TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-13-0494-CR
Eugene Kelly Wolfenberger, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
FROM THE 264TH DISTRICT COURT OF BELL COUNTY, TEXAS
NO. 68431, HONORABLE MARTHA J. TRUDO, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
A jury found appellant, Eugene Kelly Wolfenberger, guilty of intoxication
manslaughter and assessed a punishment of twenty years’ confinement in the Texas Department of
Criminal Justice and a fine of $10,000. Appellant timely appealed, asking this Court to reverse his
judgment and sentence because: (1) he received ineffective assistance of counsel; (2) the trial court
erroneously admitted privileged statements into evidence; and (3) there was insufficient evidence
to support his conviction. For the following reasons, we will affirm.
BACKGROUND
Appellant is a military veteran who struggles with alcoholism and has been diagnosed
with severe post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). On August 22, 2010, he struck and fatally injured
a motorcyclist while driving his wife’s Toyota Camry home from a bar and then fled the scene of the
accident. He was later tried and convicted of intoxication manslaughter.
At appellant’s trial, the State offered the testimony of Officer Garland Potvin, an
expert witness certified in accident reconstruction who concluded that appellant struck the
motorcyclist from behind while driving at least fifty-four miles per hour in a thirty-miles-per-hour
zone. Brian Haygood, appellant’s expert witness who is a forensic mechanical engineer, testified
that appellant was driving near the speed limit and that Potvin’s conclusions are unreliable because
he used an inappropriate formula and performed tests with a Chevrolet Impala rather than a
Toyota Camry.
The collision occurred at approximately 9:30 p.m. It was dark, and the motorcyclist
was allegedly wearing dark clothing. Appellant admits to hitting and killing the motorcyclist, but
maintains that he was not intoxicated at that time. He claims that the accident triggered his PTSD,
causing him to panic and flee to his home two blocks away where he proceeded to drink heavily to
avoid facing the situation.
At trial, appellant’s wife testified that she arrived at their home sometime between
9:30 p.m. and 10:30 p.m. to find appellant naked, disoriented, and surrounded by numerous empty
beer cans. She also testified that she did not see him consume any alcohol after finding him. After
discovering the damage to her Camry, appellant’s wife called 911 at 10:25 p.m. to report what she
then believed to be an incident of drunk driving.
Officer William Pereyra was dispatched to appellant’s home. At trial, he testified that
he arrived at approximately 10:51 p.m., that appellant displayed signs of intoxication, and that
appellant said “I’m the one you’re looking for. I did the bad deed,” and “I hit him.” Pereyra arrested
appellant and transported him to a hospital. Appellant did not consent to a blood draw, so Pereyra
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obtained one despite appellant’s refusal pursuant to the Texas Transportation Code1 at approximately
11:30 p.m. A forensic scientist determined that appellant’s blood-alcohol concentration was
0.3 when it was drawn, more than three times higher than the concentration at which a person is
deemed to be intoxicated under Texas law. See Tex. Penal Code § 49.01(2) (“‘Intoxicated’ means
. . . having an alcohol concentration of 0.08 or more.”).
Appellant asserts that he consumed a total of three alcoholic drinks prior to the
accident—one beer at home in the afternoon, a second beer at a bar where he met his son that
evening, and a third beer at another bar they visited later that evening. At trial, appellant produced
bills for $5.75 from the first bar and $20.00 from the second bar, which includes a $7.00 tip. He
claims that he made no additional drink purchases that evening, that he paid for his son’s drinks as
well as his own, and that the second bill includes approximately $5.00 for use of a pool table.
Appellant’s son testified that he showed no signs of intoxication while they were together.
Appellant’s wife took him to the VA emergency room two days after the accident,
where they met with social worker, Debra Housewright. Housewright testified that appellant “said
he was intoxicated and he hit them and he panicked and fled the scene.” Housewright also noted that
they discussed his drinking and that she “did an alcohol assessment on him.” Appellant’s wife
testified that neither of them told Housewright that he was intoxicated at the time of the accident,
1
See Tex. Transp. Code § 724.012(b) (officer shall require involuntary taking of breath or
blood specimen when arresting person for offense under Chapter 49 of Texas Penal Code if officer
suspects someone has suffered serious bodily injury, died, or will die as result of accident and person
arrested was operating vehicle involved in accident).
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but that she told Housewright “he had been drinking that night.” She also testified that appellant told
her he could not remember the accident and that he could not believe that he had killed someone.
After their meeting with Housewright, appellant and his wife met with staff
psychiatrist, Dr. Girija Chintapalli. His notes indicate that appellant said he was intoxicated at the
time of the accident, but Chintapalli could not remember their conversation well enough to rule out
the possibility that he read this in Housewright’s notes rather than hearing it directly from appellant.
Chintapalli testified that drinking and avoidance are common coping mechanisms of
those suffering from PTSD. He also confirmed that some people experience memory loss after
episodes of PTSD and try to fill in the blanks and parrot what they hear from others about events
they cannot remember.
Appellant’s trial counsel argued that appellant was sober at the time of the accident,
then fled to his home and drank numerous beers to cope with the stress. Trial counsel contended that
appellant’s PTSD caused him to block these traumatic events out of his memory and that he was
merely repeating what others had said when he told Housewright and Chintapalli that he was
intoxicated at the time of the accident. He made no objection to Housewright’s testimony and,
although he made several unsuccessful objections to Chintapalli’s testimony, he did not claim
privilege. Nor did he move to suppress the evidence of appellant’s blood-alcohol concentration.
Trial counsel moved for a directed verdict, arguing that the State failed to prove that appellant was
intoxicated when he struck the motorcyclist as required for a conviction of intoxication
manslaughter. See Tex. Penal Code § 49.08. The trial court denied that motion, and the jury
convicted appellant of intoxication manslaughter. This appeal followed.
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DISCUSSION
Appellant argues that: (1) he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his
trial attorney did not move to suppress illegally obtained evidence of his blood-alcohol
concentration; (2) the trial court erred in admitting statements he made to Housewright and
Chintapalli while seeking treatment for alcohol abuse because they were privileged under Texas Rule
of Evidence 509(b); and (3) there was insufficient evidence to convict him because nothing shows
that he was intoxicated at the time of the accident. The State counters that: (1) appellant has not
shown ineffective assistance of counsel because the evidence of his blood-alcohol concentration
supported the defensive theory that appellant binge drank after the accident; (2) appellant failed to
preserve the issue of privilege for review, and the statements to Housewright and Chintapalli were
not privileged because appellant was not seeking treatment for alcohol abuse; and (3) there was
sufficient evidence to support the conviction. Based on the record before us, we will affirm.
Ineffective Assistance
To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, an appellant must demonstrate by a
preponderance of the evidence (1) deficient performance by counsel and (2) prejudice. Strickland
v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); Hernandez v. State, 726 S.W.2d 53, 56-57 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1986) (adopting Strickland test). Appellate courts must look to “the totality of the
representation and the particular circumstances of each case in evaluating the effectiveness of
counsel.” Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 813 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). To satisfy the first part
of the Strickland test, the appellant must demonstrate that counsel’s performance fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness under the prevailing professional norms. Strickland, 466 U.S.
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at 687-88. There is a strong presumption that counsel’s performance was not deficient. Id. at 689.
If, as in this case, trial counsel has not had the chance to explain his conduct, “then the appellate
court should not find deficient performance unless the challenged conduct was ‘so outrageous that
no competent attorney would have engaged in it.’” Menefield v. State, 363 S.W.3d 591, 593 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2012) (citations omitted). To satisfy the second part of the Strickland test, the appellant
must show that there is a reasonable probability that the result of the trial would have been different
if counsel’s performance was not deficient. Strickland, at 694. The probability must be strong
enough to undermine confidence in the outcome of the trial. Id. “Failure to make the required
showing of either deficient performance or sufficient prejudice defeats the ineffectiveness claim.”
Id. at 700.
Appellant contends that his trial counsel could and should have moved to suppress
the evidence of his blood-alcohol concentration because it was obtained illegally from an
unconstitutional, warrantless search. He argues that the United States Supreme Court invalidated
Texas’s implied-consent statute in Missouri v. McNeely, 133 S. Ct. 1552, 1561 (2013) (“In those
drunk-driving investigations where police officers can reasonably obtain a warrant before a blood
sample can be drawn without significantly undermining the efficacy of the search, the Fourth
Amendment mandates that they do so.”). According to appellant, there was no possible strategic
reason for failing to move to suppress this evidence and harm is apparent because appellant’s
blood-alcohol concentration was central to the State’s case.
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However, appellant has not shown deficient performance. The law on mandatory
blood draws and implied consent was not settled when trial counsel presented appellant’s case,2 and
the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has “repeatedly declined to find counsel ineffective for failing
to take a specific action on an unsettled issue.” State v. Bennett, 415 S.W.3d 867, 869 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2013). Bernal v. State, No. 02-13-00381-CR, 2014 WL 5089182, at *5 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth Oct. 9, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.) (counsel was not ineffective for failing to suppress results
of warrantless, nonconsensual blood draw under McNeely because “McNeely did not address directly
the effect of mandatory-blood-draw or implied-consent statues on the warrant requirement,” and “the
import of McNeely on Texas’s mandatory-blood-draw and implied-consent statutes was unsettled
at the time of [appellant’s] trial and remains unsettled today.”). Trial counsel argued that appellant
was sober when he hit the motorcyclist, then rushed home and drank heavily. Appellant’s high
blood-alcohol concentration when his blood was drawn approximately one hour after he claims to
have had a binge drinking session is completely consistent with this theory of the case. Appellant
has, therefore, not “overcome the presumption that the challenged action,” i.e., trial counsel’s
inaction in allowing the State to present corroborative evidence, “‘might be considered sound trial
strategy.’” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689 (quoting Michel v. Lousiana, 350 U.S. 91, 101 (1955)). We
2
Trial commenced on July 8, 2013, more than two months after the Supreme Court held that
blood-alcohol dissipation is not a per se exigency justifying warrantless, nonconsensual blood draws
in Missouri v. McNeely, 133 S. Ct. 1552 (2013). However, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals did
not address whether nonconsensual blood draws taken pursuant to Texas Transportation Code
§ 724.012 require a warrant until after appellant’s trial concluded, and the court has since decided
to reconsider that ruling on rehearing. State v. Villarreal, __ S.W.3d __, No. PD-0306-14,
2014 WL 6734178, at *8-9, 11 (Tex. Crim. App. Nov. 26, 2014) (reh’g granted). The law
surrounding Texas’s implied-consent and mandatory-blood-draw statutes has been unsettled since
before appellant’s trial.
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cannot find trial counsel deficient for failing to rely on unsettled law to suppress evidence that
supported the defensive theory offered at trial.
Further, appellant has not shown that trial counsel’s allegedly deficient performance
prejudiced him. Even if trial counsel had successfully moved to suppress evidence of appellant’s
blood-alcohol concentration, other evidence of intoxication would have remained, including Officer
Pereyra’s testimony that he observed signs of intoxication in appellant and the testimony of
Housewright and Chintapalli that appellant told them that he was intoxicated during the accident.
There is not a reasonable probability that the result of the trial would have been different if trial
counsel had moved to suppress.
In that the record does not support a finding of deficient performance or prejudice
under the Strickland standard, we overrule appellant’s first point of error.
Statements to Housewright and Chintapalli
Appellant contends that we should reverse his conviction because his statements to
Housewright and Chintapalli were privileged under Texas Rule of Evidence 509(b) and should,
therefore, have been excluded. We disagree. Appellant made no objection to Housewright’s
testimony, and none of his objections to Chintapalli’s testimony concerned privilege. He has,
therefore, failed to preserve this issue for appeal. See Tex. R. Evid. 33.1 (to preserve issue for
appellate review, party must make timely objection and obtain ruling or refusal to rule from trial
court); Dixon v. State, 2 S.W.3d 263, 269-70 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (“To preserve error for
appellate review, the complaining party must make a timely, specific objection and obtain a ruling
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on the objection,” and “the compliant on appeal must comport with the objection at trial.”) (citations
omitted). Consequently, we overrule this point of error.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
When reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we must view the evidence in
the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether any rational trier of fact could have
found each essential element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt based on the evidence before
it and reasonable inferences therefrom. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 320 (1979); Brooks
v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 896 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). “A reviewing court is required to defer to
a jury’s credibility and weight determinations.” Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 894. “[T]he jury is entitled
to judge the credibility of the witnesses and can believe all, some, or none of the testimony presented
by the parties,” Chambers v. State, 805 S.W.2d 459, 461 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991), and may “draw
reasonable inferences from the basic facts to ultimate facts,” Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. The
“reviewing court must consider all evidence which the jury was permitted, whether rightly or
wrongly, to consider.” Thomas v. State, 753 S.W.2d 688, 695 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988) (en banc).
Appellant argues that there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction
because the State failed to prove the intoxication element of intoxication manslaughter. See Tex.
Penal Code §§ 49.08 (person commits intoxication manslaughter if he operates a motor vehicle in
public place, is intoxicated, and causes death of another by accident or mistake by reason of
intoxication), 49.01(2) (“‘Intoxicated’ means: (A) not having the normal use of mental or physical
faculties by reason of the introduction of alcohol . . . into the body; or (B) having an alcohol
concentration of 0.08 or more.”). Appellant acknowledges that there is evidence that he became
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intoxicated sometime before he was arrested and had his blood drawn but maintains that there was
no admissible evidence establishing that he was already intoxicated when he struck and killed the
motorcyclist. Specifically, he complains that the State made no attempt to introduce
retrograde-extrapolation evidence of what his blood-alcohol concentration was at the time of the
accident. He also argues that his statements to Housewright and Chintapalli do not prove
intoxication because he was merely parroting what others had told him about events he could not
remember and because these statements were privileged.
The jury had sufficient evidence to infer that appellant was intoxicated when he struck
the motorcyclist. Although retrograde-extrapolation evidence may have been useful, it is not the
only method of establishing intoxication. See Kirsch v. State, 306 S.W.3d 738, 745 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2010) (results of blood-alcohol tests not accompanied by retrograde-extrapolation testimony
are highly probative and admissible if other evidence in record supports inference that defendant was
intoxicated when driving). The evidence before the jury included appellant’s statements to
Housewright and Chintapalli, appellant’s blood-alcohol concentration, and other evidence of
appellant consuming alcohol before he struck the motorcyclist. We must consider this evidence in
determining whether there was sufficient evidence before the jury to support a conviction. See
Thomas, 753 S.W.2d at 695. Further, the State provided evidence that appellant was visibly drunk
when he was arrested and that he was driving at least twenty-four miles above the speed limit at the
time of the accident. Although appellant presented conflicting evidence that he was not speeding
and did not drink heavily prior to the accident, the jury was entitled to find the State’s evidence more
credible. See Chambers, 805 S.W.2d at 461. It was within the realm of reason for the jury to infer
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that appellant was intoxicated when he struck the motorcyclist at 9:30 p.m. rather than believing that
he drove home sober and then drank enough alcohol—in the short period of time before his wife
found him—to have a blood-alcohol concentration of 0.3 when his blood was finally drawn at
11:30 p.m. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we find it sufficient to
support a conviction of intoxication manslaughter. We, therefore, overrule appellant’s final point
of error.
CONCLUSION
Having overruled appellant’s three points of error, we therefore affirm appellant’s
conviction of intoxication manslaughter.
_________________________________________
Cindy Olson Bourland, Justice
Before Chief Justice Rose, Justices Goodwin and Bourland
Affirmed
Filed: October 23, 2015
Do Not Publish
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Eugene Kelly Wolfenberger v. State
Combined Opinion