Assuredpartners, Inc. v. Schmitt

2015 IL App (1st) 141863
FIRST DIVISION
October 26, 2015
Nos. 1-14-1863 & 1-14-2242 (cons.)

ASSUREDPARTNERS, INC., ) Appeal from the
ASSUREDPARTNERS, LLC, HERBERT L. ) Circuit Court of
JAMISON AND COMPANY, LLC, and ) Cook County.
PROACCESS, LLC, )
)
Plaintiffs-Appellants, )
) No. 13 CH 19264
v. )
)
WILLIAM SCHMITT, ) Honorable
) Jean Prendergast Rooney,
Defendant-Appellee. ) Judge Presiding.

PRESIDING JUSTICE LIU delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justice Cunningham and Justice Connors concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION

¶1 Plaintiffs brought an action to enforce the noncompetition, nonsolicitation and

confidentiality provisions in an employment agreement against defendant, a former employee.

The circuit court held that the restrictive covenants were unreasonable as a matter of law and

entered summary judgment against plaintiffs on their claims for breach of contract and injunctive

relief, but denied summary judgment on the remaining claim for tortious interference with

prospective economic advantage. In a subsequent proceeding, the court denied plaintiffs leave to

file three new counts in a second amended complaint, on the grounds that they were "merely

rephrased and reorganized" versions of the claims previously disposed of in the summary

judgment ruling. On appeal, plaintiffs contend that the court erred when it: (1) found the

restrictive covenants overbroad and unreasonable as a matter of law; (2) refused to judicially

modify the restrictive covenants; and (3) denied plaintiffs’ request to amend the complaint with

new claims for injunctive relief and breach of contract. For the following reasons, we affirm.
1-14-1863 & 1-14-2242 (cons.)

¶2 I. BACKGROUND

¶3 Defendant, Williams Schmitt was employed by ProAccess, LLC (ProAccess) from 2006

to 2013. Following his resignation from the company, plaintiffs, AssuredPartners, Inc.,

AssuredPartners, LLC (collectively, AssuredPartners), Herbert L. Jamison & Co., LLC

(Jamison), and ProAccess, LLC (ProAccess) filed a lawsuit against him, seeking damages and

injunctive relief. Plaintiffs alleged that Schmitt violated the noncompetition, nonsolicitation and

confidentiality provisions (collectively, Restrictive Covenants) in his employment agreement,

i.e., the Senior Management Agreement (SMA), and that he "engaged in other activities designed

to unfairly compete with and wrongfully divert business from AssuredPartners and ProAccess."

In this consolidated interlocutory appeal, plaintiffs challenge two orders entered by the circuit

court: (1) the February 14, 2014 order granting summary judgment on two of the three counts in

plaintiffs’ first amended complaint; and (2) the May 30, 2014 order denying plaintiffs leave to

file three proposed counts in a second amended complaint.

¶4 A. The Parties

¶5 AssuredPartners, LLC is a Delaware corporate entity engaged in the “business of

acquiring small- to medium-size retail and wholesale brokers in the property and casualty

insurance and employee benefits industries.” AssuredPartners, Inc. is a subsidiary of

AssuredPartners, LLC.

¶6 ProAccess is a wholesale insurance brokerage firm headquartered in West Orange, New

Jersey with offices in Chicago. Founded in 2002, it is a wholly owned subsidiary of Jamison,

and engages in the business of negotiating and securing specialized professional liability

insurance coverage for lawyers, accountants, healthcare professionals, and other trades.

ProAccess maintains an "exclusive or semi-exclusive relationships with certain insurance

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carriers" that will only offer coverage products to insureds through a wholesale broker.

¶7 Schmitt is a wholesale insurance broker who began working in the insurance industry in

the early 1990's. Since 2003, his business has centered on the lawyers' professional liability

insurance (LPLI) market. As a wholesale broker, he acts as the intermediary between a retail

broker and an insurance carrier by: (1) identifying a carrier that is willing to provide the

specialized coverage desired by the retail broker's client, and (2) negotiating the premium and

policy wording with the carrier.

¶8 B. Schmitt’s Employment History

¶9 From 2003 to 2006, prior to his employment with ProAccess, Schmitt worked as a

wholesale broker for a company known as “ProQuest.” According to his affidavit, Schmitt built a

"substantial" book of wholesale lawyers’ professional liability insurance business during those

three years, to the extent that he "plac[ed] millions of dollars in LPLI with insurers in the United

States and also in the United Kingdom." In addition, during that time, he established "contacts

with LPLI retail brokers and insurers, which spanned approximately a dozen of the fifty United

States as well as the United Kingdom."

¶ 10 In 2006, Schmitt left ProQuest and began working for ProAccess in the position of senior

vice-president. Schmitt was recruited to "spearhead the opening of ProAccess-Midwest" and to

“promote and build ProAccess’s business and relationships” throughout the United States and

foreign jurisdictions where it conducted business. In the February 6, 2006 written offer of

employment to Schmitt, Jim Young, a director of ProAccess, represented the following: “You

will be expected to sign a non-compete agreement within your first few days of your

employment. That agreement will not apply to any lawyer professional liability activity.”

According to Schmitt, when he first started with ProAccess, the company "had no business

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presence outside the northeastern United States and brokered little or no wholesale insurance

with any insurer other than Interstate Insurance Group."

¶ 11 On February 28, 2006, Schmitt signed an employment agreement with

ProAccess/Jamison (the 2006 agreement) that contained certain restrictive covenants. The 2006

agreement expressly provided that the confidentiality, nonsolicitation and noncompetition

restrictions contained therein would not apply to "any lawyers professional liability relationship

produced in the ProAccess Mid-West office." According to Schmitt, the special carve-out for his

LPLI accounts was included in the 2006 agreement because of ProAccess’s "recognition that

[Schmitt’s] LPLI customers, contacts, and expertise predated [his] work with ProAccess."

¶ 12 C. The Senior Management Agreement

¶ 13 In December of 2011, AssuredPartners acquired Jamison and ProAccess in a deal valued

in excess of $52 million. Following the acquisition, all employees of Jamison and ProAccess

were required to execute new employment agreements that contained restrictive covenants.

Schmitt, who was not a manager at ProAccess or Jamison, was nonetheless given the option,

along with other senior managers, to purchase a small membership interest in AssuredPartners

and to enter into the SMA instead of the general employment agreement.

¶ 14 The terms of the SMA provided that Schmitt, previously an at-will employee, would be

employed for a term of four years, beginning December 13, 2015, at a guaranteed base salary of

$240,000 with the opportunity to earn and receive a bonus based on performance. In exchange,

Schmitt was required to agree to and comply with certain restrictions on his business activities

during his employment and for a period of time after the termination of his employment. The

restrictions pertinent to this appeal are set forth in the confidentiality, noncompetition and

nonsolicitation provisions (sections 2(a), 3(a) and 3(b), respectively) of the SMA.

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1-14-1863 & 1-14-2242 (cons.)

¶ 15 It is apparent from the record that the parties’ accounts regarding the circumstances under

which Schmitt elected to sign the SMA differ to some extent. According to Schmitt, he was told

that he had to sign a new employment agreement in order to retain his job; when he asked Jim

Young, also a vice president at ProAccess, about changing some of the provisions in the SMA,

Young told him it was "a take it or leave it" offer. Conversely, according to William Smith, chief

counsel and executive vice president of AssuredPartners, the SMAs were "heavily negotiated"

and "contained numerous benefits to the signatories that were not given to the rest of the

employees." It is undisputed that Schmitt did not sign the SMA until May 17, 2012, after his

attorney had reviewed the agreement. The SMA was countersigned by the representatives of

Jamison and AssuredPartners LLC.

¶ 16 Section 2 of the SMA contains a confidentiality provision, which states as follows:

"[2](a) Obligation to Maintain Confidentiality. Executive [Schmitt]

acknowledges that the information, observations and data (including trade

secrets) obtained by Executive during the course of Executive's

employment with Employer [Jamison] concerning the business or affairs

of the Company [AssuredPartners], Employer and their respective

Subsidiaries and Affiliates ('Confidential Information') are the property of

the Company, Employer or such Subsidiaries and Affiliates, including

information concerning acquisition opportunities in or reasonably related

to the Company's and Employer's business or industry of which Executive

becomes aware during the Employment Period. Therefore, Executive

agrees that Executive will not disclose to any unauthorized Person or use

for Executive's own account (or the account of any Person other than the

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Company, Employer and their Subsidiaries and Affiliates) any

Confidential Information without the Board's written consent, unless and

to the extent that the Confidential Information, (i) becomes generally

known to and available for use by the public other than as a result of

Executive's acts or omissions to act or (ii) is required to be disclosed

pursuant to any applicable law or court order. Executive shall deliver to

Employer at a Separation, or at any other time Employer may request, all

memoranda, notes, plans, records, reports, computer tapes, printouts and

software and other documents and data (and copies thereof) relating to the

Confidential Information, Work Product (as defined below) or the

business of the Company, Employer and their respective Subsidiaries and

Affiliates (including all acquisition prospects, lists and contact information)

which Executive may then possess or have under Executive's control."

¶ 17 Section 3 of the SMA contains noncompetition and nonsolicitation restrictions that

prohibit Schmitt from engaging in the conduct described in subsections (a) and (b), as follows:

"[3](a) Noncompetition. During the Employment Period and during

the period beginning on the date of Separation and ending on the later of

(x) the end of the Term and (y) the anniversary of the date of Separation

(collectively, the 'Restricted Period'), Executive shall not, directly or

indirectly, own, manage, control, participate in, consult with, render

services for, or in any manner engage in the Restricted Business anywhere

in the Restricted Area. Nothing herein shall prohibit Executive from being

a passive owner of not more than 5% of the outstanding stock of any class

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of a corporation that is publicly traded, so long as Executive has no active

participation in the business of such corporation.

(b) Nonsolicitation. During the Restricted Period, Executive shall not

directly or indirectly through another entity *** (iii) induce or attempt to

induce any Potential Target, customer, supplier, licensee or other business

relation of the Company, Employer or any of their respective Subsidiaries

to cease doing or not do business with the Company, Employer or such

Subsidiary or in any way interfere with the relationship between any such

Potential Target, customer, supplier, licensee or business relation and the

Company, Employer or any such Subsidiary ***."

¶ 18 D. Schmitt's Resignation from ProAccess

¶ 19 On May 22, 2013, Schmitt's attorney served AssuredPartners with a notice of intent to

pursue arbitration over a dispute regarding his compensation for 2012. In August 2013, Schmitt

sent a letter to Young, advising him of his resignation effective immediately. According to

plaintiffs, soon after, Schmitt began "broker[ing] wholesale LPLI under the umbrella of a retail

insurance brokerage, Insurance Solutions Network, LLC." Around August 6, Schmitt emailed

one of the insurance carriers that provided coverage to a ProAccess customer, stating: "I

understand that there is apprehension giving [sic] your relationship with ProAccess *** and the

timing of the renewal 9 days from now, but I can get the deal done." On or about August 8,

Schmitt began sending his new contact information to the customers named in a ProAccess

customer expiration list that he had serviced during his employment. 1

1
An "expiration list" contains pertinent customer data, including the expiration date of accounts. Burt
Dickens & Co. v. Bodi, 144 Ill. App. 3d 875, 877 (1986).
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1-14-1863 & 1-14-2242 (cons.)

¶ 20 E. Circuit Court Proceedings

¶ 21 Plaintiffs filed their complaint for damages and injunctive relief on August 20, 2014, and

moved for a temporary restraining order (TRO). The circuit court denied the motion for TRO,

but granted plaintiffs leave to amend their complaint. Schmitt subsequently filed a four-count

counterclaim seeking, inter alia, a declaratory judgment that the Restrictive Covenants were

unenforceable as a matter of law. 2 On September 5, 2013, plaintiffs filed its verified first

amended complaint, alleging claims for breach of contract (count I), tortious interference with

prospective economic advantage (count II), and preliminary and permanent injunctive relief

(count III). Plaintiffs submitted a list of clients that purportedly transferred their business from

ProAccess to Schmitt as a result of his activities in violation of the Restrictive Covenants.

Following discovery, defendant moved for summary judgment on all three counts of the first

amended complaint, arguing that the Restrictive Covenants in the SMA were overbroad and

unenforceable as a matter of law.

¶ 22 On February 14, 2014, the circuit court entered summary judgment as to counts I and III,

and denied summary judgment as to count II. The court found the noncompetition provision

unreasaonable as a matter of law because Schmitt was “prevented from any business activity

related to any type of professional liability insurance, and not just LPLI.” Similarly, the court

found the nonsolicitation provision unreasonable as a matter of law because it “would prohibit

Mr. Schmitt from soliciting any business or potential acquisition of not only ProAccess or

Jamison but also AssuredPartners and its more than 30 affiliate brokerages in the U.S. and U.K.,”

and even “attempted to restrict Schmitt from soliciting any not yet-acquired customer.” Finally,

2
The other counts in Schmitt's counterclaim stem from the parties' dispute over his compensation for
work performed in 2012 and 2013. These counterclaims, for breach of contract, violation of the Illinois
Wage Payment and Collection Act (820 ILCS 115/1 et seq. (West 2012)), and quantum meruit, remain
pending and are not at issue in this interlocutory appeal.
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the court found the confidentiality provision unreasonable as a matter of law based upon the

holding in North American Paper Co. v. Unterberger, 172 Ill. App. 3d 410, 416 (1988). The

court also declined plaintiff’s invitation to judicially modify the Restrictive Covenants so as to

narrow the scope of the restraints on Schmitt’s activities.

¶ 23 Less than a week after the court entered summary judgment on plaintiffs' claims for

breach of contract and injunctive relief, plaintiffs requested leave to file a second amended

complaint that included three new claims to enforce the nonsolicitation provision (amended

counts III and IV) and to protect its “confidential information” (amended count V). On May 30,

2014, the circuit court denied plaintiffs leave to file the foregoing amendments, with prejudice,

after concluding that "counts III, IV, and V of plaintiffs' proposed verified second amended

complaint are counts I and III of the first amended complaint merely rephrased and reorganized."

The court explained that “[b]ecause the SMA is not a candidate for judicial reformation, it cannot

be enforced even in the limited manner contemplated by plaintiffs’ proposed verified second

amended complaint.” The court then entered a Rule 304(a) finding (Ill. S. Ct. R. 304(a) (eff.

Feb. 26, 2010)) as to its February 14, 2014 order granting summary judgment on counts I and III.

¶ 24 F. Consolidated Interlocutory Appeal

¶ 25 On June 13, 2014, plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal from the February 14, 2014 order of

summary judgment. On July 22, 2014, plaintiff filed a notice of appeal from the May 30, 2014

order denying leave to file proposed amended counts III, IV, and V, after the circuit court

entered a Rule 304(a) finding as to that order. We have consolidated the two appeals, over which

we have jurisdiction pursuant to Rule 304(a) (id.).

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¶ 26 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 27 On appeal, plaintiffs contend that the circuit court erred: (1) in granting summary

judgment as to counts I and III of the second amended complaint on the grounds that the

Restrictive Covenants contained in sections 2 and 3 of the SMA were overbroad and

unenforceable as a matter of law; (2) by refusing to modify sections 2 and 3 of the SMA so as to

comport with Illinois law; and (3) by denying their request for leave to file the proposed

amended counts III, IV, and V of a second amended complaint. We begin by addressing

plaintiffs' claim of error regarding the court’s entry of summary judgment.

¶ 28 A. Summary Judgment

¶ 29 Plaintiffs contend that the circuit court erred in finding the noncompetition and

nonsolicitation provisions under sections 3(a) and 3(b), respectively, unenforceable as a matter of

law. They also contend that the court erred by finding the confidentiality provision unenforceable

without “hold[ing] a hearing to determine whether [p]laintiffs’ confidential information

constituted legitimate protectable business interests.” Finally, plaintiffs argue, in the alternative,

that even if the Restrictive Covenants are overbroad, the court should have modified the SMA to

comport with Illinois law by: (1) limiting the geographic scope of the noncompetition provision

and (2) limiting the scope of the nonsolicitation provision to only those clients of Jamison and

ProAccess with whom Schmitt had interactions during his employment with ProAccess.

¶ 30 "Summary judgment is appropriate when 'the pleadings, depositions and admissions on

file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no issue as to any material fact and that

the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.' " Tunca v. Painter, 2012 IL App

(1st) 110930, ¶ 13 (quoting 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2010)). We review de novo the circuit

court's ruling on a motion for summary judgment. Id. Likewise, we review de novo the

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enforceability of a restrictive covenant, based on the unique facts and circumstances in each

particular case, with no single, determinative factor. Reliable Fire Equipment Co. v. Arredondo,

2011 IL 111871, ¶ 12.

¶ 31 1. Enforceability of Noncompetition Provision

¶ 32 Our supreme court has established a “rule of reasonableness test” to determine the

enforceability of a restrictive covenant. Id. ¶ 17. A restraint on trade is reasonable only if it: (1)

is no greater than is required to protect a legitimate business interest of the employer; (2) does

not impose undue hardship on the employee; and (3) is not injurious to the public. Id.

Furthermore, the activity, time, and geographic restrictions must be reasonable. Id. "[W]hether a

legitimate business interest exists is based on the totality of the facts and circumstances of the

individual case." Id. ¶ 43. Factors considered to be relevant to this analysis "include, but are not

limited to, the near-permanence of customer relationships, the employee's acquisition of

confidential information through his employment, and time and place restrictions." Id. No single

factor bears greater value in our assessment, and we must weigh each factor depending upon "the

specific facts and circumstances of the individual case." Id.

¶ 33 Plaintiffs argue that they have a legitimate protectable business interest in their customer

expiration list, which contains information such as the policy renewal dates for their LPLI

customers. They contend that the noncompetition provision under section 3(a) of the SMA is

enforceable because it is reasonable and no broader than necessary to protect their interest in

their customer expiration list, which they claim Schmitt stole and used to solicit business away

from ProAccess. In further defense of the restrictions imposed by section 3(a), Plaintiffs

maintain that public policy favors enforcement of a restrictive covenant where an employee

behaves dishonestly in "blatantly stealing [the employer's] expiration lists of customers."

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Plaintiffs also suggest that Schmitt will suffer no hardship from restraints on his business activity

because he will still be able to “compete for professional liability insurance in the United

Kingdom" and to place "any insurance product other than professional liability insurance in the

United States outside of a 50 mile radius of West Orange, New Jersey.”

¶ 34 Plaintiffs cite Arcor, Inc. v. Haas, 363 Ill. App. 3d 396 (2005), as support for their

argument that the noncompetition provision in this case is unreasonable. In Arcor, the

noncompete clause prohibited the former employee, for a period of 36 months following the

termination of his employment, from being " 'employed by, own, consult to, or be an

independent contractor, for any business or venture that sells products competitive to those of

[the employer] at the time of the termination of such employment.' " Id. at 403. This court found

that the covenant lacked any geographical limitation and, as a result, prohibited the former

employee from engaging in any business activity anywhere that involved the sale of " 'products

competitive to those of Arcor [the former employer].' "Id. at 405-06. We declined to enforce the

covenant because we found that the prohibition extended "far beyond trying to prevent [the

employee] from selling center tubes to Arcor's customers. It preclude[d] [him] from working, in

any capacity, in the industry in which Arcor does business." Id. 3

¶ 35 In the instant case, we find the noncompetition provision under section 3(a) equally as

overbroad as the covenant at issue in Arcor. While we recognize that section 3(a) does contain a

geographical limitation, unlike the lack of one in Arcor, we nonetheless still find the provision to

be unreasonable. Section 3(a) prohibits him from engaging in any "portion of the Restricted

Business that relates to professional liability Insurance Products or professional liability Related

3
While the facts in Arcor involved a noncompete agreement ancillary to the sale of a business, as
opposed to the situation here involving an employment agreement, our analysis is not affected because
"[c]ourts impose a more stringent test of reasonableness on restrictive covenants in employment contracts
than on covenants ancillary to the sale of a business because a purchaser in the sale of a business context
holds more bargaining power than an ordinary employee in an employment context." Id. at 404.
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Services" anywhere in the United States or its territories. 4 Nowhere in the SMA, however, is

there any qualifying language that limits the prohibition on Schmitt's activities to only those

related to the specific kind of professional liability insurance practice he developed during his

employment, i.e., LPLI. Taking into consideration the undisputed evidence presented in

Schmitt's affidavit: (1) that "[w]holesale brokers often possess specialized expertise in a

particular line of coverage (such as LPLI) and have greater access to or influence with certain

insurers"; (2) that he "placed millions of dollars in LPLI with insurers in the United States and

also in the United Kingdom"; (3) that his "success [as a wholesale broker] is attributable to [his]

LPLI expertise and the relationships with retail brokers and insurers that [he has] developed over

many years"; (4) that "ProAccess did not provide [him] with any training, technology, or other

specialized information unique to ProAccess to assist [him] in building [his] book of wholesale

LPLI business"; and (5) that he "was hired specifically due to [his] contacts with LPLI retail

brokers and insurers *** and [his] expertise in placing and serving wholesale LPLI," we may

reasonably conclude that all, if not most, of Schmitt's business activity involved professional

liability products and services related to the legal profession, as opposed to any nonlegal trades,

such as health care or accounting. LPLI entails a specialized area of insurance that does not

intersect with every other type of professional liability insurance. Yet section 3(a) prohibits

Schmitt from working with all types of professional liability insurance, not just LPLI. Nothing

in the record even suggests that Schmitt's activities during his employment with ProAccess

involved any business other than LPLI. Like the covenant in Arcor, the restrictive covenant that

plaintiffs seek to enforce acts as a blanket prohibition intended to bar Schmitt from working as a

broker, in any capacity, within the entire universe of professional liability insurance business

4
As defined in the SMA, "Restricted Business" includes the acts of "quoting, placing, servicing,
providing, soliciting and/or renewing Insurance Products or Related Services."
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anywhere in this country. 5 Such a prohibition is overbroad and unenforceable as a matter of law.

¶ 36 Even if we were to construe the scope of section 3(a) to include only LPLI-related

activities, the noncompetition provision would still fail the test of reasonabless under Reliable

Fire. The geographical scope of the restriction cannot be viewed as what plaintiffs have

characterized as “appropriately narrow.” Enforcement of section 3(a) would bar Schmitt from

earning a living as a wholesale broker for all professional liability insurance products and

services in every location within the 50 states and territories of the United States. “Restrictions

on activities 'should be narrowly tailored to protect only against activities that threaten the

employer's interest.' " Cambridge Engineering, Inc. v. Mercury Partners 90 BI, Inc., 378 Ill.

App. 3d 437, 452 (2007) (quoting Lawrence & Allen, Inc. v. Cambridge Human Resource

Group, Inc., 292 Ill. App. 3d 131, 140 (1997)). A restrictive covenant is not valid if it is broader

than necessary to protect the employer's legitimate business interests. Id. Both the geographic

scope of section 3(a) and the scope of activities it seeks to suppress clearly exceed that which is

necessary to protect ProAccess and Jamison from threats against its business interest in the

customer expiration list. For example, there are potentially scores of other retail brokers and

vendors working with LPLI clients that are not named in the customer expiration list, possibly

for a variety of reasons, e.g., plaintiffs have no interest in pursuing their business, plaintiffs failed

in previous bids or efforts to secure their business. Plaintiffs have no legitimate protectable

interest in a business relationship with these retail brokers, vendors or LPLI clients. Additionally,

the provision imposes an undue hardship on Schmitt by forcing him to work in another country if

he wishes to continue earning a living as a wholesale broker specializing in LPLI or any other

5
We note that the SMA would allow Schmitt to work in any insurance-related business that does not
involve any professional liability insurance products or services anywhere outside of a 50 mile radius of
West Orange, New Jersey. We find any purported "reasonableness" in this restriction on Schmitt's
business activities to be illusory. The evidence shows that he has not worked in any capacity other than as
"a wholesale insurance focusing on LPLI" since 2003.
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type of professional liability insurance. Finally, we note that enforcement of the restrictive

covenant would prevent Schmitt from working in the LPLI and professional liability insurance

industry anywhere in this country for a period of 28 months, from August 2013 to December

2015. This is a significant period to impose on an employee whose effective term of

employment under the SMA lasted only 20 months. Under the circumstances present here, we

find that the noncompetition provision fails to meet the requirements of reasonableness under

Reliable Fire.

¶ 37 2. Enforceability of Nonsolicitation Provision

¶ 38 The nonsolicitation provision, under section 3(b) of the SMA, prohibits Schmitt from

directly or indirectly causing any “Potential Target, customer, supplier, licensee or other business

relation of” plaintiffs and their subsidiaries to cease doing business with plaintiffs and their

subsidiaries or to otherwise not do business with them. "A nonsolicitation clause is only valid if

'reasonably related to the employer's interest in protecting customer relations that its employees

developed while working for the employer.' " Id. at 455 (quoting Lawrence & Allen, 292 Ill.

App. 3d at 138). "As a result, courts are reluctant to enforce provisions that prohibit former

employees from servicing customers that they never had contact with while working for their

original employer." Id.

¶ 39 In Cambridge Engineering, we declined to enforce a similarly overbroad nonsolicitation

covenant. The covenant in that case provided:

" 'd. Employee shall not, for [a period of 24 months following the

termination of his/her employment], either directly or indirectly,

contact or communicate with any customer, employee or representative

of Employer for any purpose that is or may be detrimental to Employer,

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including without limitation, to engage in sales activities, employment

recruitment, or solicitation of any kind.' " Id. at 440.

We noted that "the nonsolicitation covenant extend[ed] broadly to 'any customer, employee or

representative of Employer,' regardless of whether [the employee] had contact with them as a

Cambridge employee," and even encompassed past customers and companies that became

customers after the employee left. Id. at 455. We ultimately found such a restriction "far broader

than necessary to protect Cambridge's interest in preventing [its former employee] from abusing

the specific client relationships he built up during his time with the company." Id. Accordingly,

we found the nonsolicitation covenant unenforceable. Id.

¶ 40 Here, we reach the same conclusion as in Cambridge Engineering. The nonsolicitation

provision in section 3(b) of the SMA precludes Schmitt from soliciting business from not only

existing customers, but also potential customers of plaintiffs and their subsidiaries. We find

section 3(b) broader than necessary to protect plaintiffs' interest in preventing Schmitt from

exploiting the client relationships he developed and maintained during his employment at

ProAccess. Instead of just protecting those customer and vendor/supplier relationships that

Schmitt developed while working for plaintiffs, section 3(b) seeks to prevent Schmitt from

gaining business from any "Potential Target, customer, supplier, licensee or other business

relation"—regardless of whether the entity was involved in the LPLI trade—with whom any of

the plaintiff entities and their subsidiaries have interacted. A "Potential Target" is defined in the

SMA as "any business with which [AssuredPartners or Jamison], or any of their respective

Subsidiaries [has], directly or indirectly, entertained discussions or requested and received

information relating to the actual or potential acquisition of such business by [AssuredPartners]

or any of their respective Subsidiaries."

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¶ 41 According to the evidence presented in the circuit court proceedings, by 2013,

AssuredPartners had acquired at least 47 insurance-related businesses; had done business with

30,000 customers; and had engaged in discussions with at least 50 businesses, i.e., Potential

Targets, that it has not acquired. The covenant is overbroad and unreasonable under Cambridge

Engineering, as it seeks to prohibit Schmitt from working in the future with customers, suppliers,

and other business entities which he never had contact with while working for ProAccess. We

therefore find the nonsolicitation provision in section 3(b) unenforceable as a matter of law.

¶ 42 Planitiff nonetheless urge this court to only enforce the nonsolicitation provision to the

extent permissible under Illinois law. Plaintiffs outright acknowledge that the nonsolicitation

provision was drafted “broadly” in an attempt to extend the scope of protection under the

provision not only to AssuredPartners, Jamison and ProAccess, but also to all subsidiaries of the

foregoing entities. They concede that Schmitt "only had access to confidential information

related to clients he serviced while with ProAccess” (emphasis added) and accordingly, they

“only seek to enforce restrictive covenants with respect to those clients.” This would require this

court to determine how the scope of the provision should be narrowed and to enforce it

accordingly. We decline to rescue a draftor from the risks of crafting a restrictive covenant that is

patently overbroad. See Northwest Podiatry Center, Ltd. v. Ochwat, 2013 IL App (1st) 120458,

¶ 47 (refusing to read a time limitation into a restrictive covenant when no such limitation was

found in the language of the covenant at issue).

¶ 43 3. Enforceability of Confidentiality Provision

¶ 44 Plaintiffs contend that the court also erred in finding the confidentiality provision under

section 2(a) of the SMA unenforceable. They argue that the confidentiality provision merely

precluded the disclosure of nonpublic, confidential information and was therefore narrowly

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drawn to protect their legitimate business interests. As drafted, the provision prohibits the use or

disclosure of any "information, observations and data (including trade secrets) obtained by

[Schmitt] during the course of [his] employment with [Jamison/ProAccess] concerning the

business or affairs of [plaintiffs] and their respective Subsidiaries and Affiliates."

¶ 45 We find section 2(a) analogous to the confidentiality provision invalidated in North

American Paper Co. v. Unterberger, 172 Ill. App. 3d 410 (1988). In that case, an employment

agreement prohibited the disclosure of:

"any and all items of whatever nature or kind which the Employee

has learned of, acquired or obtained knowledge of, conceived,

developed, originated, discovered, invented or otherwise become

aware of during the period of his employment, provided that this

paragraph shall not apply to information within the public domain

and generally known within the paper and packaging industry." Id.

at 415.

Like section 2(a), this provision "purport[ed] to protect virtually every kind of information that

[the employee] learned during the period of his employment even if non-confidential, and [went]

far beyond any possible legitimate protectable interest of [the employer]." Id. at 416. This court

concluded that the provision was "an impermissible restraint of trade and [was] void as a matter

of law." Id.

¶ 46 We reach the same conclusion with respect to section 2(a) of the SMA. As Schmitt notes,

the provision "prohibits [his] use of any information he obtained or any observations he made

while he worked for ProAccess." (Emphases in original.) Such information and observations

concerning "the business or affairs" of every company affiliated with ProAccess would include

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1-14-1863 & 1-14-2242 (cons.)

virtually every fact, plan, proposal, data, and opinion that he became aware of during the time he

was employed by ProAccess—without regard as to whether such information was in any way

proprietary or confidential in nature, or whether he in fact obtained the information through a

source outside of his work. It is patently overbroad. Furthermore, we cannot discount the

likelihood that Schmitt introduced much of the information and knowledge regarding the LPLI

business when he began working for ProAccess in 2006. He had been working in the insurance

brokerage business since the early 1990's and had developed his LPLI business for the three

years that he was at ProQuest. Prior to Schmitt’s employment with ProAccess, the company and

its parent companies had virtually no or little business interests involving wholesale LPLI

products and services. Therefore, we cannot assume that the information Schmitt acquired during

his employment with ProAccess resulted solely from plaintiffs' businesses, as opposed to the

customer relationships that he had established prior to his employment.

¶ 47 Plaintiffs maintain that section 2(a) is more analogous to the confidentiality provision

found reasonable in Coady v. Harpo, Inc., 308 Ill. App. 3d 153 (1999). We disagree. The

confidentiality provision in that case provided:

" '[Y]ou are obligated to keep confidential and never disclose, use,

misappropriate, or confirm or deny the veracity of, any statement

or comment concerning Oprah Winfrey, Harpo *** or any of

her/its Confidential Information. The phrase "Confidential

Information" as used in this policy, includes but is not limited to,

any and all information which is not generally known to the public,

related to or concerning: (a) Ms. Winfrey and/or her business or

private life; (b) the business activities, dealings or interests of

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1-14-1863 & 1-14-2242 (cons.)

Harpo and/or its officers, directors, affiliates, employees or

contractors; and/or (c) Harpo's employment practices or policies

applicable to its employees and/or contractors.' " Id. at 157.

We found, in Coady, that the provision at issue ultimately "[did] not restrict commerce *** [or]

plaintiff's ability to work in any chosen career field, at any time." Id. at 162. Rather, it was an

appropriate restraint on "plaintiff's ability to disseminate confidential information that she

obtained or learned while in defendant's employ." Id. In contrast, the confidentiality provision in

section 2(a) does not merely restrict the dissemination of confidential information; it drastically

limits Schmitt's ability to work in the insurance industry by preventing him from using any

knowledge that he gained while in plaintiffs' employ, regardless of whether he gained such

knowledge, directly or indirectly, as a result of his employment.

¶ 48 Contrary to plaintiffs' claim, section 2(a) is not saved merely because it is inapplicable to

confidential information that "becomes generally known to and available for use by the public."

There is a great deal of information that is not "generally" known to the public; not all of it

merits protection under a confidentiality provision. See Rubloff Development Group, Inc. v.

SuperValu, Inc., 863 F. Supp. 2d 732, 749 (N.D. Ill. 2012) (citing Reliable Fire for the general

observation that "Illinois views post-employment restrictive covenants that insist on absolute

secrecy of any and all information as unreasonable and unenforceable because a person is

allowed to make a living, and cannot possibly not utilize any information from his past job"

(emphasis in original)). Accordingly, we find that section 2(a) is unenforceable.

¶ 49 4. Judicial Modification of Restrictive Covenants

¶ 50 Plaintiffs contend that, even if sections 2 and 3 were properly found to be overbroad, the

circuit court should have judicially modified them to comport with Illinois law in accordance

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with section 3(c) of the SMA. Plaintiffs contend that the parties to the SMA “consented to

judicial modification” of the Restrictive Covenants in the event a court or an arbitrator found

them “unreasonable under circumstances then existing.” Section 3(c) of the SMA provides that

if a restrictive covenant is found unreasonable, it is still subject to judicial modification, whereby

“the parties agree that the maximum duration, scope or geographical area reasonable under such

circumstances shall be substituted for the stated period, scope or area and that the court shall be

allowed to revise the restrictions contained herein to cover the maximum duration, scope and

area permitted by law.” Schmitt maintains that modification of the covenants in question would

be "tantamount to drafting a new agreement" and that the circuit court properly declined to

modify them.

¶ 51 We have previously held that "[i]n some circumstances, courts may choose to modify an

overbroad restrictive covenant rather than invalidate it outright." Cambridge Engineering, 378

Ill. App. 3d at 456. In determining whether modification is appropriate, “the fairness of the

restraints contained in the contract is a key consideration." Id. at 457. "A restrictive covenant is

unfair where its terms 'clearly extend far beyond those necessary to the protection of any

legitimate interest' of the employer or, in other words, amount to 'unrealistic boundaries in time

and space.' " Eichmann v. National Hospital & Health Care Services, Inc., 308 Ill. App. 3d 337,

347 (1999) (quoting House of Vision, Inc. v. Hiyane, 37 Ill. 2d 32, 39 (1967)).

¶ 52 Here, the SMA contains several overbroad restrictive covenants that effectively prevent

Schmitt from practicing his trade. Significantly, we are not dealing with one minor deficiency,

but with several deficiencies that render sections 2 and 3 of the SMA unreasonable. We find the

reasoning of the court in Eichmann particularly apt in the present circumstances:

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1-14-1863 & 1-14-2242 (cons.)

"Due to the significant deficiencies of the restrictive covenants

here, drastic modifications, rather than minor ones, would be

necessary and that would be tantamount to fashioning a new

agreement. More importantly, modification 'could have the

potential effect of discouraging the narrow and precise

draftsmanship which should be reflected in written agreements.' "

Id. at 348 (quoting Lee/O'Keefe Insurance Agency, Inc. v. Ferega,

163 Ill. App. 3d 997, 1007 (1987)).

Ultimately, we find the deficiencies here too great to permit modification. While plaintiffs have

cited several general propositions of law that apply in the context of modification, they have

failed to demonstrate why judicial modification would be appropriate under these circumstances.

¶ 53 For the foregoing reasons, we find that the circuit court did not err in granting summary

judgment in favor of Schmitt on counts I and III of the first amended complaint, and, further, that

the court properly declined to judicially modify the unenforceable restrictive covenants in

sections 2(a), 3(a), and 3(b) of the SMA.

¶ 54 B. Motion for Leave to Amend

¶ 55 Plaintiffs contend that the court also abused its discretion in denying them leave to file

the proposed claims under counts III, IV and V of the second amended complaint. Incorporating

their arguments regarding judicial modification, they argue that their amended pleading would

"in effect, voluntarily modify the covenants signed by Schmitt by narrowing them to the greatest

possible extent so as to be less restrictive." Plaintiffs argue that allowing amendment would "do

justice to both parties": in effect, plaintiffs would be allowed to narrow the restrictive covenants

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1-14-1863 & 1-14-2242 (cons.)

and Schmitt would be prohibited "from stealing Plaintiffs' proprietary information to use for his

own benefit."

¶ 56 Section 2-1005(g) of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-1005(g) (West 2012))

provides that "[b]efore or after the entry of a summary judgment, the court shall permit pleadings

to be amended upon just and reasonable terms." A court's ruling on a motion to amend the

pleadings is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Loyola Academy v. S&S Roof Maintenance,

Inc., 146 Ill. 2d 263, 273 (1992).

¶ 57 We consider four factors when determining whether the court abused its discretion in

denying a motion for leave to amend: "(1) whether the proposed amendment would cure the

defective pleading; (2) whether other parties would sustain prejudice or surprise by virtue of the

proposed amendment; (3) whether the proposed amendment is timely; and (4) whether previous

opportunities to amend the pleading could be identified." Id. "Where it is apparent even after

amendment that no cause of action can be stated, leave to amend should be denied." Regas v.

Associated Radiologists, Ltd., 230 Ill. App. 3d 959, 968 (1992).

¶ 58 Here, plaintiffs seek leave to replead claims to enforce sections 2 and 3 of the SMA,

which we have found overbroad and unenforceable. Plaintiffs, however, cannot cure the defects

in these restrictive covenants by merely rewording, or "rephrasing" their original claims, as the

circuit court pointed out. Sections 2 and 3 fail to satisfy each of the criteria for reasonableness

that was established by the Reliable Fire court. Because the restrictive covenants in these

sections are unreasonable as a matter of law, plaintiffs cannot sustain any claims against Schmitt

that would require this court to enforce, directly or indirectly, the covenants.

¶ 59 We find no error in the circuit court's denial of plaintiffs' request to file the proposed

amended claims under counts III, IV and V of the second amended complaint with prejudice.

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¶ 60 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 61 The confidentiality, noncompetition, and solicitation provisions contained in sections 2

and 3 of the Senior Management Agreement signed by Schmitt are unreasonable as a matter of

law and unenforceable. We affirm the orders entered by the circuit court of Cook County: (1)

dated February 14, 2014, granting summary judgment to Schmitt on counts I and III of the first

amended complaint and (2) dated May 30, 2014, denying plaintiffs leave to file counts III, IV

and V of the second amended complaint.

¶ 62 Affirmed.

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