People v. Garcia

FIFTH DIVISION
January 14, 2011

No. 1-07-2317

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County
)
v. ) No. 05 CR 22484
)
MARCOS GARCIA, ) Honorable
) James M. Schreier,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding.

JUDGE EPSTEIN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

Justices Joseph Gordon and Howse concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

Following a jury trial, defendant Marcos Garcia was found guilty of the first degree murder

of Bonita McConnell and sentenced to 47 years of imprisonment. Defendant appeals, contending that:

(1) the State failed to prove him guilty of first degree murder beyond a reasonable doubt; and (2) the

State made prejudicial comments during its opening statement and closing and rebuttal arguments,

depriving defendant of a fair trial. Defendant asks that we reduce his conviction to involuntary

manslaughter or second degree murder and remand for resentencing, or that we reverse his conviction

and remand for a new trial. For the reasons stated below, we affirm.

BACKGROUND

On July 31, 2005, Bonita McConnell was shot in the head and killed by a stray bullet while

driving with her sister, Joyce Brooks, down Cicero Avenue in Chicago, Illinois.

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Earlier that day, defendant and his friends Peter Johnson, Juan Campos, and Rudy Cantu

drove to a Wal-Mart store near the intersection of Cicero Avenue and West 72nd Street. All four men

were part of or affiliated with the same street gang, the Two-Two Boys. While at the Wal-Mart,

defendant and his friends attracted the attention of rival gang members Fidel Morales, Rene Jaime,

and Gustavio Melecio. Although the men did not know each other, they recognized each other’s gang

colors. The groups exchanged threatening looks, but no words, and hurried to their vehicles after

leaving the store; defendant and his friends to Johnson’s blue Dodge Grand Caravan, and Morales

and his friends to a black Lincoln Town Car.

Johnson, a friend and coworker of defendant, testified that he was closely affiliated with, but

not a member of, the Two-Two Boys. Johnson stated that after the two groups hurried to their

vehicles, they circled each other and he waited for the Lincoln to leave the Wal-Mart parking lot.

After the Lincoln turned south onto Cicero Avenue, he waited a minute and did the same. Soon

thereafter, he noticed the Lincoln positioned down the road in the exit lane of a service alley of a

Target store, also located on Cicero Avenue. Johnson stated that he was afraid that the Lincoln would

ram the side of his Caravan if he continued to drive on Cicero and so he pulled into the alley to avoid

a possible collision, bringing his van alongside the Lincoln, separated only by a low triangular median.

According to Johnson, Morales then opened the rear driver’s side door of the Lincoln, threw

something at his van and got back in the Lincoln. Johnson did not know what the thrown object was

but he did not think it was a gun and he did not see anyone in the Lincoln with a weapon. After his

van was hit, Johnson then began to drive down the alley. He then heard two gunshots and looked

over to see defendant hanging out the front passenger window of the van and facing the Lincoln with

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a gun in hand. Defendant came back into the van and told Johnson to “f***ing drive” and “get the

f*** out of here.” Johnson left the alley and drove down 79th Street toward Harlem Avenue, when

a police officer, who had just received a dispatch about the shooting, pulled him over. Defendant

handed the gun to Campos and told Johnson to “keep his f***ing mouth shut” and reminded him that

he knew where his fiancée lived and his sister worked. Defendant, Campos, and Cantu then jumped

out of the van and fled on foot. Additional police officers arrived and Johnson was questioned but

did not say anything to the police about the shooting. After Joyce Brooks was brought to the scene

but failed to positively identify the van, Johnson was allowed to leave with several traffic citations.

He testified that approximately one month later defendant asked him to burn the van but he refused.

On September 1, 2005, officers of the Chicago police department came to Johnson’s residence as part

of their investigation of the killing, at which time he told them about the shooting and directed them

to the residences of defendant, Campos, and Cantu.

Campos testified that he was a member of the Two-Two Boys, as was everyone else in the

van on the day of the shooting. He stated, in relevant part, that when Johnson pulled alongside the

Lincoln in the service alley, he saw Morales jump out of the Lincoln and throw a bottle, or something

similar, at the van. When the object stuck the van, he ducked down in the rear seat, behind defendant,

and could not see anything. Campos stated that as Johnson began to drive down the alley, he heard

two gunshots several second apart and when he looked up he saw defendant coming back into the

passenger side window, telling Johnson to “get the f*** out of here.” As Johnson pulled away,

Campos said that defendant laughed and said “that’s what those pussies get.” Campos stated that

when the van was later pulled over on 79th Street, defendant handed him the gun and they both fled.

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Campos and defendant ran into a nearby residential yard and defendant told him to hide the gun in

a pile of wood logs. Campos hid the gun and the two men parted ways. Campos testified that in a

subsequent telephone conversation defendant gave him the impression that he had disposed of the

gun, telling Campos not to “trip,” “I got that. Good job.” On cross-examination, Campos said that

he did not actually see Morales throw something at the van because he was already ducked down in

fear that Morales was shooting at them. On redirect examination, however, he stated that he saw

Morales throw something at the van.

Cantu, who was in the back of the van with Campos, testified, in relevant part, that he told

Johnson to pull into the service alley alongside the Lincoln. He stated that he saw Morales jump out

of the Lincoln, but he then ducked down and did not see Morales throw anything. Cantu was

impeached with a sworn statement he gave to the police and with his grand jury testimony, in which

he stated that he saw Morales throw something at the van. Cantu further testified that as Johnson

pulled away, he saw the Lincoln turn around, at which point Johnson slowed down and defendant

leaned out the window and fired a gun once or twice in the direction of the Lincoln. He stated that

defendant had his shirt pulled over the bottom half of his face. He also stated that he never saw

anyone in the Lincoln with a weapon. Cantu confirmed that when Johnson was later pulled over by

the police, defendant handed Campos the gun before fleeing. He stated that he also ran from the

police because of the shooting and because he was carrying marijuana. Cantu denied later speaking

to defendant about the shooting, but was again impeached with his sworn statement, in which he

stated that defendant told him to “just forget about it” and “[y]ou don’t know nothing.” On cross-

examination, Cantu agreed with defense counsel that he saw a metal object in Morales’ hand as he

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jumped out of the Lincoln, that he thought it was a gun, that he thought Morales was shooting at the

van, and that after Johnson began to drive down the alley he thought the Lincoln turned to come after

them.

Morales testified that he was previously a member of the Satan’s Disciples gang, a rival of the

Two-Two Boys. He stated that he and several of his friends went to Wal-Mart on July 31, 2005, to

buy spray paint. While at Wal-Mart, they saw defendant’s group and exchanged threatening looks

for several minutes. They left the store soon after defendant’s group, hurried to their vehicle and left

the parking lot, turning south on Cicero Avenue. Morales said that before they pulled out of the

parking lot, he saw defendant in the van with his shirt pulled up to cover the bottom half of his face.

He testified that they were immediately caught in traffic on Cicero Avenue and pulled into the service

alley to turn around when Johnson’s van pulled up next to them. Morales said that he then stepped

out of the Lincoln and threw a spray paint can at the van. The van began to drive down the alley as

Jaime turned around and into the alley entrance lane. Defendant was ducking down, but he said that

he could see someone with a t-shirt pulled over his face leaning out of the front passenger window

of the van. Morales did not see defendant fire the gun, but he heard three gunshots. He stated that

after the gunshots Jaime immediately pulled out of the alley and drove away.

Jaime testified that he is a member of the Party People gang, a rival of the Two-Two Boys.

His testimony largely tracked that of Morales. Jaime stated that he was driving the Lincoln, and after

leaving Wal-Mart, he mistakenly turned south onto Cicero Avenue and pulled into the service alley

to turn around. Johnson’s van then pulled along side his Lincoln, Morales jumped out and threw the

paint can, and the van began to drive down the alley. Jaime stated that he then turned his car around

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to face the van. Although he initially testified that he did so without the intention of ramming the van,

he later admitted that he planned on ramming it if its occupants did anything he perceived to be more

threatening. He then saw someone with a partially covered face lean out the front passenger side

window with a gun and shoot at him. Jaime heard two gunshots and immediately turned the car

around and drove away.

The State presented a number of other witnesses, including police officers and forensic

scientists and investigators. They testified, in relevant part, that a spray paint can and two cartridge

cases fired from a semiautomatic weapon were recovered at the scene of the shooting. The medical

examiner determined that Bonita McConnell was killed by a gunshot wound to the left side of her

head. Defendant did not challenge the State’s forensic evidence, which established, inter alia, that

the two cartridge cases were fired from the same 9-millimeter weapon, and that Morales’ fingerprints

were found on the lid of the spray paint can.

Testifying on his own behalf, defendant admitted that he killed Bonita McConnell, although

he stated that he did not know it until Cantu told him a week later. Defendant testified that before

entering the alley, Campos handed him the gun that killed McConnell. He stated that when Johnson

drove into the alley he saw an object that he believed to be a handgun in Morales’ hand, and when

he heard something hit the van, he believed Morales was shooting at them. Defendant stated that at

the time of the shooting he was afraid for his life and the lives of his friends. He said that he fired the

gun to scare off the men in the Lincoln and he did not intend to hurt or kill anyone. He further said

that he shot the gun with his weak hand, did not aim, intended to fire only once, and shot up and to

the side of the Lincoln. Defendant denied saying “that’s what those pussies get,”denied threatening

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Johnson, denied asking Johnson to burn the van, and denied disposing of the gun after hiding it in the

pile of wood logs. Defendant also recounted an incident that occurred in November 2004 when he

was shot and a fellow gang member was killed by an unidentified assailant. Defendant stated that this

incident contributed to his feeling that his life was in danger on July 31, 2005. On cross-examination,

defendant conceded that he shot in the direction of Cicero Avenue.

On June 11, 2007, although the trial court allowed a second degree murder and involuntary

manslaughter instruction, the jury returned a general verdict finding defendant guilty of the first

degree murder of Bonita McConnell. Defendant’s motion for a new trial was denied and he was

sentenced to 47 years of imprisonment. This appeal followed.

ANALYSIS

I. The State Met Its Burden for First Degree Murder

Defendant first claims the State failed to prove him guilty of first degree murder beyond a

reasonable doubt.

“When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, a criminal

conviction will not be set aside unless the evidence is so improbable or unsatisfactory

that it creates reasonable doubt of defendant’s guilt. [Citation.] It is not within the

purview of the reviewing court to retry a defendant where the sufficiency of the

evidence is at issue. [Citation.] Rather, it is the responsibility of the trier of fact to

determine the credibility of witnesses, the weight to be given to their testimony and

the reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence. [Citation.] The relevant

question on review is whether, after considering the evidence in the light most

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favorable to the State, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. [Citation.]” People v. Rodriguez,

336 Ill. App. 3d 1, 14-15 (2002).

“[T]he reviewing court must allow all reasonable inferences from the record in favor of the

prosecution.” People v. Cunningham, 212 Ill. 2d 274, 280 (2004).

Defendant maintains that his conviction should be reduced to the lesser offense of involuntary

manslaughter because the evidence below established only reckless conduct. The State responds that

there is no question defendant killed Bonita McConnell and the evidence sufficiently establishes that

he did so with the requisite mental state for a the first degree murder conviction.

“A person who kills an individual without lawful justification commits first degree

murder if, in performing the acts which cause the death:

(1) he either intends to kill or do great bodily harm to that individual or

another, or knows that such acts will cause death to that individual or another; or

(2) he knows that such acts create a strong probability of death or great bodily

harm to that individual or another; or

(3) he is attempting or committing a forcible felony other than second degree

murder.” 720 ILCS 5/9-1(a) (West 2008).

“A person intends, or acts intentionally or with intent, to accomplish a result or engage in conduct

described by the statute defining the offense, when his conscious objective or purpose is to

accomplish that result or engage in that conduct.” 720 ILCS 5/4-4 (West 2008). “A person knows,

or acts knowingly or with knowledge of *** [t]he result of his or her conduct, described by the

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statute defining the offense, when he or she is consciously aware that that result is practically certain

to be caused by his conduct.” 720 ILCS 5/4-5 (West 2008). “Determination of defendant’s mental

state may be inferred from circumstantial evidence, and this task is particularly suited to the jury.”

People v. Moore, 358 Ill. App. 3d 683, 688 (2005).

Here, viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the State, a rational trier of fact could

find, beyond a reasonable doubt, that defendant intended to kill or do great bodily harm to another,

or that he knew his acts created a strong probability of death or great bodily harm to another. It is

undisputed that defendant killed Bonita McConnell. His intent to kill can be inferred from the act

of firing two bullets in the direction of an occupied car and a crowded street (People v. Smith, 258

Ill. App. 3d 1003, 1027 (1994) (“[t]he intent to murder can be inferred from the act of firing a gun

at a person because the natural tendency of such an act is to destroy another’s life”)), and his words

and conduct after the shooting. The fact that defendant killed Bonita McConnell, instead of one of

the occupants of the Lincoln, does not mean that he acted without the requisite intent. “Under the

doctrine of transferred intent, if a defendant shoots at one person[] with the intent to kill, but kills an

unintended victim, he may be convicted of the crime of murder for the death of the unintended

victim.” People v. Thompson, 313 Ill. App. 3d 510, 516 (2000). Alternatively, it is not unreasonable

to conclude that defendant knew that his actions were practically certain to result in the death or

substantial injury of another. See People v. Lake, 298 Ill. App. 3d 50, 54 (1998) (“Intentionally firing

a weapon at an occupied building is an act that has a natural tendency to cause death or great bodily

harm and is of such a character as to defeat any assertion of recklessness.”); accord People v. Mimms,

312 Ill. App. 3d 226, 231 (2000) (defendant presumed to know that firing a gun at an occupied home

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created a strong probability of death or great bodily harm to the occupants of that home).

Although defendant argues that his testimony established that he fired up and away from the

Lincoln and that he did not intend to kill or injure anyone, the jury’s apparent decision to disregard

his account was not unreasonable in light of the other witnesses’ statements and the physical

evidence. For example, the death of Bonita McConnell, who was driving behind and perpendicular

to the Lincoln, can support the conclusion that defendant did not fire up and away from the Lincoln

and Cicero Avenue; a conclusion also supported by the testimony of Johnson and Jaime. Further, the

fact that defendant had the gun and pulled his shirt over his face before entering the alley strongly

suggests that he intended to do harm. It was not unreasonable for the jury to conclude that defendant

fired at the Lincoln with the intent to kill or cause great bodily harm to its occupants, or that he acted

with the knowledge that doing so was practically certain to result in the death or substantial injury

of another.

In reaching this conclusion, the court rejects defendant’s assertion that this case is analogous

to People v. Andersch, 107 Ill. App. 3d 810 (1982), and People v. Hoover, 250 Ill. App. 3d 338

(1993), both of which stated that pointing a loaded gun at another can constitute recklessness.

Andersch and Hoover involved defendants who accidentally discharged their weapons. Here,

defendant did not accidentally fire his weapon. Defendant’s argument that Andersch and Hoover are

controlling because in those cases the “defendants consciously disregarded the substantial risks in

pointing a loaded gun at another person, just as Garcia consciously disregarded the substantial risks

presented by firing the gun in the direction of the Lincoln and Cicero Avenue,” is unconvincing. Given

the facts presented at trial, it was reasonable for the jury to conclude that defendant intentionally fired

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his weapon at the Lincoln in the direction of Cicero Avenue and that he did so with the intent or

knowledge required of first degree murder.

II. Second Degree Murder Is Not Warranted

Defendant contends, alternatively, that we should reduce his conviction to second degree

murder because the evidence establishes that he acted under an unreasonable belief that the use of

deadly force was justified. A second degree murder conviction is appropriate where, inter alia, “at

the time of the killing [the defendant] believes the circumstances to be such that, if they existed,

would justify or exonerate the killing under the principles stated in Article 7 of this Code [720 ILCS

5/7-1 et seq. (West 2008)], but his or her belief [was] unreasonable.” 720 ILCS 5/9-2(a)(2) (West

2008). Defendant bears the burden of proving this mitigating factor by a preponderance of the

evidence. 720 ILCS 5/9-2(c) (West 2008). In other words, “[o]nce the State has proven first degree

murder beyond a reasonable doubt, the defendant must prove by a preponderance of the evidence ***

that he believed that the circumstances justified using self-defense, but that his belief was

unreasonable.” People v. Hawkins, 296 Ill. App. 3d 830, 836 (1998).

“To establish self-defense, the defendant must show some evidence that

unlawful force was threatened against him; the danger of harm was imminent; he was

not the aggressor; that he actually believed that a danger existed, force was necessary

to avert the danger, and the type and amount of force was necessary; and that his

beliefs were reasonable. [Citations.] While the law does not require the aggressor to

be armed for self-defense to be justified, it must appear that the aggressor is capable

of inflicting serious bodily harm without the use of a deadly weapon, and is intending

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to do so. [Citations.]”Id. at 837.

Defendant maintains that because the evidence established that he had an actual, albeit

unreasonable, belief in the necessity of using deadly force in self-defense, the trial court erred in not

reducing his conviction to second degree murder. The State responds that there was ample evidence

to support the conclusion that defendant did not believe his actions were necessary to protect his life

and, therefore, that he was not acting in self-defense. We agree.

“Whether a killing is justified under the law of self-defense is a question of fact

[citations], and the fact finder is not required to accept as true the defendant’s

evidence in support of that defense [citations.] Instead, the trier of fact is obliged to

consider the probability or improbability of the evidence, the circumstances

surrounding the event, and all of the witnesses’ testimony. [Citations]” People v.

Huddleston, 243 Ill. App. 3d 1012, 1018-19 (1993).

In the case sub judice, defendant offered some evidence that he was acting in self-defense.

The occupants of both vehicles confirmed that they belonged to rival gangs, that the groups

exchanged menacing looks at the Wal-Mart, that Morales jumped out of the Lincoln with something

in his hand when Johnson’s van drove into the alley, that something then hit the van, and that the

Lincoln turned to face the van as the latter drove away. However, the State supplied testimony

rebutting defendant’s self-defense claim. For instance, the State introduced uncontradicted testimony

that defendant had a gun and pulled his shirt over his face before entering the alley, and that Johnson

was driving away when defendant shot at the Lincoln. The State also introduced testimony that after

firing the gun at the Lincoln, defendant laughed and said “that’s what those pussies get,” then fled

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from the police, told his friends to keep quiet about the incident, and destroyed or tried to destroy

evidence. None of this behavior suggests self-defense. Given this testimony, it was reasonable for the

jury to disregard defendant’s testimony and conclude that defendant was the aggressor. We therefore

affirm defendant’s first degree murder conviction.

C. The State’s Opening, Closing and Rebuttal Remarks Did Not Constitute Plain Error and

Defendant Forfeited Any Objection to Those Remarks on Appeal

Finally, defendant argues that he was denied a fair trial because the State made prejudicial

remarks during its opening statement and closing and rebuttal arguments. The State responds that

defendant waived any challenge to the remarks made at trial by his failure to preserve his objections.

“In order to preserve an issue for review, the general rule is that a defendant must both object at trial

and file a written post-trial motion raising the issue.” People v. Anderson, 250 Ill. App. 3d 439, 451

(1993). Defendant does not contest that he failed to properly preserve his objections by objecting to

the State’s comments at trial and raising those objections in his post-trial motion. Instead, he asserts

that the State’s remarks constitute plain error and therefore avoid the general forfeiture rule. We

disagree.

“Plain error is a narrow and limited exception to the general waiver rule.” People v.

Pastorino, 91 Ill. 2d 178, 188 (1982).

“[T]he plain-error doctrine allows a reviewing court to consider unpreserved error

when (1) a clear or obvious error occurred and the evidence is so closely balanced

that the error alone threatened to tip the scales of justice against the defendant,

regardless of the seriousness of the error, or (2) a clear or obvious error occurred and

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that error is so serious that it affected the fairness of the defendant’s trial and

challenged the integrity of the judicial process, regardless of the closeness of the

evidence.” People v. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551, 565 (2007).

The first prong of this test applies “where the evidence in a case is so closely balanced that the jury’s

guilty verdict may have resulted from the error and not the evidence.” People v. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d

167, 178 (2005). With regard to the second prong, “plain error review is equated with structural

error.” People v. Brazziel, No. 1-08-1455, slip op. at 29 (November 22, 2010).

“An error is typically designated as ‘structural’ and requiring automatic

reversal only if it necessarily renders a criminal trial fundamentally unfair or unreliable

in determining guilt or innocence. [Citation.] The Supreme Court has held an error

is structural only in a ‘very limited class of cases.’ [Citation.] Structural errors include

a complete denial of counsel, denial of self-representation at trial, trial before a biased

judge, denial of a public trial, racial discrimination in the selection of a grand jury, and

a defective reasonable doubt instruction. [Citation.]” People v. Averett, 237 Ill. 2d 1,

12-13 (2010).

Under both prongs “the burden of persuasion remains with the defendant.” Herron, 215 Ill. 2d at 187.

The court will consider each of the complained of statements in turn.

In its opening statement, the State said that Bonita McConnell’s death was “a result of

nonsense that occurs in our streets, nonsense that has to stop, nonsense that stops with your verdict,

nonsense that will stop when you come back with a verdict for the offense of first degree murder.”

Defendant argues that this statement was designed to appeal to the jury’s prejudices and constituted

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plain error.

“The purpose of an opening statement is to apprise the jury of what each party

expects the evidence to prove. [Citation.] An opening statement may include a

discussion of the expected evidence and reasonable inferences from the evidence.

[Citation.] No statement may be made in opening which counsel does not intend to

prove or cannot prove. [Citation.] *** Reversible error occurs only where the

prosecutor’s opening comments are attributable to deliberate misconduct of the

prosecutor and result in substantial prejudice to the defendant. [Citation.] ” (Emphasis

in original.) People v. Kliner, 185 Ill. 2d 81, 127 (1998).

Although argumentative comments are generally improper in opening statements, the evidence in this

case was not closely balanced such that the State’s comments threatened to tip the balance against

defendant. Defendant admitted that he killed Bonita McConnell, and for the reasons stated above, we

do not believe that the evidence regarding his self-defense claim was close. Nor is the error

complained of structural. We find that the State’s opening remarks did not constitute plain error and

defendant forfeited his objection to them.

The same can be said of the State’s comments in its closing and rebuttal arguments, in which

it referred to defendant’s self-defense theory as “ridiculous” and “insulting,” and referenced any

second degree murder conviction as “a travesty” of justice. Defendant argues that in making these

statements, the State improperly ridiculed his theory of the case and suggested that the defense was

lying and hiding the truth. Defendant also complains of statements made by the State in its rebuttal

urging that the jury do, and that Bonita McConnell and her family deserve, justice.

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“It is well settled that great latitude is afforded a prosecutor during closing

argument [citation], and that the propriety of the prosecution’s remarks is generally

left to the discretion of the trial court ***. In closing argument, the prosecution may

base its argument on the evidence presented or reasonable inferences therefrom

[citation]; respond to those comments by defense counsel which clearly invite or

provoke a response [citation]; comment on the credibility of the defense witnesses

[citation]; denounce the activities of defendants and urge that justice be administered

[citation]; highlight inconsistencies in defendant’s argument [citation]; and comment

on defendant’s absence at trial [citation].” People v. Morrison, 137 Ill. App. 3d 171,

184 (1985).

In the instant case, we have carefully reviewed the closing and rebuttal arguments, paying

particular attention to the remarks of which defendant complains, and conclude that the State’s

comments do not constitute plain error. The remarks were either within the bounds of a proper

closing or rebuttal argument or, if improper, cannot be said to have impacted the jury’s decision in

light of the evidence of defendant’s guilt. See People v. Gray, 252 Ill. App. 3d 362, 368-69 (1993)

(prosecutor’s characterization of defendant’s theory of the case as “so ridiculous that it isn’t even

worthy of comment” not reversible error); People v. Belvedere, 72 Ill. App. 3d 998, 1020 (1979)

(prosecutor’s exhortation to jury not to “cop-out” by returning voluntary manslaughter verdict based

on defendant’s testimony not reversible error because it concerned defendant’s credibility). This is

especially true in light of the trial court’s detailed jury instructions, in which it stated, inter alia, that

“[n]either opening statements nor closing arguments are evidence and any statement or arguments

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made by the attorney which is not based on the evidence should be disregarded.” The State’s remarks

did not constitute plain error; therefore, defendant forfeited any objection to those remarks on appeal.

CONCLUSION

For all the foregoing reasons, we affirm defendant’s conviction for first degree murder.

Affirmed.

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