objected to Judge Preston
hearing the motion; and (3) never asked Judge Preston to hear any testimony. Because
American did not raise the argument about due process in the trial court, we find that
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American forfeited the issue. Frazier v. Dettman, 212 Ill. App. 3d 139, 148 (1991). Finally,
because the trial court could have corrected any error had American raised the issue before
the hearing on the motion to reconsider, we will not address the forfeited issue on its merits.
See People v. Hill, 345 Ill. App. 3d 620, 632 (2003).
¶ 32 Standard of Review
¶ 33 We review the decision to enter the preliminary injunction under familiar standards. “A
preliminary injunction, even if mandatory, is justified if necessary to maintain the status quo
and prevent irreparable harm.” Gold v. Ziff Communications Co., 196 Ill. App. 3d 425, 432
(1989). A court may use a preliminary injunction to compel compliance with a contract,
especially where the “plaintiff seeks merely a continuation of the contract ***, not a creation
of a new contractual relationship.” Gold, 196 Ill. App. 3d at 432. To decide whether to enter
a preliminary injunction pending a full trial on the merits of a complaint, the court should
consider whether the plaintiff has shown (1) it has a right in need of protection; (2) legal
remedies will not adequately protect the right; (3) without the injunction, it will suffer
irreparable harm; and (4) if the proof sustains the allegations, it will likely succeed on the
merits. Save the Prairie Society v. Greene Development Group, Inc., 323 Ill. App. 3d 862,
867 (2001). The plaintiff must establish a “fair question” as to each of the elements. Clinton
Landfill, Inc. v. Mahomet Valley Water Authority, 406 Ill. App. 3d 374, 378 (2010). The
court should also consider the balance of the equities. Shodeen v. Chicago Title & Trust Co.,
162 Ill. App. 3d 667, 673 (1987). The trial court has discretion to grant or deny the request
for a preliminary injunction, and we limit our review to determining whether the court
abused that discretion. Save the Prairie, 323 Ill. App. 3d at 867.
¶ 34 Right in Need of Protection
¶ 35 In the PFA, American agreed to provide Travelport information about American’s flights.
Travelport earns income based on American’s information when travel agencies use that
information to book flights. The court found that Travelport raised a fair question of whether
it had a right under the PFA to continuing useful, productive access to the information from
American, and whether American would breach the PFA if it precluded Orbitz from booking
American’s flights. The trial court did not commit reversible error by finding that Travelport
raised a fair question of whether it had a protectable interest in the contract. See Mohanty v.
St. John Heart Clinic, 225 Ill. 2d 52, 62 (2006).
¶ 36 Irreparable Injury
¶ 37 Judge Agran found that Travelport could not point to any specific customers or bookings
it would lose due to the threatened breach of contract, and he concluded that the alleged harm
was “too speculative to allow the entry of a preliminary injunction.” Judge Preston did not
disturb any of Judge Agran’s findings of fact, but he disagreed with the conclusion of law
that the alleged harm could not support a preliminary injunction. See In re Schaller, 27 B.R.
959, 962 (Bankr. W.D. Wisc. 1983) (finding that a benefit was too speculative to provide a
basis for relief classified as a conclusion of law). Judge Preston added some findings of fact
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that Judge Agran did not address in his order. In particular, Judge Preston found that Ekert
testified about the difficulties customers would face if they tried to book flights on American
through Orbitz, and how those difficulties could drive the customers to use competing online
travel agencies and competing GDSs. The parties could not readily measure the amount of
business Travelport would lose due to new customers preferring to book flights through
online travel agencies and GDSs that could provide more complete services, and could not
readily measure the amount of business Travelport would lose from its former customers
migrating to other agencies and using their GDSs.
¶ 38 We find that this case bears notable similarity to Falcon, Ltd. v. Corr’s Natural
Beverages, Inc., 165 Ill. App. 3d 815 (1987), and Gold, 196 Ill. App. 3d 425. In Falcon, the
plaintiff sold the defendant’s beverages through a distribution network. The defendant then
sold its beverages directly to the subdistributors, allegedly in breach of a contract between
the plaintiff and the defendant. The trial court entered a preliminary injunction to prevent the
defendant from selling its beverages directly to the subdistributors pending a decision on the
complaint for breach of contract. The appellate court affirmed, holding:
“While immediate damages in loss of commissions may be calculable, the injury to
plaintiffs’ reputation and good will, and the resulting loss of existing and future
business, is incalculable. [Citation.] ***
*** An injury is ‘irreparable’ when it is of such a nature that the injured party
cannot be adequately compensated in damages or when damages cannot be measured
by any pecuniary standard. [Citation.] The loss of sales and customers as well as the
threat of continuation of such losses to a legitimate business interest, as alleged by
plaintiffs in the present case, have been held sufficient to constitute irreparable
injury.” Falcon, 165 Ill. App. 3d at 820-21.
¶ 39 In Gold, the defendant stopped running advertisements for the plaintiff’s products,
allegedly in breach of a contract. The trial court entered a preliminary injunction that required
the defendant to run the ads pending a decision on the merits of the case. The Gold court
affirmed and explained:
“The failure of plaintiff to show an actual loss is not dispositive of the issue of
whether a preliminary injunction is appropriate. The court must look to the entire
record to determine if irreparable harm would occur absent a preliminary injunction.
[Citation.] The loss of customers and sales and the threat of continuation of such
losses to a legitimate business interest, as alleged by plaintiff here, is sufficient to
show that plaintiff will suffer irreparable injury unless protected. [Citations.] While
immediate damages in loss of sales may be calculable, the potential loss of future
business is incapable of adequate computation [citation], and a preliminary injunction
may be granted when it is difficult to quantify the damages caused by the loss of
future customers and revenues.” Gold, 196 Ill. App. 3d at 434-35.
¶ 40 Here, too, while the parties may reach a reasonable estimate of immediate lost bookings,
they could not reasonably calculate the resulting loss of current and prospective customers
and all of their bookings due to the damage to Travelport’s reputation and goodwill.
¶ 41 American objects strenuously to the trial court’s invocation of the principle that once the
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plaintiff establishes that it has a right in need of protection, the court presumes that the
plaintiff will suffer an irreparable injury if the court does not protect that interest. See
Cameron v. Bartels, 214 Ill. App. 3d 69, 73 (1991). American claims that this principle
applies in only two kinds of cases: (1) where the defendant has misappropriated the
plaintiff’s property and threatens to destroy its value; and (2) where the plaintiff seeks to
prevent the defendant from violating a statute. We note, however, that American cites no
case that so limits the general principle stated in Cameron. Moreover, the court here relied
on the evidence that Travelport would lose customers and goodwill, and the parties would
have difficulty estimating the long-term effects on Travelport’s business. The court did not
rely primarily on the presumption it noted. We cannot say that the trial court committed
reversible error by finding that Travelport raised a fair question of whether it would suffer
irreparable injury without the injunction.
¶ 42 Adequacy of Legal Remedy
¶ 43 Travelport pursues only its own profits, so money can compensate it for its loss. The
legal remedy may prove inadequate nonetheless due to the difficulty in assessing the loss
Travelport would suffer in the absence of the injunction. The court addressed a similar issue
in Gannett, where the defendant threatened to remove a sign that the plaintiff rented to
advertisers. The Gannett court reasoned:
“Defendant claims that plaintiff can be adequately compensated by damages in a civil
suit ***. Defendant fails to account for the effect of ‘showings’ on plaintiff’s earning
potential. Plaintiff offered evidence that advertisers often seek a ‘showing,’ which is
a program in which a number of signs in different geographic areas are made
available for a coordinated program in the advertiser’s attempt to reach targeted areas
or groups of consumers. [A witness] testified that if plaintiff could not provide a sign
which was critical to the showing, the advertiser would go to another company that
could deliver the whole package. This sign may be critical to a showing by virtue of
its location and interstate exposure. The record indicates that plaintiff does not own
other signs with interstate exposure in the area, and thus, if this sign is not available
for plaintiff to sell as part of a showing, advertisers may go to another sign company
***. The loss of income from a potential loss of showing is difficult to calculate, and
for this reason we find that plaintiff has no adequate remedy at law.” Gannett, 163
Ill. App. 3d at 722.
See also Falcon, 165 Ill. App. 3d at 820-21.
¶ 44 Here, customers searching for travel packages want to book the flights they find. When
American frustrates that purpose by not allowing the customers to use Orbitz to book its
flights, customers will likely look to other online agencies, ones that use different GDSs, to
find an agency that can deliver the complete package of services they need. The parties can
only guess the income Travelport stands to lose from the loss of former customers and the
failure to attract new customers. The trial court did not commit reversible error by finding
that Travelport raised a fair question of whether legal damages would adequately remedy the
injury it would suffer in the absence of a preliminary injunction.
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¶ 45 Likelihood of Success on the Merits
¶ 46 American points out that Travelport faces considerable hurdles in its efforts to show that
American would breach the PFA by revoking Orbitz’s ticketing authority. The PFA does not
expressly preclude American from revoking that authority, and the PFA does explicitly
preclude American from revoking the ticketing authority it granted to another Travelport
affiliate, CheapTickets.com. Travelport relies primarily on the duty of good faith and fair
dealing as support for its contention that American implicitly committed itself to allowing
Orbitz to book flights on American. When American promised in the PFA to provide
Travelport full content for distribution to travel agencies affiliated with Travelport, it
arguably promised to permit the agencies to use the information in a way that would allow
Travelport to profit from the use, and Travelport earned income from the information only
when its travel agencies booked flights on American. The trial court did not commit
reversible error in finding that Travelport raised a fair question of whether it could succeed
on the merits.
¶ 47 Balance of the Equities
¶ 48 Before imposing a preliminary injunction, “the trial court must conclude that the benefits
of granting the injunction outweigh the possible injury that the opposing party might suffer
as a result thereof.” Gannett, 163 Ill. App. 3d at 721. The trial court here found the balance
of the equities inapplicable because American wilfully terminated Orbitz’s ticketing
authority. The general rule requiring the court to balance the equities does not apply when
the defendant has acted tortiously or when the defendant has wilfully violated the plaintiff’s
clearly established rights. Kalbfleisch v. Columbia Community Unit School District Unit No.
4, 396 Ill. App. 3d 1105, 1119 (2009). Here, American claims that the PFA does not preclude
it from revoking Orbitz’s ticketing authority, and some of the language of the PFA appears
to support American’s claim. We agree with American that in this case the trial court should
have considered the relative harm each party would suffer if the court entered or refused to
enter the preliminary injunction.
¶ 49 However, we find that the court would have reached the same conclusion if it had
balanced the equities. American stipulated at the evidentiary hearing that it would not claim
that it would suffer any irreparable injury if the trial court entered a preliminary injunction.
Because the injunction only permits Orbitz to continue selling American’s tickets, while still
permitting American to sell its tickets through all other means of distribution it uses,
American will apparently suffer no damage from imposition of the injunction. Travelport,
on the other hand, presented significant evidence that it might suffer considerable irreparable
injury without the injunction. Thus, the balance of the equities favors the imposition of the
preliminary injunction. Although Judge Preston should have balanced the equities, we find
that the failure to do so did not cause reversible error.
¶ 50 CONCLUSION
¶ 51 Our decision on this appeal could affect the rights that remain at issue in the counts of
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the amended complaint in which Travelport seeks to recover damages. Therefore, the parties’
agreement extending Orbitz’s ticketing authority does not moot this appeal. Judge Preston
properly reconsidered the initial order Judge Agran entered based on his finding that
Travelport lacked standing to sue American for an alleged breach of the PFA. Because
American failed to raise the issue in the trial court, American forfeited any objection to
having Judge Preston decide the motion to reconsider without hearing any live testimony
from the witnesses. The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it entered a preliminary
injunction to preserve the status quo pending a decision on the merits of the complaint.
Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
¶ 52 Affirmed.
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