IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO
Docket No. 42169
STATE OF IDAHO, ) 2015 Opinion No. 31
)
Plaintiff-Appellant, ) Filed: May 28, 2015
)
v. ) Stephen W. Kenyon, Clerk
)
DONA NICHOEAL WESTLAKE, )
)
Defendant-Respondent. )
)
Appeal from the District Court of the First Judicial District, State of Idaho,
Kootenai County. Hon. Charles W. Hosack, District Judge.
Order of the district court granting suppression motion, affirmed.
Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General; Theodore S. Tollefson, Deputy
Attorney General, Boise, for appellant. Theodore S. Tollefson argued.
Sara B. Thomas, State Appellate Public Defender; Kimberly E. Smith, Deputy
Appellate Public Defender, Boise, for respondent. Kimberly E. Smith argued.
LANSING, Judge
The State appeals from the district court’s order granting defendant Dona Nichoeal
Westlake’s motion to suppress evidence found in her backpack which was in a motel room that
police searched based on consent from a third party. The State contends that the court erred in
concluding that under the totality of the circumstances, a third party lacked apparent authority to
consent to a police search of the backpack. We affirm.
I.
BACKGROUND
The Post Falls Police Department received a tip that a wanted individual, Raymundo
Chavez, was in a room at a Coeur d’Alene motel. With a warrant for Chavez’s arrest, three
detectives and two FBI agents went to the motel. The officers initially watched the room from
1
their vehicle for thirty minutes, during which time the only activity observed was a woman, later
identified as Katherine Gallagher, entering the room. When the officers knocked, Gallagher
opened the door, and the officers observed defendant Dona Westlake and a man (not Chavez)
standing or sitting near the bed in the main room just inside the door. A detective asked
Gallagher if it was her motel room and she said yes. He then asked whether Chavez was there
and Gallagher said he was “in the back,” referring to a separate bedroom in the motel suite.
Upon a detective’s request for permission to enter the suite, Gallagher consented. For officer
safety purposes, an officer removed Gallagher, Westlake, and the man from the front room and
placed them on a bench just outside of the motel room door. The remaining officers then went to
the second bedroom, where they found Chavez sleeping. He was arrested, handcuffed, and
placed in a patrol vehicle.
While in the motel suite, the officers saw drug paraphernalia. A detective then called
Gallagher back into the front room while Westlake and the second man remained outside. A
detective asked Gallagher for permission to search the premises, and she consented. Gallagher
remained in the room during the search. In the course of the search, a detective found
methamphetamine inside a pink backpack that was on the bed near where Westlake had been
standing or sitting when police arrived. After finding the drug, the detective asked Gallagher
whether the backpack was hers, and she said that it belonged to Westlake. The detective then
questioned Westlake for the first time. She admitted that she owned the backpack and, when
confronted with the drugs, stated that “it looks like meth.” Westlake declined to say anything
more. She was arrested and charged with possession of methamphetamine, Idaho Code § 37-
2732(c)(1).
Westlake moved to suppress the methamphetamine and her statements to police on the
ground that the warrantless search of her backpack was unlawful. In response, the State argued
that the warrantless search of her backpack was justified by Gallagher’s consent to a search of
the motel suite. It was uncontroverted that Gallagher had no actual authority to consent to a
search of Westlake’s backpack, but the State asserted that Gallagher had apparent authority to
consent to the search because the officers reasonably believed that the backpack belonged to her.
The district court concluded, however, that the State had not demonstrated apparent
authority. The court pointed out that the State presented no evidence indicating to the officers
that the backpack belonged to Gallagher personally as opposed to anyone else in the room. The
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court found that the color of the pink backpack indicated that it likely belonged to a female and
that because the backpack was located near defendant Westlake when the officers initially
entered the motel room, “the most reasonable inference was that the backpack belonged to
Westlake.” The court granted the suppression motion, holding that the officers should have
inquired about ownership of the backpack before proceeding with the search. The State appeals
from the district court’s suppression order.
II.
ANALYSIS
In reviewing an order granting or denying a motion to suppress evidence, we defer to the
trial court’s factual findings unless they are clearly erroneous, but we freely review the
determination as to whether constitutional requirements have been satisfied in light of the facts
found. State v. Hansen, 151 Idaho 342, 345, 256 P.3d 750, 753 (2011); State v. Smith, 144 Idaho
482, 485, 163 P.3d 1194, 1197 (2007).
The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees “[t]he right of the
people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches
and seizures.” Warrantless searches and seizures are presumptively unreasonable under the
Fourth Amendment, Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 454-55 (1971); State v. Weaver,
127 Idaho 288, 290, 900 P.2d 196, 198 (1995), but consent voluntarily given by someone with
authority is an exception to the warrant requirement. Georgia v. Randolph, 547 U.S. 103, 109
(2006); Illinois v. Rodriguez, 497 U.S. 177, 181 (1990); State v. Hansen, 138 Idaho 791, 796, 69
P.3d 1052, 1057 (2003). The burden is on the State to show that constitutionally sufficient
consent was given. Rodriguez, 497 U.S. at 181 (holding the State has the burden to show
“authority”); Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 222 (1973) (generally holding that the
State bears the burden of showing that a consent is constitutionally valid); State v. Johnson, 110
Idaho 516, 522, 716 P.2d 1288, 1294 (1986) (same). To meet this burden, the State must prove
that the consenting person had either actual authority or apparent authority over the place to be
searched. Rodriguez, 497 U.S. at 181; State v. McCaughey, 127 Idaho 669, 674, 904 P.2d 939,
944 (1995).
The State is not limited to proof that consent was given by the actual owner of the item or
premises. If a person consenting to a search does not have actual authority, but government
agents reasonably believe that the person has authority, a warrantless search may still be valid.
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Rodriguez, 497 U.S. at 186; State v. Brauch, 133 Idaho 215, 219, 984 P.2d 703, 707 (1999);
State v. Fancher, 145 Idaho 832, 838-39, 186 P.3d 688, 694-95 (Ct. App. 2008). This “apparent
authority” doctrine was developed by the United States Supreme Court in Rodriguez. In that
case, the defendant’s girlfriend called police from her mother’s home to report a beating she had
suffered at the hands of the defendant in their apartment. When the officers arrived, the
girlfriend referred to the residence as “our” apartment and stated that she had clothes and
furniture there. The officers accompanied the girlfriend to the apartment, where she opened the
door with a key and then gave them permission to enter. After observing drugs and
paraphernalia inside, the officers arrested Rodriguez. Evidence presented at a hearing on
Rodriguez’s suppression motion revealed that the girlfriend had no actual authority to consent to
the officers’ entry because she had moved out of the apartment a month earlier and had taken the
key without Rodriguez’s knowledge. Rodriguez, 497 U.S. at 179-82. The Supreme Court
framed the issue presented as: “Whether a warrantless entry is valid when based upon the
consent of a third party whom the police, at the time of the entry, reasonably believe to possess
common authority over the premises, but who in fact does not do so.” Id. at 179. The Court
answered this query in the affirmative. “It is apparent,” the Court said, “that in order to satisfy
the reasonableness requirement of the Fourth Amendment, what is generally demanded of the
many factual determinations that must regularly be made by agents of the government--whether
the magistrate issuing a warrant, the police officer executing a warrant, or the police officer
conducting a search or seizure under one of the exceptions to the warrant requirement--is not that
they always be correct, but that they always be reasonable.” Id. at 185. Whether the basis for
such apparent authority exists, the Court said, “is the sort of recurring factual question to which
law enforcement officials must be expected to apply their judgment; and all the Fourth
Amendment requires is that they answer it reasonably.” Id. at 186. The Court cautioned,
however, that authority to consent to a search cannot just be assumed:
[W]hat we hold today does not suggest that law enforcement officers may always
accept a person’s invitation to enter premises. Even when the invitation is
accompanied by an explicit assertion that the person lives there, the surrounding
circumstances could conceivably be such that a reasonable person would doubt its
truth and not act upon it without further inquiry. As with other factual
determinations bearing upon search and seizure, determination of consent to enter
must “be judged against an objective standard: would the facts available to the
officer at the moment . . . ‘warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief’” that
the consenting party had authority over the premises? Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1,
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21-22, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 1880, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968). If not, then warrantless
entry without further inquiry is unlawful unless authority actually exists. But if
so, the search is valid.
Id. at 188-89.
Thus, a determination of apparent authority is fact-driven, requiring consideration of the
totality of the circumstances in each case. Brauch, 133 Idaho at 220, 984 P.2d at 708. “Every
encounter has its own facts and its own dynamics. So does every consent.” State v. Benson, 133
Idaho 152, 156, 983 P.2d 225, 229 (Ct. App. 1999) (quoting United States v. Morning, 64 F.3d
531, 533 (9th Cir. 1995). Apparent authority must be determined on the facts and circumstances
known to the police at the time of the search; what they learned later or what is proved after the
fact is irrelevant. McCaughey, 127 Idaho at 674, 904 P.2d at 944; State v. Tena, 156 Idaho 423,
426, 327 P.3d 399, 402 (Ct. App. 2014); State v. Robinson, 152 Idaho 961, 966, 277 P.3d 408,
413 (Ct. App. 2012); State v. Buhler, 137 Idaho 685, 687-88, 52 P.3d 329, 331-32 (Ct. App.
2002). Rodriguez neither imposes a duty of exhaustive inquiry by police before apparent
authority will be found to exist, nor credits willful ignorance; it requires that the officer’s belief
in the consenter’s authority over the place or object be objectively reasonable. Rodriguez, 497
U.S. at 187-88. Police may not accept a consenter’s invitation to search if the circumstances are
such that a reasonable person would doubt the consenter’s authority absent further inquiry. Id. at
188; McCaughey, 127 Idaho at 672, 674, 904 P.2d at 942, 944. If the officers lack an objectively
reasonable basis to believe authority exists, a search is impermissible unless further inquiry
clarifies the authority. Tena, 156 Idaho at 426-27, 327 P.3d at 402-03; Fancher, 145 Idaho at
839, 186 P.3d at 695.
The State urges that we adopt the standard applied by the Seventh Circuit Court of
Appeals in United States v. Melgar, 227 F.3d 1038 (7th Cir. 2000) to determine whether a person
with authority to allow a search of premises also possesses apparent authority over a container
located in that space. In Melgar, the court framed the issue as:
In a sense, the real question for closed container searches is which way the risk of
uncertainty should run. Is such a search permissible only if the police have
positive knowledge that the closed container is also under the authority of the
person who originally consented to the search (Melgar’s view), or is it permissible
if the police do not have reliable information that the container is not under the
authorizer’s control. We are not aware of any case that has taken the strict view
represented by the first of these possibilities.
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Melgar, 227 F.3d at 1041. In opting for the second approach, the court said: “A contrary rule
would impose an impossible burden on the police. It would mean that they could never search
closed containers within a dwelling (including hotel rooms) without asking the person whose
consent is being given ex ante about every item they might encounter.” Melgar, 227 F.3d at
1042. The Melgar approach was followed in United States v. Snype, 441 F.3d 119 (2d Cir.
2006), where the Second Circuit held that the lessor and resident of the apartment at issue had
the access and authority necessary to consent to a search of the entire premises and that “her
open-ended consent would permit the search and seizure of any items found in the apartment
with the exception of those ‘obviously’ belonging to another person.” Id. at 136.
In our opinion, the Melgar approach is based on a false premise--that apparent authority
must be either never present or always present whenever the evidence as to actual authority is not
explicit. That premise is inconsistent with the Supreme Court’s directives in Rodriguez,
requiring that the facts known to officers support a reasonable belief that the consenter possesses
authority, as well as the Idaho authorities referenced above. Melgar and Snype, allowing the
search of containers unless they obviously belong to another person, create a bright-line rule
where Rodriguez calls for a case-by-case approach that takes into consideration the totality of the
circumstances to determine a consenter’s apparent authority over the place to be searched.
Rodriguez directs that if the surrounding circumstances are such that a reasonable person would
doubt the consenter’s authority, a search may not proceed absent further inquiry that establishes
that authority. Rodriguez, 497 U.S. at 187-88. Rodriguez thus eschews the bright-line rule
preferred by the Second and Seventh Circuits.
In harmony with Rodriguez, the Idaho Supreme Court has applied a reasonable belief
standard, not a bright-line rule. In State v. Barker, 136 Idaho 728, 40 P.3d 86 (2002), our
Supreme Court considered whether a parolee who had consented to a search of his residence had
apparent authority to consent to the search of a fanny pack found in the bedroom. The Court
said:
Because both Tate [the consenter] and Barker [the owner of the container]
occupied the master bedroom, Tate had common authority over the bedroom
sufficient for him to consent to a search of that room. His consent to search could
not extend to items in the bedroom over which he had no common authority,
however. When searching that room pursuant to Tate’s consent, the officers
could search any item in the bedroom if they had reasonable suspicion that Tate
owned, possessed, or controlled the item. United States v. Davis, 932 F.2d 752
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(9th Cir.1991). The circumstances need not indicate that the item was obviously
and undeniably owned, possessed, or controlled by Tate. Id. When searching a
residence pursuant to the consent of only one of the occupants, the officers are not
required in all instances to inquire into the ownership, possession, or control of an
item when ownership, possession, or control is not obviously and undeniably
apparent. Id. If the officers do inquire, they are not necessarily bound by the
answer given. Id. The test is whether, under the totality of the circumstances, the
officers had a reasonable suspicion that the item was owned, possessed, or
controlled by the occupant who consented to the search.
Barker, 136 Idaho at 731-32, 40 P.3d at 89-90 (emphasis added). Most federal courts also hold,
contrary to Melgar and Snype, that an officer must make further inquiries before conducting a
search if he or she is faced with ambiguous or unclear facts related to the consenting party’s
authority. United States v. Purcell, 526 F.3d 953, 963-65 (6th Cir. 2008); United States v. Cos,
498 F.3d 1115, 1128-31 (10th Cir. 2007); United States v. Waller, 426 F.3d 838, 846-48 (6th Cir.
2005); United States v. Kimoana, 383 F.3d 1215, 1222 (10th Cir. 2004); United States v. Reid,
226 F.3d 1020, 1025-26 (9th Cir. 2000); United States v. Rosario, 962 F.2d 733, 738 (7th Cir.
1992); United States v. Whitfield, 939 F.2d 1071, 1075 (D.C. Cir. 1991); United States v. Corral,
339 F. Supp. 2d 781, 794 (W.D. Tex. 2004); Kaspar v. City of Hobbs, 90 F. Supp. 2d 1313, 1319
(D.N.M. 2000).
Here, the detectives’ belief that Gallagher had authority to permit a search of the motel
suite was undoubtedly reasonable because she is the person who answered their knock and, when
asked, she said it was her room. The circumstances gave the officers no reason to doubt
Gallagher’s responses. The issue presented, however, is not Gallagher’s apparent authority to
consent to a search of the motel suite but her apparent authority to consent to a search of one
particular container in the suite. Like homes, personal effects are expressly protected from
unreasonable search and seizure by the Fourth Amendment, and an individual’s expectation of
privacy in an effect is not automatically forfeited whenever that item is temporarily located
within an area over which a third party has authority. In Barker, 136 Idaho at 731, 40 P.3d at 89,
for example, the Idaho Supreme Court observed that although two people occupied the master
bedroom of an apartment, indicating the man had common authority over the bedroom sufficient
for him to consent to a search of that room, “[h]is consent to search could not extend to items in
the bedroom over which he had no common authority.” See also United States v. Munoz, 590
F.3d 916, 922-23 (8th Cir. 2010) (passenger who rented car could consent to search of car but
not to backpack in car that was not reasonably believed to belong to that passenger rather than
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another occupant); United States v. Salinas-Cano, 959 F.2d 861, 864-65 (10th Cir. 1992) (host
could not consent to search of guest’s suitcase, as it was “a type of container long associated with
privacy expectations, unlike a cardboard box, a cassette tape, or a plastic bucket”); United States
v. Wilson, 536 F.2d 883, 884-85 (9th Cir. 1976) (woman in whose home bank robbers had spent
the night before the robbery, and presumably planned to return, had no actual or apparent
authority to consent to a search of their suitcases); State v. Edwards, 570 A.2d 193, 202-03
(Conn. 1990) (host cannot consent to search of guest’s luggage, and although “there might have
been a clearer expectation of privacy in a backpack that was locked . . . such a security measure
is not essential” where there was no evidence that the defendant ever authorized the host to
inspect the contents of his backpack); People v. Gonzalez, 667 N.E.2d 323, 325 (N.Y. 1996)
(host could not consent to search of guest’s duffel bag guest kept under mattress of his bed, as
courts have “rejected the sufficiency of a host’s general consent to search premises to validate
the search of a guest’s overnight bag, purse, dresser drawers used exclusively for the guest’s
personal effects, or similar objects”).
When determining whether the person with apparent authority to consent to a search of
an area also has apparent authority over a specific container in that area, the nature of the
container is significant. In most cases, an officer would hardly be expected to pause before
searching a trash bin or a kitchen canister in a home where a resident has granted permission to
search, for these containers are not places where one individual’s personal and private effects are
usually kept to the exclusion of others. But, as stressed in United States v. Block, 590 F.2d 535,
541 (4th Cir. 1978), certain containers such as “valises, suitcases, footlockers, strong boxes,
etc. . . . are frequently the objects of [one’s] highest privacy expectations,” and these
“expectations may well be at their most intense when such effects are deposited temporarily . . .
in places under the general control of another.” Other examples of these types of private
containers (backpacks, purses, luggage, duffel bags, wallets) are addressed in the cases cited
above. Here, the district court correctly reasoned that the nature of the searched item, a
backpack, was significant because it is a type of container commonly used as a private repository
for personal items.
The State argues that the district court’s suppression order was inconsistent with its
“factual findings that a detective ‘reasonably believed that Gallagher had the authority to consent
to a search of items in the room.’” This argument misapprehends the district court’s meaning
8
and mischaracterizes the “reasonableness” determination as one of fact rather than a legal
conclusion. Instead of issuing written findings and conclusions, the district court announced its
decision orally from the bench and did say, at various points, that certain conduct of the officers
was reasonable. Although parts of the oral ruling lacked precision, the court ultimately held that
the circumstances here did not support a reasonable belief that Gallagher had apparent authority
over the backpack, and therefore the officers had a duty of reasonable inquiry about the item’s
ownership before proceeding with the search. In context, some of the court’s statements upon
which the State relies related to the officers’ assumptions regarding the scope of Gallagher’s
consent, not her apparent authority. 1 That is, the district court commented that it was reasonable
for the officers to believe Gallagher’s consent to search the motel room encompassed containers
in the room that actually belonged to her. At other points, the court’s comments that some of the
officers’ conduct was reasonable appear to be an observation that their actions were
understandable from a human standpoint though not reasonable under the applicable legal
standards.
1
The individual’s authority over the area to be searched differs from the question of the
scope of a person’s consent to a search. The scope of a consent was addressed in Florida v.
Jimeno, 500 U.S. 248 (1991) where the defendant, alone in his car, consented to a search of the
vehicle. The officer found cocaine in a closed paper bag on the floorboard. The Supreme Court
rejected an argument that “if the police wish to search closed containers within a car they must
separately request permission to search each container,” holding that the scope of consent is
determined by an objective reasonableness standard. Id. at 251-52. Because the defendant
granted the officer permission to search his car without any explicit limitation on the scope of the
search, the Court held that “it was objectively reasonable for the police to conclude that the
general consent to search [the defendant’s] car included consent to search containers within that
car.” Id. at 251. The Supreme Court said: “A suspect may of course delimit as he chooses the
scope of the search to which he consents. But if his consent would reasonably be understood to
extend to a particular container, the Fourth Amendment provides no grounds for requiring a
more explicit authorization.” Id. at 252. In the present case, because Gallagher placed no limits
on the search of the motel suite, it was reasonable for the officers here to conclude that the scope
of her consent included searches of containers that belonged to her. However, the scope of
consent and a consenting party’s authority to permit a search of a place or container are separate
inquiries. See State v. Barker, 136 Idaho 728, 731, 40 P.3d 86, 89 (2002) (discussing both); State
v. Frizzel, 132 Idaho 522, 524, 975 P.2d 1187, 1189 (Ct. App. 1999) (discussing both). Thus, the
district court’s determination that the search of items in the motel room belonging to Gallagher
were within the scope of her consent is not inconsistent with the court’s further determination
that Gallagher lacked apparent authority to consent to a search of an item that did not belong to
her.
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Even if the district court had held that the officers were reasonable in assuming that
Gallagher owned the backpack, the State’s implicit argument that this Court would be required to
defer to that “finding” is incorrect, for it is not a factual finding but a conclusion of law. On the
question of apparent authority to consent to a search, the officer’s conduct is “judged against an
objective standard: would the facts available to the officer at the moment . . . ‘warrant a man of
reasonable caution in the belief’ that the consenting party had authority over the premises?”
Rodriguez, 497 U.S. at 188 (quoting Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21-22 (1968)). Thus, the
question of reasonableness of a given search or seizure is one of law over which we exercise free
review. United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 275 (2002) (“[T]he standard for appellate review
of reasonable-suspicion determinations should be de novo . . . .”); State v. Allgood, 98 Idaho 525,
529, 567 P.2d 1276, 1280 (1977) (“Whether a detention is unreasonable, within the meaning of
the Constitution is a question of law.”); Robinson, 152 Idaho at 964, 277 P.3d at 411 (“[T]he
reasonableness of a given search or seizure is a question of law over which we exercise
independent review.”). See also Barker, 136 Idaho at 731-32, 40 P.3d at 89-90 (deciding
apparent authority issue as a matter of law on uncontroverted facts).
The State next argues that the Idaho Supreme Court’s decision in Barker mandates a
conclusion that Gallagher had apparent authority to authorize a search of the backpack in this
case. In Barker, John Tate was on parole, having been convicted of possession of a controlled
substance, and as a condition of parole he waived his Fourth Amendment rights and consented to
searches of his residence. In urinalysis testing related to his parole, Tate tested positive for a
controlled substance and he thereafter absconded supervision. The police discovered that Tate
was living at Rexann Barker’s apartment and arrested him. They then searched the apartment
pursuant to Tate’s consent to searches of his residence, given as a condition of parole. In the
couple’s shared bedroom the police found a fanny pack, and a drug dog alerted on it. The police
asked Barker (Tate no longer being present) to whom the fanny pack belonged, and she said it
was hers. She did not consent to a search of the pack, but the police opened and searched it
anyway and found illegal drugs. Barker was charged with possession of the drugs. The Idaho
Supreme Court held that Tate had apparent authority to consent to a search of the fanny pack,
explaining:
Barker’s statement that she owned the fanny pack is not determinative of
the issue of whether or not the officer could search the fanny pack. As stated
above, authority to consent to a search is not based upon having a property right
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in the item to be searched. It is based upon having authority over that item. Even
if the officer believed that Barker owned the fanny pack, that fact would not
necessarily preclude Tate having joint possession or control of it. Furthermore,
the officers had reason to doubt Barker’s credibility. When initially contacted by
the officers, Barker stated that Tate visited her apartment off and on but he was
not living there. Prior to searching the fanny pack, however, the officers were
aware of facts indicating that Tate was residing at the apartment. . . .
We hold that under the totality of the circumstances the officer had
reasonable suspicion to believe that Tate had common authority over the fanny
pack. Tate was on parole for the charge of possession of a controlled substance.
Prior to absconding from supervision, he had submitted a urine sample to his
parole officer that tested positive for a controlled substance. His parole officer
could certainly reasonably believe that Tate had resumed using controlled
substances. The fanny pack was located in the bedroom which was occupied
jointly by Tate and Barker. It was sitting on a counter near the adjoining
bathroom, where it was readily available. There was nothing about its location or
appearance that would indicate that it was owned, possessed, and controlled
exclusively by Barker. A drug dog alerted to the fanny pack, and there is no
evidence that the officer had any reason to believe that Barker was using
controlled substances. Under these facts, the officer could reasonably have
suspected that Tate had at least joint possession or control of the fanny pack.
Barker, 136 Idaho at 732, 40 P.3d at 90.
We disagree with the State’s contention that Barker dictates the same result here. In
Barker, numerous factors supported a reasonable belief that Tate possessed common authority
over and access to the contents of the fanny pack. The pack was found in a shared bedroom in a
shared residence, and nothing about its location or appearance tended to indicate that the pack
was exclusively controlled by Barker. Further, before the search police possessed information
tending to link the fanny pack to Tate as he was a known drug user who had recently tested
positive for a controlled substance, and based upon the drug dog’s alert, the officers were aware
that the fanny pack likely contained illegal drugs. Lastly, the officers had reason to doubt the
credibility of Barker’s claim that the pack belonged to her inasmuch as she had already lied to
the officers by denying that Tate lived in the apartment.
No comparable circumstances exist here. The district court correctly held that the facts
known to the officers did not support an objectively reasonable belief that the backpack was
owned, possessed, or controlled by Gallagher. When the police arrived, there were three other
persons in the motel suite, any of whom could have been the owner of the backpack. Because of
its color, it was reasonable to infer that the backpack belonged to one of the two women, but
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nothing in the circumstances suggested that Gallagher, rather than Westlake, was the owner or
that the two women possessed common authority over it. To the contrary, there were
circumstances suggesting that the backpack belonged to Westlake because it was close to
Westlake when the officers arrived. Before seeking entry to the motel suite, the officers had seen
Gallagher arrive at the motel, and she was not then carrying the backpack. The district court
correctly determined that, in these circumstances, the officers should have inquired as to
ownership of the backpack before searching it because they had no reasonable basis to conclude
that Gallagher had authority over that item.
The State also asserts that the officers’ reliance on Gallagher’s consent was valid under
this Court’s decision in State v. Frizzel, 132 Idaho 522, 975 P.2d 1187 (Ct. App. 1999). In that
case, a police officer stopped a vehicle and, while the driver and passenger, Frizzel, were seated
in the vehicle, asked for permission to search for weapons or any drugs. The driver consented to
a search for these items. The officer opened a backpack that was behind the passenger seat, and
inside found marijuana and $1,600 cash. On subsequent questioning, Frizzel admitted the pack
was his. This Court held that although only Frizzel had actual authority to consent to the search
of the pack, the officer’s reliance on the driver’s apparent authority to consent was, in the totality
of the circumstances, objectively reasonable. We said:
In the instant case, the pack was not within Frizzel’s possession, but
behind the passenger seat. Thus, there was no indication that the pack belonged
to Frizzel, nor did Frizzel attempt to exercise any control over it. Moreover,
Frizzel sat silently by while Smith gave general consent to search the truck for
any weapons and any drugs, and said nothing as the officer’s search moved from
the driver’s side of the pickup to the passenger’s side, where the pack was located.
Frizzel, 132 Idaho at 525, 975 P.2d at 1190 (Ct. App. 1999). Significant to our conclusion was
Frizzel’s silence while a third party with apparent authority gave consent to search a container
that belonged to Frizzel.
Here, the State argues on appeal that Westlake’s circumstance is analogous to that of
Frizzel. The State contends that Westlake was just outside the motel room within hearing
distance and remained mute when Gallagher consented to the search. Therefore, the State
asserts, her failure to object to the search of her backpack supports a finding that Gallagher had
apparent authority. The State’s argument is, however, without support in the evidence. At the
close of the suppression hearing the prosecutor conceded that he had not proved that Westlake
12
could overhear Gallagher’s grant of consent. This concession was well-founded and,
accordingly, the State’s appellate argument is not.
Lastly, the State argues that because Gallagher’s purse was also located on the bed where
the backpack was found, it is reasonable to believe that Gallagher owned both items. We do not
find this true as a matter of logic. Purses and backpacks are often used in a similar manner, as a
private repository to carry personal items, so it might be as logically inferred that if the purse
served that purpose for Gallagher, then the backpack probably belonged to the only other woman
in the room. In any event, Gallagher’s ownership of the purse is not relevant because the
evidence did not establish whether she claimed the purse before or after the backpack was
searched.
The district court correctly concluded that the facts known to the officers did not warrant
a reasonable belief that Gallagher had authority to consent to the search of the backpack.
Therefore, the district court did not err in suppressing the evidence produced by the search.
The district court’s order granting defendant Westlake’s suppression motion is affirmed.
Chief Judge MELANSON and Judge GUTIERREZ CONCUR.
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