In re Cheyenne R. CA5

Filed 10/30/15 In re Cheyenne R. CA5

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

In re CHEYENNE R., a Person Coming Under
the Juvenile Court Law.

TUOLUMNE COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF F071314
SOCIAL SERVICES,
(Super. Ct. No. JV7498)
Plaintiff and Respondent,

v. OPINION
D.C.,

Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL from orders of the Superior Court of Tuolumne County. Donald I.
Segerstrom, Jr., Judge.

Linda K. Harvie, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Sarah J. Carrillo, County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
-ooOoo-
 D.C. (mother) appeals from a March 24, 2015, order terminating parental rights
(Welf. & Inst. Code, § 366.26)1 to her one-year-old daughter Cheyenne. Mother
contends the juvenile court’s order must be reversed because (1) the juvenile court and
the Tuolumne County Department of Social Services (Department) failed to comply with
the notice provisions of the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) (25 U.S.C. § 1901 et
seq.), and (2) violated her constitutional and statutory due process rights because the
Department did not mail notice of the section 366.26 hearing to the address she had on
file. Finding no reversible error, we affirm the termination order.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Cheyenne first came to the Department’s attention at her birth in March 20142
when the Department received a referral alleging mother, who had been randomly drug
testing through the probation department, admitted to using methamphetamine during her
pregnancy. Mother told the investigating social worker she had used methamphetamine
one month before Cheyenne’s birth, and to avoid methamphetamine use, she needed to be
in a structured drug treatment program and randomly drug tested. Mother had been
participating in a court-ordered behavioral intervention program, which included at least
twice weekly random drug testing and individual counseling. Mother told the social
worker she planned to live in the home of B.R.,3 as his home was stable and drug free,
and to continue to participate in her behavioral intervention program. The Department
found the allegation of general neglect unfounded, as during the investigation mother’s

1Undesignated statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.
2Subsequent references to dates are to dates in 2014 unless otherwise stated.
3B.R. is the father of mother’s two older children, B.R., Jr. and J.R. In 2004, then six-
month-old B.R., Jr. became a dependent of the juvenile court based on his parents’ use of heroin
while he was in their custody. The parents were ordered into the dependency drug court
program, but they did not comply with their case plans and failed to reunify with B.R., Jr.
Parental rights over B.R., Jr. were terminated in 2006. J.R., born in 2008, lived with her father,
B.R.

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drug tests were negative, she appeared appropriately bonded to Cheyenne, and she was
staying with B.R.
On June 9, the Department received a referral alleging mother had been arrested
that day on methamphetamine charges after testing positive for methamphetamine and
admitting its use while on probation. Mother told her probation officer Cheyenne was at
her home with her boyfriend, Nathaniel C., and Nathaniel’s niece. There were concerns
for Cheyenne’s safety, as mother was unable to make long-term arrangements for
Cheyenne before her arrest, and she had deviated from her safety plan by using
methamphetamine and not providing Cheyenne with a stable living environment.
Over the next three weeks, social workers joined with mother’s probation officer
to try to locate mother and Cheyenne. They were not found at multiple addresses mother
had supplied to her probation officer. On July 2, the probation officer told a social
worker she had met with mother the day before; mother told the probation officer she was
staying at an address on Racetrack Road and people who work at the “Heart Rock Café”
were watching Cheyenne during the day. Mother did not know the last names of those
people or their addresses. Mother also said people who lived “somewhere on Columbia
Way” also babysat Cheyenne, but mother did not know their last names.
The Department filed a dependency petition on July 2, which alleged Cheyenne
came within the provisions of section 300, subdivisions (b), (g) and (j), based on
mother’s methamphetamine use, her admission that she often left three-month-old
Cheyenne in the care of people whom she could not identify or determine to be
appropriate caregivers, the unknown whereabouts of Cheyenne’s alleged father Rodney
K.,4 and B.R., Jr.’s prior dependency case. The juvenile court signed a protective
custody warrant, which social workers and sheriff’s deputies attempted to serve at the last

4Paternity testing revealed Rodney is Cheyenne’s biological father. Rodney declined to
participate in the case, however, and he is not a party to this appeal.

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address at which mother claimed to be residing. The homeowner, Katina P., told them
mother and Nathaniel had been staying there but they left with Cheyenne earlier that day.
On July 7, mother called the social worker because she had learned the
Department was trying to contact her. Mother admitted she had “‘slipped up’” and used
methamphetamine in June, but claimed it was only “‘that one time.’” Mother said she
had been testing through the probation department in the behavioral intervention
program. Mother stated she did not have a stable residence and she was staying with
Katina P. Mother brought Cheyenne into the Department the next day. Cheyenne, who
appeared to be clean and healthy, was taken into protective custody pursuant to the
warrant.
On July 10, the Department filed an amended petition adding Nathaniel as a
second alleged father.5 In the report prepared for the detention hearing, the social worker
noted ICWA does or may apply, and the parents would be questioned regarding their
American Indian ancestry. The social worker explained mother had claimed to have
Cherokee Indian heritage in the November 2004 dependency case, but after notices were
sent to all federally recognized Cherokee Indian tribes, it was found that mother was not
an enrolled member or eligible for enrollment in any of them. At the July 10 detention
hearing, at which mother appeared, the juvenile court ordered Cheyenne detained and set
a jurisdictional hearing for July 29. The juvenile court also found Cheyenne may be an
Indian child as defined by ICWA.
On July 24, mother completed and signed an ICWA-020 form, entitled “Parental
Notification of Indian Status,” on which she indicated she may have Navajo, Cherokee

5Although paternity testing ruled out Nathaniel as Cheyenne’s biological father,
Nathaniel attempted to elevate his paternity status to that of a presumed father on the ground that
he had received Cheyenne into his home and held her out as his own. After a hearing on the
issue, the juvenile court found he failed to establish the presumption applied. Accordingly,
Nathaniel remained an alleged father and was denied reunification services on that basis. He is
not a party to this appeal.

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and Southern Mi-Wuk Indian ancestry. Mother was directed to complete and submit the
“American Indian Ancestry Questionnaire” ICWA-030 form by July 29.
On July 29, the jurisdictional hearing was continued to August 19 for compliance
with ICWA, as mother failed to submit the ICWA-030 form. Mother was ordered to
provide the information. On July 31, mother told a legal clerk with the Department that
she was meeting with a representative at the local reservation regarding completing the
ICWA questionnaire and she would submit the completed form by August 5. Mother,
however, failed to submit the form. Also on July 31, mother filed a form JV-140,
“Notification of Mailing Address,” on which she listed her mailing address as being on
Coopers Court in Sonora. According to the social worker, the home where mother and
Nathaniel were living was reported to be owned by a registered sex offender.
On August 7, mother came to the Department for a scheduled visit, but said she
forgot the ICWA-030 form. Thereafter, the social worker left two voicemail messages
for mother, asking her to submit the form. On August 14, mother reported to the
Department for a scheduled visit. When asked about the form, mother said she had not
been able to meet with the tribe representative to obtain assistance with completing the
form because he was not available at the time of the appointment, but she had another
appointment scheduled. The social worker told mother to submit the form the next day,
but she failed to do so.
At the August 19 hearing, the juvenile court was told that another continuance was
necessary because mother had not filled out the ICWA form. Mother was ordered to
remain outside the courtroom and meet with the social worker to fill out the form and
provide the requested information. The jurisdictional hearing was continued to
September 2.
The ICWA-030 form was completed on August 20. It states that Cheyenne is or
may be eligible for membership in the Cherokee, Mi Wuk, or Choctow tribes. Mother
provided the names of her relatives, including: her mother, her father Paul D., her

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grandmother, and her grandfather Bill K. The form also lists, under the heading
“Mother’s Biological Grandfather,” “Franklin P[.] (Great Great Grandfather),” and
identifies his tribe or band as “Mi Wuk, Cherokee.” On the lines for Franklin P.’s current
and former addresses, places and dates of birth and death, and tribal membership or
enrollment number, is written “Asked[,] no response.” Under an area on the form that
lists “optional questions” which “may be helpful in tracing the ancestry of the child,”
“Franklin P[.] Great-Great Grandfather” is identified (1) as a family member who has
“[l]ived on federal trust land, a reservation or Rancheria, or an allotment” in Cherokee,
Oklahoma, and (2) as being listed on the “1906 Final Roll.” On August 20, the
Department sent the ICWA-030 to 16 tribes and the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
On August 26, mother told the social worker the ICWA-030 was not accurate as
she had reported it. The form was amended to add the possible tribal affiliation for the
child’s maternal grandfather, Paul D., as Cherokee or Choctaw, where that space had
previously been blank. The corrected ICWA-030 was sent to the same 16 tribes and the
Bureau of Indian Affairs on August 27.
At the September 2 hearing, county counsel asked for a continuance since the
tribes were recently renoticed due to the new information from mother. County counsel
also asked the juvenile court to order mother to review the form with her attorney to
make sure it was correct. The juvenile court stated the parents needed to understand that
the Department must have proper information because it has to give notice to the right
tribes. Nathaniel interjected that “[t]he information is coming from [mother]’s father.
They didn’t mark her grandfather down. She marked it down on the paperwork, but they
didn’t put it in their paperwork.” The juvenile court asked Nathaniel whether he was
there when that happened. Nathaniel answered, “[t]hey didn’t mark down her
grandfather. It was her dad—they didn’t mark down her father.” The juvenile court
asked if they gave that information to someone at social services. Mother responded, “I
showed them at the window and I left a message. I left a message about the misprint on

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the paperwork.” County counsel added that he understood the Department had the
correct information. The juvenile court then continued the hearing to September 23 for
ICWA compliance.
In September 2014, the Department received responses from three federally
recognized Cherokee tribes. Both the August 28 and September 9 letters from the
Cherokee Nation listed the names of the maternal relatives mother provided in the
ICWA-030 form, including Franklin P. The letters stated the tribe’s “Indian Child
Welfare” had examined the tribal records regarding the above-name child, Cheyenne,
none of the names provided could be found as current enrolled members, and therefore
Cheyenne did not meet the definition of “Indian child” in relation to the Cherokee Nation
as stated in ICWA, 25 United States Code section 1903(4). The letter advised that “[a]ny
incorrect or omitted information could invalidate this determination,” and because
“enrolled tribal member” and “eligible for enrollment” are different, “a conclusive
finding of ‘eligible for enrollment’ requires the full names, to include maiden names, and
dates of birth for the direct biological lineage linking the child to an enrolled member of
the tribe. It is impossible to validate or invalidate a claim of Cherokee heritage without
this information.” The letters further stated that if the Department wished to send
additional information, it should respond in writing with the additional lineage.
The September 8 and 14 letters from the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians stated
the tribes’ tribal registry had been reviewed and, based on the information received from
county counsel, Cheyenne was neither registered nor eligible to register as a member of
the tribe and therefore was not considered an Indian child in relation to the tribe. Finally,
the September 5 letter from the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in
Oklahoma stated it had searched the tribe’s enrollment records with the information the
Department supplied, and there was no evidence Cheyenne was a descendent of anyone
on the Keetoowah roll.

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 The Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians also submitted responses in September
2014. The first, a September 2 letter from the tribal enrollment officer to the attorney
general for the tribe, stated the tribe’s enrollment records had been researched “for the
information you provide[d] to us for the following individual(s),” and specifically listed
Cheyenne, mother, Bill K. and Nathaniel. The letter further stated these individuals are
not enrolled members of the tribe or eligible for enrollment. The second, a September 23
letter from the tribal enrollment officer to the tribe’s attorney general, listed the same
names, added the name of Paul D., and stated that none of the listed individuals were an
enrolled member of the tribe or eligible for enrollment. 6 Neither letter listed
Franklin P.’s name.
The jurisdictional hearing was continued to October 2, since mother requested a
contested hearing. Mother and Nathaniel both testified at the jurisdictional hearing, as
did mother’s probation officer. With respect to mother’s living situation, the probation
officer testified Nathaniel’s parents live in Groveland. Mother had been living on
Coopers Court in Sonora, although the probation officer had never seen her there. The
probation officer knew mother had just been asked to leave, and while mother told the
probation officer she was living in Groveland, the officer had not verified that.
Mother testified that at the time of the hearing she was living “off of” Coopers
Court, but she and Nathaniel were not going to be living there much longer. The two
were looking for another place to live and hoped they would get into a house within a few
days, or at most within two weeks. On weekends, from Friday to Sunday, she lived in
Groveland. Mother and Nathaniel got married on July 17. In March 2014, Nathaniel was
living with Katina P., who is mother’s father’s adopted brother’s ex-wife, and her parents

6The attorney general for the tribe forwarded these letters to the Department as an
enclosure to letters dated September 12 and 24. In the September 12 and 24 letters, the attorney
general stated that since the listed individuals were not enrolled with the tribe or eligible for
enrollment, his office would not be intervening in the case.

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in the house on Coopers Court. A few months later, mother and Cheyenne moved into
that same house.
After argument by the parties, the juvenile court found the petition’s allegations
true and set a dispositional hearing for October 14.
In its report prepared for the dispositional hearing, the Department recommended
no services be offered to mother pursuant to section 361.5, subdivision (b)(10), (11) and
(13), as mother had an extensive history of drug related criminal charges and substance
abuse, had been court-ordered to participate in a number of drug treatment programs
between 2004 and 2014, and despite these services, she continued to abuse
methamphetamine and alcohol. The Department requested a continuance, however, as it
was waiting to receive criminal records it had requested on Nathaniel from Tennessee,
where he had lived for seven years. The Department further reported with respect to
ICWA that all appropriate tribes had been noticed and letters had been received from nine
tribes indicating Cheyenne was neither a member nor eligible for membership.
On October 8, social workers made an unannounced visit to Nathaniel and
mother’s last known address. A man who identified himself as Katina P.’s father
answered the door and told the social workers he asked the couple to move out five days
before because he believed they had stolen jewelry from the home. Katina told the social
workers she last heard from Nathaniel on October 5; she believed the couple was
homeless and camping out.
Nathaniel told the social workers during a psychosocial interview on October 9
that while he and mother had been living with Katina P. and her parents, they left the
home shortly after the jurisdictional hearing because they were accused of stealing. He
and mother were staying in Groveland on a ranch belonging to the parents of a friend
named Matt, but paid for a hotel in Sonora during the week while mother attended her
behavioral intervention classes.

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 On October 14, the juvenile court continued the hearing for two weeks, to
October 21 for a determination of Nathaniel’s paternity status and set a contested
dispositional hearing for November 19. Neither mother nor Nathaniel appeared on
October 21, when the juvenile court found Nathaniel did not establish presumed father
status.
Mother was present at the November 19 contested dispositional hearing. She
testified she had moved into a three-bedroom, two-bath house in Sonora, which was a
more permanent home for them. She and Nathaniel lived in the house with Sylvia P. and
her roommate, Cliff. Mother and Nathaniel had been in the house about a week. On
weekends when mother did ranch work, she lived in Groveland. Before living at these
addresses, she was living on Coopers Court with Katina and her parents.
Nathaniel also testified at the hearing. He confirmed that he and mother lived in
Sonora and they stayed in Groveland during the weekends. Sylvia P. wrote a letter in
support of mother and Nathaniel in which she listed her mailing address as 13775 A
Mono Way P.M.B. 190, Sonora, CA, 95370. Nathaniel was asked why Sylvia P.’s letter
had an address on Mono Way, which was different from their address. Nathaniel said
that was her “P.O. Box” where she got her mail.
After oral argument, the hearing was continued to November 25 for the juvenile
court’s ruling. Mother and Nathaniel both attended the November 25 hearing. The
juvenile court denied services to both of them and advised them of their right to take a
writ from its decision. The juvenile court stated it was setting the selection and
implementation hearing pursuant to section 366.26 for April 7, 2015, and it was signing
the order in open court. The juvenile court asked if there was anything further; all
counsel responded “no.” After the court said that would be the order, county counsel
pointed out the hearing had to be held within 120 days. The juvenile court responded,
“Get them back. I’m sorry. You want—instead of the 31st it has to be the 24th?” After
some discussion with county counsel, Cheyenne’s attorney, and the court clerk, the

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juvenile court stated: “So that hearing date I just set of April 7, I’m going to vacate that
date and set it for March 24, 2015. March 24, 2015 at 8:00 a.m. in Department One.
That doesn’t change the dates—the time within which you have to file your writ if you
want to seek judicial review.” Nathaniel responded, “Thank you, Your Honor.” The
juvenile court then stated, “All right. That will be the order.”
The minute order of the hearing reflects mother was present for the hearing, lists
March 24, 2015, as the date of the section 366.26 hearing, and states the parents were
advised of their rights to file a writ to seek appellate review of the setting of the section
366.26 hearing and were handed a notice of intent to file the writ. The written order the
juvenile court signed in open court also states mother was present for the hearing and lists
March 24, 2015, as the date of the section 366.26 hearing.
On November 26, mother filed a “Notice of Intent to File Writ Petition.” For her
address, the address in Groveland was written, but then crossed out, and underneath was
written “13775 A Mono Way P.M.B. 190, Sonora 95370.”7 Nathaniel also filed a notice
of intent on November 26 listing the same address.
On January 14, 2015, a proof of service from the Department, dated January 12,
2015, was filed which stated that notice of the March 24, 2015, hearing on selection of a
permanent plan was sent to mother by certified mail in care of Sylvia P. to the address on
Mono Way. On March 19, 2015, a proof of service from the Department, dated
March 18, 2015, was filed, which stated the “366.26 WIC Report,” case plan, and health
and education passport, was also sent to mother at the Mono Way address in care of
Sylvia P.
The social worker’s report prepared for the section 366.26 hearing stated that one-
year-old Cheyenne was healthy and developmentally on track. Since being taken into
protective custody, Cheyenne had been in the same foster home. The foster parents were

7Although mother filed the notice of intent, she never filed a petition with this court and
we dismissed the matter as abandoned on January 13, 2015, in case No. F070552.

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very committed to Cheyenne and wanted to adopt her. The Department and the
California Department of Social Services conducted a joint assessment and concurred
that Cheyenne would likely be adopted if parental rights were terminated, and adoption
would provide her with the highest level of stability and be in her best interest. There
was no evidence that termination of parental rights would be detrimental to Cheyenne.
Since disposition, mother had participated in monthly visits and told the social worker
she would provide the foster parents with a family photograph album for Cheyenne.
The Department recommended the juvenile court find that ICWA did not apply.
The Department had received several more letters from the noticed tribes that stated
Cheyenne was not a member or eligible for membership in their tribes. Several tribes had
not yet responded, but more than 60 days had elapsed since the notices were sent. The
Department also recommended the juvenile court terminate parental rights and order a
permanent plan of adoption.
Mother did not appear at the March 24 section 366.26 hearing, although her
attorney was present. The juvenile court asked the social worker if she had any contact
with mother. The social worker replied she had last seen mother at mother’s visit on
March 3, 2015. The juvenile court asked if mother was aware of the hearing for that day.
The social worker responded: “She was. She was also trying—still trying to pursue
appealing the last Court’s decision.” County counsel submitted on the report and
recommendation. Mother’s attorney stated he would “[s]ubmit.” The juvenile court
found all notices had been given as required by law, Cheyenne was not an Indian child
pursuant to ICWA, and there was clear and convincing evidence Cheyenne was likely to
be adopted. The juvenile court terminated parental rights and chose adoption as the
permanent plan.
This appeal followed. In the notice of appeal, signed by mother’s attorney,
mother’s address is listed as the one on Coopers Court.

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 DISCUSSION
1. ICWA Compliance
“Congress enacted ICWA to further the federal policy ‘“that, where possible, an
Indian child should remain in the Indian community ….”’” (In re W.B., Jr. (2012)
55 Cal.4th 30, 48.) “In certain respects, California’s Indian child custody framework sets
forth greater protections for Indian children, their tribes and parents than ICWA.
[Citations.] Both federal and state law expressly provide that if a state or federal law
provides a higher level of protection to the rights of the parent or Indian guardian of an
Indian child, the higher standard shall prevail.” (In re Jack C. (2011) 192 Cal.App.4th
967, 977.)
“ICWA requires that when a court knows or has reason to know that an Indian
child is involved in a dependency matter, it must ensure that notice is given to the
relevant tribe or tribes.” (In re J.O. (2009) 178 Cal.App.4th 139, 154.) ICWA defines an
“Indian child” as an “unmarried person who is under age eighteen and is either (a) a
member of an Indian tribe or (b) is eligible for membership in an Indian tribe and is the
biological child of a member of an Indian tribe ….” (25 U.S.C. § 1903(4).) However,
“[t]he juvenile court ‘“needs only a suggestion of Indian ancestry to trigger the notice
requirement.”’” (In re J.M. (2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 375, 380.)

“Under the implementing federal regulation, the required ICWA
notices must include ‘[a]ll names known, and current and former addresses
of the Indian child’s biological mother, biological father, maternal and
paternal grandparents and great grandparents or Indian custodians,
including maiden, married and former names or aliases; birthdates; places
of birth and death; tribal enrollment numbers, and/or other identifying
information.’ [Citation.] California law requires that the notices contain
substantially the same data, including ‘any other identifying information, if
known.’” (In re C.B. (2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 102, 140, first italics added,
some italics omitted.)
“‘The [trial] court must determine whether proper notice was given under ICWA
and whether ICWA applies to the proceedings. [Citation.] We review the trial court’s
findings for substantial evidence.’” (In re Christian P. (2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 437,
13.
451.) Substantial evidence is evidence which a reasonable trier of fact could find to be
proof of a contested factual issue. (See generally Roddenberry v. Roddenberry (1996) 44
Cal.App.4th 634, 651–652.) A reviewing court must indulge all reasonable inferences
that may be derived from the evidence which supports the contested ruling. (Bickel v.
City of Piedmont (1997) 16 Cal.4th 1040, 1053.)
Here, mother challenges the juvenile court’s determination that proper notice was
given under ICWA. She contends the Department failed to use due diligence when
conducting its investigation. Specifically, she asserts the Department should have
conducted an additional inquiry for information regarding her great-great-grandfather
Franklin P. after receiving responses from the three Cherokee tribes and the Mississippi
Band of Choctaw Indians. With respect to the Cherokee tribes, she argues the letters
should have put the Department on notice the tribes needed more information concerning
Franklin so they could determine whether Cheyenne was eligible for tribal membership,
and the Department should have contacted either her or her father, Paul D., to obtain that
information. With respect to the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians, she argues the
Department should have recognized the tribe’s responses did not list Franklin as one of
the individuals the tribe researched and therefore should have contacted the tribe to ask it
to conduct research on him.
On the first issue, none of the Cherokee tribes specifically asked for additional
information concerning Franklin. The letters merely stated the tribes’ determinations
were based on the information provided, which as to Franklin included his first and last
name, tribe or band, that he had lived on federal trust land or a reservation in Cherokee,
Oklahoma, and that he was on the “1906 Final Roll.” While the responses from the
Cherokee Nation did explain that full names and dates of birth for the direct biological
lineage linking Cheyenne to an enrolled member of the tribe were required for a
“conclusive finding” of “eligible for enrollment,” it is apparent from the letters that this
was part of the form letter the tribe used and was not a request for information as to a

14.
specific individual listed on the ICWA-030 form indicating a possible match with an
enrolled member.
Both the juvenile court and a social services agency have “an affirmative and
continuing duty to inquire” whether a child in dependency proceedings is an Indian child.
(§ 224.3, subd. (a).) Circumstances that trigger a duty to make further inquiry include
receipt of information from an Indian tribe or organization which suggests the child is an
Indian child. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.481(a)(5)(A).)8 Mother appears to assert the
letters from the Cherokee tribes are requests for further information, and therefore they
suggest Cheyenne is an Indian child. We disagree. None of the letters, including the
ones from the Cherokee Nation, imply that any of the tribes believed Cheyenne might be
an Indian child. Rather, the letters merely convey the message that based on the
information provided, the tribes cannot determine whether Cheyenne is an Indian child
and, accordingly, they conclude she is not; but if further information comes to light, the
tribe would consider that information to determine the child’s status. While the Cherokee
Nation’s letters were more specific than the others in stating what was required for the
tribe to make a conclusive finding of eligibility for enrollment, they differ from the other
letters only in that they explicitly state the information that will suffice to establish
Cheyenne is an Indian child. They certainly do not imply the tribe believes such
information exists or is obtainable.
While mother argues the Department had a duty to ask the Mississippi Band of
Choctow Indians to research Franklin because the tribe’s letters did not list his name, she
cites no authority that imposes such a duty. As the Department points out, “‘[i]t is the
tribe’s prerogative to determine membership criteria.’” (In re Jack C., supra, 192
Cal.App.4th at p. 978; see § 224.3, subd. (e)(1) [“A determination by an Indian tribe that
a child is or is not a member of or eligible for membership in that tribe … shall be
conclusive”].) “The decision whether a child is a member of, or eligible for membership

8All further rule references are to the California Rules of Court.

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in, the tribe is the sole province of the tribe.” (In re Jack C., supra, at p. 980.) “[T]he
determination [of] whether the child is an Indian child within the meaning of ICWA
depends in large part on the tribe’s membership criteria. Because of differences in tribal
membership criteria and enrollment procedures, whether a child is an Indian child is
dependent on the singular facts of each case.” (Id. at p. 979.)
The Department’s obligation with regard to notice extends only to ensuring notice
to the relevant tribes with the pertinent information by certified mail with return receipt
requested. The Department fulfilled that obligation with respect to the Mississippi Band
of Choctow Indians, as the notification sent to the tribe included the information
concerning Franklin. The Department was not required to ensure the response it received
met its own subjective criteria for determining eligibility for tribal membership; neither
was it able to compel the sovereign tribe to provide such a response.
None of the tribes in the instant case considered Cheyenne to be an Indian child
and none of them intervened. The purpose of ICWA is “‘to give tribes the opportunity to
investigate and determine whether a child is an Indian child, and to advise the tribe of the
pending proceeding and its right to intervene.’” (In re Z.N. (2009) 181 Cal.App.4th 282,
301, italics added.) ICWA does not compel tribes to investigate and intervene in a
manner dictated by states, the Department, or the parties.
Here, the record supports the inference the Department did adequately discharge
its duties of notice and inquiry, and the Department was not obligated to conduct further
inquiry. Moreover, there is nothing in the record to suggest that had the Department
conducted further inquiry, it would have received additional information concerning
Franklin. Mother asserts the record shows her father, Paul D., may have had additional
information, as shown by Nathaniel’s statement at the September 2, 2014, hearing that
the information on Indian heritage was “coming from [mother]’s father,” and while the
Department presumably knew how to contact her father, the record does not demonstrate
that any social worker did so. Mother argues this demonstrates the Department failed to

16.
conduct an adequate inquiry as required by section 224.3, subdivision (c),9 and rule
5.481(a)(4).10
This court faced the same argument in In re Gerardo A. (2004) 119 Cal.App.4th
988. There, evidence in the record showed the department had spoken to the children’s
mother and maternal aunt about their possible Indian heritage. On appeal, the children’s
father argued the social workers also should have inquired of the maternal grandmother
or other older maternal relatives for additional family history that was left blank on the
form sent to the tribes. (Id. at pp. 994-995.) We rejected the argument “because it was
based on speculation.” (Id. at p. 995.) Citing to Calhoun v. Hildebrandt (1964) 230
Cal.App.2d 70, 72, which states it is the appellant’s burden to affirmatively show error on
the record, we explained that “[t]he fact that the record is silent regarding whether the
department spoke with anyone other than the children’s mother and maternal aunt does
not necessarily mean the department failed to make an adequate inquiry for Indian
heritage information.” (In re Gerardo A., supra, at p. 995.) We also concluded it was
speculative to assume these other relatives were available to be interviewed or that they
could have supplied the missing information. (Ibid.)
We reach the same conclusions here. Mother provided the information concerning
her Indian heritage. There is nothing in the record to establish the Department knew or
could have obtained additional information on Franklin from mother or any other family
members, including her father. It is speculative to assume that mother’s father was
available to be interviewed or that he could have supplied the missing information.

9As relevant here, section 224.3, subdivision (c) states: “If the … social worker …
knows or has reason to know that an Indian child is involved, the social worker … is required to
make further inquiry regarding the possible Indian status of the child, and to do so as soon as
practicable, by interviewing the parents, Indian custodian, and extended family members to
gather the information ….”
10As relevant here, rule 5.481(a)(4) states: “If the social worker … knows or has reason
to know that an Indian child is or may be involved, that person … must make further inquiry as
soon as practicable by: [¶] (A) Interviewing the parents … and ‘extended family members’ … to
gather the information ….”

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 We also reject any implication by mother that the Department should have
conducted an investigation into Cheyenne’s ancestry. Although a social services agency
has a duty to investigate when it has reason to know that a child may be an Indian child, it
has no duty to undertake a “comprehensive investigation” into a child’s Indian status. (In
re C.Y. (2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 34, 39.)11
In sum, substantial evidence supports the juvenile court’s finding that adequate
ICWA notices were provided.
2. Notice of the Section 366.26 Hearing
Mother contends her statutory and due process rights were violated because there
is insufficient evidence that she received actual notice of the March 24, 2015, section
366.26 hearing. First, she contends there is insufficient evidence she received oral notice
of the hearing date because the record does not establish she was present at the
November 25, 2014, hearing when the section 366.26 hearing date was changed from
April 7, 2015, to March 24, 2015. She next contends that even if she was present when
the new date was set, the oral notice the juvenile court provided did not contain all of the

11Subsequent to filing her opening brief, mother filed a request asking us to take judicial
notice under Evidence Code sections 451, subdivision (f), and 452, subdivision (c) of copies of
(1) relevant excerpts from the 1906 Cherokee by Blood Rolls, and (2) Dawes Enrollment Card
No. 6542 and the information sheet concerning that card. She asserts these documents, which
her attorney obtained from various Internet Web sites, affirmatively establish that a “Frank P[.],”
and his wife and two children, had applied for enrollment, and while it appeared that Frank P.
was not given status as an enrolled member, his wife and two children were enrolled as members
of the Cherokee Nation. She argues that “[i]f this is the correct Frank P[.], these facts actually
strengthen [her] argument” and are relevant to the “critical issue” of whether “the Department
and the juvenile court should have made certain additional investigation was done in this case,
given the strong likelihood the minor was eligible for membership in an Indian tribe.”
We decline the request because the facts mother seeks to establish through them are
speculative and therefore irrelevant. (Ketchum v. Moses (2001) 24 Cal.4th 1122, 1135, fn. 1 [to
take judicial notice, the matter must be relevant to a material issue].) Mother admits that she
does not know if the person referred to in the documents is the “correct Frank P[.]” She does not
contend that she or her father would have provided the Department with these documents had the
Department asked either of them for additional information concerning Franklin. We reject any
suggestion the Department was obligated to conduct independent research. She also does not
appear to contend the tribe would have made a different determination had it been provided with
these documents, which presumably were equally available to the tribes.

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information required by section 294, subdivision (f)(1). Finally, she contends that while
the Department represented on January 9, 2015, that she was mailed notice of the correct
hearing date by “Certified or Return Receipt Requested,” the notice was not sent to the
address she provided on the JV-140 form on July 31, 2014, and there is no proof in the
record she actually received the notice.
The Department contends mother received proper notice of the hearing. The
Department asserts that because the record does not indicate mother was not present in
court when the juvenile court changed the section 366.26 hearing date, there is sufficient
evidence from which we can conclude she received oral notice of that date. The
Department further contends it mailed notice of the hearing to the correct address,
reasoning that while mother did not submit a JV-140 form with a new address, she
testified she no longer lived at that address and notice was mailed to the address she put
on the notice of intent.12
We need not decide whether notice was proper because any failure to give notice
was plainly harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. (In re Justice P. (2004) 123
Cal.App.4th 181, 193 [“In dependency proceedings, due process violations have been
held subject to the harmless beyond a reasonable doubt standard of prejudice”].)13

12Along with its respondent’s brief, the Department filed a motion to augment the record
with the signed certified mail receipts for the notice of the section 366.26 hearing sent to mother,
Nathaniel and Rodney, which the Department filed with the superior court on July 6, 2015. The
Department also asks us to take judicial notice of our own records, which it states show that
documents served on mother at the Coopers Court address were returned as undeliverable. We
deny both requests, as these documents were not before the juvenile court when it determined
that proper notice was provided (see, e.g., In re Zeth S. (2003) 31 Cal.4th 396, 413-414), and
because, as we explain, we need not decide the issue of whether proper notice was provided,
since any error was harmless.
13Mother concedes her claim is subject to harmless error analysis under the beyond a
reasonable doubt standard. The Department, however, argues we should employ a simple
harmless error standard in assessing prejudice. The weight of authority in California, however,
applies the Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24, harmless beyond a reasonable doubt,
standard in juvenile dependency proceedings where the error is of constitutional dimension. (In
re Mark A. (2007) 156 Cal.App.4th 1124, 1146.) Accordingly, we apply that standard here.

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 Here, there is nothing in the record to suggest the outcome of the section 366.26
hearing would have been any different had mother been present. “The primary issue in a
section 366.26 hearing is whether the dependent child is likely to be adopted…. [¶] Once
the court finds the likelihood of adoption, termination of parental rights is the preferred
permanent plan absent proof that termination would be detrimental to the child’s best
interests.” (In re Angela C. (2002) 99 Cal.App.4th 389, 395–396.) There is no dispute
Cheyenne was adoptable: She was one year old at the time of the hearing, there were no
health or developmental concerns about her, and her foster parents wanted to adopt her.
If, as here, a dependent child is likely to be adopted, the statutory presumption is
that termination is in the child’s best interest and therefore not detrimental. (§ 366.26,
subds. (b), (c)(1); In re Lorenzo C. (1997) 54 Cal.App.4th 1330, 1343-1344.) It would
have been mother’s burden to show termination would be detrimental under one of the
statutory exceptions in section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1)(B). (In re Zachary G. (1999)
77 Cal.App.4th 799, 809.) Mother does not contend that if she had been present at the
hearing, she would have argued one of the exceptions to termination of parental rights
applied. As the Department asserts, under the facts of this case, where Cheyenne was
three months old when she was taken into protective custody, she had lived with the same
foster parents during the course of the proceedings, and she had no preexisting sibling
relationships, none of the exceptions to termination of parental rights were even remotely
implicated.
Mother does not assert she would have raised any of these issues had she appeared
at the hearing. Instead, she contends she would have objected to the adequacy of the
ICWA notice and the juvenile court’s resulting finding Cheyenne was not an Indian child
pursuant to ICWA. But as we have already concluded, there was no error in the notices
provided to the tribes, and the Department satisfied its duty of inquiry. Accordingly,
even if mother had objected to the ICWA notices and finding, the juvenile court would
have overruled those objections and still found Cheyenne was not an Indian child under

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ICWA. Since mother has failed to make any reasonable showing the outcome of the
section 366.26 hearing would have been different had she been present, the notice errors,
if any, were harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
DISPOSITION
The juvenile court’s orders are affirmed.

___________________________
PEÑA, J.
WE CONCUR:

__________________________
HILL, P.J.

__________________________
LEVY, J.

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