[Cite as State v. Carusone, 2015-Ohio-4397.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NO. C-140737
TRIAL NO. B-0606586
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
vs. : O P I N I O N.
RALPH CARUSONE, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas
Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: Affirmed
Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Philip R. Cummings,
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee,
Arenstein & Gallagher, William R. Gallagher and Elizabeth Conkin, for Defendant-
Appellant.
Please note: we have removed this case from the accelerated calendar.
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
CUNNINGHAM, Presiding Judge.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant Ralph Carusone appeals the Hamilton County
Common Pleas Court’s judgment overruling his Crim.R. 33 motion for a new trial.
We affirm the court’s judgment.
{¶2} Carusone was convicted of felony murder in 2007. We affirmed his
conviction in his direct appeal, and the Ohio Supreme Court declined to accept his
appeal there. State v. Carusone, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-070653 (Dec. 10, 2008),
appeal not accepted, 121 Ohio St.3d 1451, 2009-Ohio-1820, 904 N.E.2d 901.
{¶3} In 2012, Carusone filed a motion seeking leave to move for a new trial.
The common pleas court overruled the motion for leave. But on appeal, we reversed
and remanded for a hearing on the motion. State v. Carusone, 1st Dist. Hamilton
No. C-130003 (Nov. 15, 2013), appeal not accepted, 138 Ohio St.3d 1450, 2014-
Ohio-1182, 5 N.E.3d 667. Following the hearing, the common pleas court granted
leave to file a motion for a new trial, but overruled the new-trial motion. This appeal
followed.
{¶4} On appeal, Carusone advances four assignments of error that, read
together, challenge the overruling of his new-trial motion. We find no merit to this
challenge.
The Standard of Review
{¶5} Carusone sought a new trial under Crim.R. 33(A)(6), on the grounds
that he was actually innocent of felony murder and had been denied a fair trial by the
state’s violation of its duty to disclose in discovery certain exculpatory evidence. The
decision whether to grant a new trial on the ground of newly discovered evidence is
discretionary with the trial court and will not be disturbed on appeal unless the court
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abused its discretion. State v. Williams, 43 Ohio St.2d 88, 330 N.E.2d 891 (1975),
paragraph two of the syllabus.
{¶6} On a Crim.R. 33(A)(6) motion, the movant bears the burden of proving
that the evidence is “newly discovered evidence,” that is, that it was “discovered since
the trial, [and] could not in the exercise of due diligence have been discovered before
the trial.” He must also prove that the evidence “is material to the issues, * * * is not
merely cumulative to former evidence, and * * * does not merely impeach or
contradict the former evidence.” And he must prove that the evidence “discloses a
strong probability that it will change the result if a new trial is granted.” State v.
Petro, 148 Ohio St. 505, 76 N.E.2d 370 (1947), syllabus.
{¶7} But the guarantee of a fair trial secured by the Due Process Clause of
the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution imposes upon the state
a duty to disclose to a criminal accused evidence material to his guilt or innocence.
Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 87, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963). When, as
here, a new trial is sought under Crim.R. 33(A)(6) on the ground that the defendant
had been denied a fair trial by the state’s violation of its duty to disclose the newly
discovered evidence, the relevant inquiry is not whether a trial with the undisclosed
evidence would have yielded a different verdict, but whether the evidence,
“considered collectively,” “could reasonably be taken to put the whole case in such a
different light as to undermine confidence in the verdict.” Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S.
419, 434-436, 115 S.Ct. 1555, 131 L.Ed.2d 490 (1995); accord State v. Johnston, 39
Ohio St.3d 48, 60, 529 N.E.2d 898 (1988).
The Trial
{¶8} Carusone was charged with both purposeful murder and felony
murder in connection with the death of Derek Rininger, following a physical
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
altercation between the two across the street from Rininger’s house. Upon the
evidence adduced at trial, the jury acquitted Carusone of purposeful murder, but
found him guilty of felony murder, with felonious assault as the predicate offense.
That evidence showed that Rininger had, a few days before the altercation, stolen
from the apartment of the mother of his children, Jennifer Kron, $500 belonging to
Kron’s roommate, Melinda Scalf. At Rininger’s invitation, Kron, with Carusone in
the front passenger seat and Scalf in the back seat, drove to Rininger’s house to
recover the money. As Kron pulled up across from Rininger’s house, Rininger ran
from the house to the passenger side of Kron’s car and took a swing at Carusone,
either through the open car window before Carusone got out of the car (as Scalf
testified) or as Carusone got out of the car (as Kron testified). Neither Kron nor Scalf
saw a weapon, but both men were bloody after a brief exchange of blows. When
Carusone retreated to the car, Rininger ran to the driver’s side and reached through
the open window for Kron’s car keys. With Kron between them, Carusone and
Rininger again struggled, until Kron put the car in gear and drove away.
{¶9} Rininger’s next-door neighbor saw the two men struggling across the
front seat of Kron’s car, saw Kron drive away, and then saw Rininger run into and
through to the back of his house, return to the front porch with a towel in his hands,
and “jump[] off the side of the steps.” A police officer and emergency medical
personnel responded to Rininger’s 911 call reporting that he had “just got stabbed.”
The police officer found Rininger next to the front porch, barely conscious, with a cell
phone in one hand and a blood-soaked bath towel held to his abdomen with the
other hand. A member of the emergency medical crew testified that he had observed
“severe bleeding” from stab wounds to both the left inner arm and the chest, a weak
pulse, and very shallow respirations, and that Rininger had not been responsive to
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
either verbal or painful stimuli. Rininger went into cardiac arrest in the ambulance
on the way to the hospital, where efforts to resuscitate him proved futile.
{¶10} Meanwhile, Kron had driven Carusone to a friend’s house. Jacob
Carroll testified that he had been present when Carusone arrived, and that Carusone
had appeared “distraught [and] wired,” had burned his clothes, and had told Carroll,
“I took care of business. I shanked him once.” Carroll also testified that Carusone
had, the night before, shown him a pocket knife with a six-inch blade that Carusone
carried on his belt. At the hospital, a pocket knife bearing traces of Rininger’s blood
was recovered from the pocket of Rininger’s bloody shorts.
{¶11} The deputy coroner testified that Rininger had stab wounds to his left
inner arm and to the left side of his chest, and that he had blood in the pericardial
sac, which the deputy coroner attributed to a “hole into the right side of the heart.”
The deputy coroner concluded that Rininger had “died as a result of a stab wound to
the chest,” administered with “[a] significant amount of force” to pass through the
skin, the soft tissues of the chest, the cartilage of the lower rib cage, the pericardium,
and then the heart.
{¶12} The toxicology report showed that Rininger had recently ingested
alcohol, cocaine, marijuana, a tranquilizer, and an opiate analgesic. The defense
presented at trial expert opinion testimony attributing Rininger’s “turbulent”
behavior to his recent ingestion of alcohol and drugs. But in the deputy coroner’s
opinion, those substances had not contributed to Rininger’s death.
The New-Trial Motion
{¶13} In support of his motion for a new trial, Carusone offered the evidence
presented at the hearing on his motion for leave to move for a new trial and other
“newly discovered evidence.” This evidence, he argued, served to undermine the
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
credibility of the state’s key witnesses and to discredit the evidence adduced at trial
concerning the cause of death.
{¶14} Credibility evidence. Carusone supported his new-trial motion
with “new evidence” in the form of an enhanced audio recording of Rininger’s 911
call. The enhanced recording, Carusone asserted, showed that Rininger’s brother
had been present when the police officer found Rininger and, thus, undermined the
credibility of Rininger’s brother, who had testified at trial that he had arrived at the
house after the ambulance had gone, and the credibility of the police officer, who had
testified that when he found Rininger, no one else had been present who could have
contaminated the crime scene.
{¶15} Carusone also offered newly discovered evidence concerning the
competency of state’s witness Jacob Carroll in the form of an affidavit made by a
resident of the house where Carusone had been dropped off after his fight with
Rininger. She averred that she, and not Carroll, had admitted Carusone to the house
that night; that Carroll had not, as he had testified, been at the house when Carusone
arrived; and that Carusone had been “upset crying” and had repeatedly said, “[H]e kept
hitting me in the head.” She also stated that she had made a taped statement to that
effect when the police interviewed her. But her statement was not disclosed to the
defense in discovery, and she was not called as a witness at Carusone’s trial.
{¶16} Carroll testified at the hearing on the motion for leave that he could
recall only “[b]its and pieces” of his trial testimony and the events to which he had
testified, because he was a drug addict and had been, in those instances, under the
influence of heroin. Carroll testified that he had seen Carusone in possession of a
“small pocket knife,” not a knife with a six-inch blade. And Carroll stated that he
could not recall either hearing or testifying at trial to Carusone’s alleged statement
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
after the altercation that he “took care of business” and “shank[ed]” someone. But
Carroll could recall a conversation among Kron, Scalf, and Carusone before the
altercation, indicating an intention to “fight” or “go get” Rininger.
{¶17} Cause-of-death evidence. Finally, Carusone offered newly
discovered evidence concerning the cause of Rininger’s death. This evidence was
contained in the complete “run report” compiled by the emergency-medical personnel
who had treated Rininger at the scene and on the way to the hospital; the complete
report of Rininger’s treatment at the hospital, including the report of the emergency-
room physician who had treated Rininger; the opinion testimony of a pathology expert;
and a news article that, Carusone insisted, showed that the deputy coroner had a
“history of missing the cause of death due in part to not obtaining the [deceased’s] full
medical report.”
{¶18} During discovery, the state had disclosed to the defense only the 8½- by
11-inch views of the two-page, 8½- by 14-inch emergency “run report” form. The
disclosed portion of the run report, which indicated that Rininger had been bleeding
only from his arm wound and had “flinched” in response to painful stimuli,
contradicted the testimony of the emergency crew member presented at trial. In
support of his new-trial motion, Carusone argued that the undisclosed portion of the
report further undermined the emergency crew member’s testimony, because it showed
that he had neither treated nor transported Rininger.
{¶19} The state also disclosed in discovery only three of eight pages of the
report detailing Rininger’s treatment at the hospital. The disclosed pages of the report
did not include the report made by the emergency-room physician. And the deputy
coroner did not consider the emergency-room physician’s report in reaching his
opinion that Rininger had died as a consequence of a stab wound to the heart.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶20} Carusone’s discovery of the emergency-room physician’s report led
him to pathology expert Thomas W. Young, M.D. Based on his review of the enhanced
911 call, the police reports, the hospital and emergency run reports, the toxicology and
lab reports, and the trial testimony, Dr. Young concluded that the deputy coroner had
been mistaken in the cause of death. According to Dr. Young, the deputy coroner’s
conclusion that Rininger had died from a stab wound to the heart did not “make any
sense anatomically,” because the medical records showed no damage to any organ
between Rininger’s chest wound and the wound to his heart. Also, Dr. Young asserted,
blood loss from a stab wound to the heart would have rendered Rininger unconscious
within a few minutes, thus precluding his run to and through his house. Moreover,
Rininger was treated at the scene, in the ambulance, and at the hospital for bleeding
from the wound to his arm and then for cardiac arrest; he was not treated for shock or
for “anything [else] * * * involving a major vascular structure and blood loss.” Finally,
the injury to the heart that the deputy coroner had decided was a stab wound was, in
Dr. Young’s opinion, caused when a needle was inserted into the pericardial sac during
pericardiocentesis, in an effort to resuscitate Rininger at the hospital.
{¶21} Dr. Young found that the evidence instead pointed to cardiac arrest as
the cause of death. He heard in Rininger’s 911 call “laborious[] * * * breathing,”
indicating “problems with heart function.” Those problems were, in Dr. Young’s
opinion, “cause[d] * * * [by] the combined effects of multiple drugs and alcohol, and
heavy stress and exertion. The two put together caused the heart to stop.” Concerning
the cause of Rininger’s “stress,” Dr. Young noted that the run report had “described * *
* [n]o active bleeding * * * from the chest wound,” and that the blood loss from the arm
wound had not been so “significant” that it would have put Rininger into shock. But Dr.
Young stated that “a person [can] basically collapse[] from a cardial arrest due to a
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
struggle [or] fear,” that “stab wounds can add to the stress of the situation,” and that
“stress can in this setting with all of the other things combined affect heart function.”
{¶22} Finally, Carusone supported his new-trial motion with his trial counsel’s
testimony at the hearing on leave. Counsel testified that the defense had essentially
pursued only a self-defense strategy, and that, had they known of the matters contained
in the undisclosed and other newly discovered evidence, they could have refuted the
state’s evidence concerning cause of death and could have more effectively challenged
the credibility of the state’s witnesses.
{¶23} Denying a new trial was not an abuse of discretion.
Carusone sought a new trial on the grounds that the newly discovered evidence
demonstrated that he is actually innocent of felony murder, and that he had been
denied a fair trial by the state’s violation of its duty to disclose that evidence in
discovery. We cannot say that the common pleas court, in denying a new trial,
abused its discretion.
{¶24} Carusone was charged with purposeful murder and felony murder,
with felonious assault as the predicate offense. The purposeful-murder charge
required proof that Carusone had “caus[ed]” Rininger’s death “purposely,” that is,
that Carusone had acted with the “specific intention” of causing Rininger’s death.
See R.C. 2903.02(A) and 2901.22(A). The felony-murder charge required proof that
Carusone had “caus[ed]” Rininger’s death “as the proximate result of * * *
committing or attempting to commit” felonious assault. See R.C. 2903.02(B). The
felonious-assault charge required proof that Carusone had acted not purposely, but
“knowingly,” that is, with an “aware[ness]” that his conduct would “probably cause”
the proscribed result, see R.C. 2901.22(B), and that he had either “caus[ed] serious
physical harm to” Rininger, or had “caus[ed] or attempt[ed] to cause physical harm
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
to [him] * * * by means of a deadly weapon,” that is, an “instrument capable of
inflicting death” that was, in that instance, “use[d] as a weapon.” See R.C. 2903.11
and 2923.11.
{¶25} By its verdicts finding Carusone not guilty of purposeful murder, but
guilty of felony murder, the jury effectively found that he had caused Rininger’s
death, but had not intended to kill him. The verdicts indicated a determination by
the jury that Rininger’s death had been the proximate result of Carusone either
engaging in conduct that caused serious physical harm to Rininger, with an
awareness that his conduct would probably cause serious physical harm, or using a
deadly weapon to cause or attempt to cause Rininger physical harm, with an
awareness that his use of that weapon would probably cause physical harm.
{¶26} The undisclosed and other newly discovered evidence offered in
support of Carusone’s motion for a new trial plainly discredits the deputy coroner’s
opinion testimony that the cause of Rininger’s death was a stab wound to the heart.
But that evidence and the evidence adduced at trial would also support findings that
Carusone had gone to Rininger’s house to fight him; that during the fight, Carusone
had stabbed Rininger in the chest and arm with a pocket knife; that that knife, even
without a six-inch blade, had, by its nature and use, constituted a deadly weapon;
that the bleeding from Rininger’s arm wound, while insufficient to cause death or
shock, had been serious enough to require emergency-medical treatment; that the
stab wounds to the chest and arm, sustained in the course of the struggle between
Carusone and Rininger, had, in the words of Dr. Young, “add[ed] to the stress of the
situation”; and that that “heavy stress and exertion,” along with “the combined effects
of multiple drugs and alcohol, * * * [had] together caused [Rininger’s] heart to stop.”
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶27} Thus, the evidence not disclosed in discovery and the other newly
discovered evidence offered in support of the new-trial motion, considered
collectively and with the evidence adduced at trial, would support a finding, beyond a
reasonable doubt, that Carusone had caused Rininger’s death as the proximate result
of either knowingly causing him serious physical harm or knowingly causing or
attempting to cause him physical harm by means of a deadly weapon. It follows that
Carusone failed to demonstrate his claim that he was innocent of the crime of felony
murder. And because the undisclosed evidence could not be said to have been
“material” in the sense that it might reasonably be said to undermine confidence in
the jury’s verdict finding him guilty of felony murder, Carusone failed to demonstrate
that he had been denied a fair trial.
The Judgment is Affirmed
{¶28} We, therefore, hold that the common pleas court properly denied
Carusone a new trial. Accordingly, we overrule the assignments of error and affirm
the court’s judgment.
Judgment affirmed.
DEWINE and STAUTBERG, JJ., concur.
Please note:
The court has recorded its own entry on the date of the release of this opinion.
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