UNITED STATES AIR FORCE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
UNITED STATES
v.
Airman Basic JONATHAN M. MURRAY
United States Air Force
ACM 38663
4 November 2015
Sentence adjudged 19 March 2014 by GCM convened at Joint Base San
Antonio–Lackland, Texas. Military Judge: William C. Muldoon, Jr.
(sitting alone).
Approved Sentence: Bad-conduct discharge, confinement for 19 months,
and forfeiture of all pay and allowances.
Appellate Counsel for the Appellant: Major Isaac C. Kennen,
Major Jennifer J. Raab, and Major Jeffrey A. Davis.
Appellate Counsel for the United States: Captain Collin F. Delaney and
Gerald R. Bruce, Esquire.
Before
HECKER, DUBRISKE, and BROWN
Appellate Military Judges
OPINION OF THE COURT
This opinion is issued as an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as precedent
under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 18.4.
DUBRISKE, Judge:
In accordance with his pleas, Appellant was convicted by a military judge sitting
alone of conspiracy, failure to obey a lawful order, wrongful disposition of military
property, larceny of military property, and assault consummated by a battery, in violation
of Articles 81, 92, 108, 121, and 128, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 881, 892, 908, 921, 928.
Appellant was sentenced to a bad-conduct discharge, 22 months of confinement, and total
forfeitures of all pay and allowances. The convening authority reduced Appellant’s
confinement sentence from 22 to 19 months but otherwise approved the sentence as
adjudged.
On appeal, Appellant argues he is entitled to relief given his adjudged sentence is
inappropriately severe as compared to the sentence of his co-conspirator. He also argues
he is entitled to a reduction in his sentence due to the Government’s violation of his right
to timely post-trial processing. Finally, pursuant to United States v. Grostefon, 12 M.J.
431 (C.M.A. 1982), Appellant alleges the military judge erred in failing to grant relief
under Article 13, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 813. In addition to these assignments of error, we
specified a question surrounding the failure of the Government to include a victim impact
statement as part of the staff judge advocate’s recommendation (SJAR).
Finding no error that materially prejudices a substantial right of Appellant, we
now affirm the findings and sentence in Appellant’s case.
Background
In August 2012, Appellant’s live-in girlfriend, who was pregnant at the time,
reported to authorities that Appellant, a Security Forces (SF) member, had choked her,
struck her in the face, and applied a “pressure point” technique to her neck. Appellant
was arrested and placed in civilian confinement for seven days.
Shortly after being released, Appellant was approached by a co-worker, Airman
Basic JH, with a scheme for them to make money to offset their respective financial
difficulties. Airman Basic JH had previously worked in the SF mobility warehouse and
believed he could remove military equipment from the warehouse to sell for cash off the
installation.
After agreeing to the plan, Appellant and Airman Basic JH entered the SF mobility
warehouse at night on three different occasions, removing various items of military
equipment. This equipment, valued at approximately $56,000, included night vision
devices, rangefinders, binoculars, a thermal imager, and a satellite communication
antenna. Some of the stolen items were transported to Appellant’s apartment or a storage
unit he rented with Airman Basic JH to be held until a buyer was located.
Airman Basic JH then arranged to sell some of the stolen property to three
different civilians. To facilitate the sales, Appellant would drive Airman Basic JH to an
established location and remain in his vehicle as a lookout in case something went awry
during the sale. Once the sale was complete, Appellant was provided with his half of the
proceeds from the sale. Appellant estimated he received $2,000 from the various
transactions.
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After Appellant came under investigation for theft of military property, his
girlfriend reported Appellant had again assaulted her. She alleged Appellant had
slammed her head on the floor and struck her in the face and torso with his hands.
Sentence Appropriateness
This Court reviews sentence appropriateness de novo. United States v. Lane, 64
M.J. 1, 2 (C.A.A.F. 2006). “We assess sentence appropriateness by considering the
particular appellant, the nature and seriousness of the offense[s], the appellant’s record of
service, and all matters contained in the record of trial.” United States v. Anderson, 67
M.J. 703, 705 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2009). Although we are accorded great discretion in
determining whether a particular sentence is appropriate, we are not authorized to engage
in exercises of clemency. United States v. Nerad, 69 M.J. 138, 148 (C.A.A.F. 2010).
In reviewing for sentence appropriateness, “[t]he Courts of Criminal Appeals are
required to engage in sentence comparison only ‘in those rare instances in which sentence
appropriateness can be fairly determined only by reference to disparate sentences
adjudged in closely related cases.’” United States v. Sothen, 54 M.J. 294, 296 (C.A.A.F.
2001) (quoting United States v. Ballard, 20 M.J. 282, 283 (C.M.A. 1985)). An appellant
bears the burden of demonstrating that the cited cases are “closely related” to the
appellant’s case and the sentences are “highly disparate.” United States v. Lacy, 50 M.J.
286, 288 (C.A.A.F. 1999). Closely related cases include those which pertain to “coactors
involved in a common crime, servicemembers involved in a common or parallel scheme,
or some other direct nexus between the servicemembers whose sentences are sought to be
compared.” Id. If the appellant meets this burden, the government “must show that there
is a rational basis for the disparity.” Id. However, it is important to note when
conducting this analysis that “[s]entence comparison does not require sentence equation.”
United States v. Durant, 55 M.J. 258, 260 (C.A.A.F. 2001) (citations omitted).
We do not believe Appellant has met his burden of showing his co-conspirator’s
case is closely related. While Appellant’s offenses related to the theft and sale of military
property are basically identical to those brought against Airman Basic JH, this is not the
only course of criminal conduct charged against Appellant. Appellant, unlike his
co-conspirator, was convicted of battering his girlfriend on two occasions, including once
when she was pregnant. He was also convicted of violating a no-contact order issued by
his squadron commander, which ultimately resulted in one of the violent confrontations
between Appellant and his girlfriend.
Assuming, arguendo, Appellant met his burden of identifying a closely related
case, we do not believe the sentences here are highly disparate. Appellant argues his
adjudged sentence is highly disparate as compared to the approved—not the adjudged—
sentence of his co-conspirator. This is comparing the proverbial “apples to oranges.”
Airman Basic JH was sentenced to 38 months confinement, 16 months more than
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Appellant’s adjudged sentence. We acknowledge Airman Basic JH did not receive a
punitive discharge, and that his adjudged sentence was later reduced to only 19 months
because of a pretrial agreement with the convening authority. Appellant does not get to
benefit from his co-conspirator’s pretrial agreement when determining whether his
adjudged sentence is appropriate under Article 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866(c).
Instead, in making sentence comparisons, we compare the adjudged sentences rather than
the approved sentences. Anderson, 67 M.J. at 706. Here, the adjudged sentences are not
highly disparate, and thus Appellant is not entitled to relief on sentence comparison
grounds. Moreover, as noted above, Appellant’s criminal conduct was not limited to the
larceny and sale of military property. Given our conclusion, the adjudged sentences were
not highly disparate considering these factors, so we decline to grant relief.
Post-Trial Processing Delays
Appellant also argues the 153-day period between the conclusion of trial and the
convening authority’s action warrants this court disapproving his punitive discharge.
Under United States v. Moreno, 63 M.J. 129, 142 (C.A.A.F. 2006), there is a presumption
of unreasonable delay when the convening authority does not take action within 120 days
of the conclusion of the trial. In requesting relief, Appellant argues his long-standing
anxiety has been exacerbated by the Government’s post-trial processing delay.
We review de novo an appellant’s claim that he has been denied the due process
right to a speedy post-trial review and appeal. Id. at 135. Because the 153-day delay in
this case is facially unreasonable under Moreno, we examine the claim under the four
factors set forth in Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530 (1972): “(1) the length of the
delay; (2) the reasons for the delay; (3) the appellant’s assertion of the right to timely
review and appeal; and (4) prejudice.” Moreno, 63 M.J. at 135. In cases where there is
no finding of prejudice, however, appellate courts will only find a due process violation
when, in balancing the other three Barker factors, the delay is “so egregious that
tolerating it would adversely affect the public’s perception of the fairness and integrity of
the military justice system.” United States v. Arriaga, 70 M.J. 51, 56 (C.A.A.F. 2011)
(citing United States v. Toohey, 63 M.J. 353, 362 (C.A.A.F. 2006)).
Appellant is unable to establish prejudice in this case. Moreno identified three
types of prejudice arising from post-trial processing delay: (1) oppressive incarceration,
(2) anxiety and concern, and (3) impairment of ability to present a defense at a rehearing.
Moreno, 63 M.J. at 138–39. None are present in this case. While Appellant claims he
has suffered increased anxiety while confined, his condition does not meet the
“particularized anxiety” standard necessary to establish prejudice. See id. at 140 (holding
that, for the second sub-factor, the appellant must demonstrate he suffered a
“particularized anxiety or concern that is distinguishable from the normal anxiety
experienced by prisoners awaiting an appellate decision”).
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Furthermore, having considered the totality of the circumstances and the entire
record, we find the post-trial delay in this case is not so egregious as to adversely affect
the public’s perception of fairness and integrity of the military justice system. See
Toohey, 63 M.J. at 362. We are also convinced that any error in this case is harmless
beyond a reasonable doubt.
A finding of harmless error does not end the inquiry, as we may grant sentence
relief under Article 66(c), UCMJ, even when we find no prejudice in unreasonable post-
trial delays. United States v. Tardif, 57 M.J. 219 (C.A.A.F. 2002). However, “[a]ppellate
relief under Article 66(c) should be viewed as the last recourse to vindicate, where
appropriate, an appellant’s right to timely post-trial processing and appellate review.” Id.
at 225. We reviewed the entire record, to include the court reporter’s chronology, and
considered the manner in which the record was prepared. Although the record of trial
was not excessively long or complex, we are not persuaded that Tardif relief is warranted
in this case.
Pretrial Punishment
Pursuant to Grostefon, Appellant also argues his commander’s order restricting
him to Joint Base San Antonio–Lackland (JBSA–Lackland) violated Article 13, UCMJ.
The order allowed Appellant to transit freely on most of JBSA–Lackland, and provided
him with a mechanism to request permission to leave the installation. Appellant was also
allowed to have visitors on the installation, although a request had to be made through
one of several individuals in Appellant’s leadership chain. The order was to remain in
effect until the conclusion of the ongoing investigation against Appellant.
Article 13, UCMJ, provides, in part, “No person, while being held for trial, may be
subjected to punishment or penalty other than arrest or confinement upon the charges
pending against him, nor shall the arrest or confinement imposed upon him be any more
rigorous than the circumstances required to insure his presence . . . .” Courts have
identified two types of activities that violate this provision: “(1) the intentional
imposition of punishment on an accused prior to trial, i.e., illegal pretrial punishment; and
(2) pretrial confinement conditions that are more rigorous than necessary to ensure the
accused’s presence at trial, i.e., illegal pretrial confinement.” United States v. Fischer, 61
M.J. 415, 418 (C.A.A.F. 2005).
Generally, the question of whether an appellant is entitled to credit for a violation
of Article 13, UCMJ, is a mixed question of fact and law. United States v. Mosby, 56
M.J. 309, 310 (C.A.A.F. 2002). We review findings of fact under a clearly erroneous
standard and the ultimate question of whether the appellant is entitled to credit under
Article 13, UCMJ, de novo. See Fischer, 61 M.J. at 418. When a military judge makes a
finding that there was no intent to punish an appellant, we will not overturn that finding
unless it is clearly erroneous. Mosby, 56 M.J. at 310; United States v. Smith, 53 M.J. 168,
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170 (C.A.A.F. 2000). The appellant bears the burden of establishing his entitlement to
credit. See Fischer, 61 M.J. at 418.
Contrary to Appellant’s claim, there is no evidence the restriction order was issued
by his chain of command with an intent to punish. Furthermore, after examining the
entire record of trial, we find the order served legitimate, non-punitive purposes. See
Smith, 53 M.J. at 172.
Appellant also alleges he is entitled to confinement credit as the conditions
attached to his restriction were tantamount to confinement. In assessing whether an
appellant is entitled to administrative credit for pretrial confinement, this court reviews de
novo whether certain pretrial restrictions were tantamount to confinement. United States
v. King, 58 M.J. 110, 113 (C.A.A.F. 2003). This determination is based on the totality of
the conditions imposed on the military member. Id.
Rule for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) 305 applies to “restriction tantamount to
confinement” only when the conditions and constraints of the restriction constitute
physical restraint that deprives the accused of his freedom. United States v. Rendon, 58
M.J. 221, 224 (C.A.A.F. 2003). Other forms of restriction do not trigger the application
of R.C.M. 305. United States v. Regan, 62 M.J. 299, 302 (C.A.A.F. 2006). Ultimately,
the “substantial impairment of the basic rights and privileges enjoyed by service members
. . . is the common thread in cases in which [such] credit is due.” United States v.
Calderon, 34 M.J. 501, 506 (A.F.C.M.R. 1991) (quoting United States v. Smith, 20 M.J.
528, 531 (A.C.M.R. 1991)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
We adopt the military judge’s findings of fact and conclusions of law on this
question. Appellant had full access to services on a large military installation, and he was
provided with a mechanism to seek permission to leave the installation. See King, 58
M.J. at 113–14. As such, Appellant is not entitled to confinement credit.
Staff Judge Advocate’s Recommendation
The issue specified by the court was driven by the Government’s failure to attach a
victim impact statement to the SJAR as required by R.C.M. 1106(d)(3).* After reviewing
the briefings from both parties on this question, we find Appellant suffered no material
prejudice from any possible error in this case.
*
Rule for Courts-Martial 1106(d)(3) was amended by Executive Order 13669 on 13 June 2014. Exec. Order No.
13,669, 3 C.F.R. 249, 260 (2014). Before the executive order was signed, the requirement to inform victims of their
right to submit an impact statement existed in Air Force Instruction (AFI) 51-201, Administration of Military Justice
¶ 9.9 (6 June 2013). Additionally, service of any victim impact statement on the accused and defense counsel was
required by AFI 51-201, ¶ 9.10.
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Proper completion of post-trial processing is a question of law which this court
reviews de novo. United States v. Sheffield, 60 M.J. 591, 593 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2004)
(citing United States v. Kho, 54 M.J. 63, 65 (C.A.A.F. 2000)). Failure to comment in a
timely manner on matters in the SJAR, or on matters attached to the SJAR, waives any
later claim of error in the absence of plain error. R.C.M. 1106(f)(6); United States v.
Scalo, 60 M.J. 435, 436 (C.A.A.F. 2005). “To prevail under a plain error analysis, [the
appellant bears the burden of showing] that: ‘(1) there was an error; (2) it was plain or
obvious; and (3) the error materially prejudiced a substantial right.’” Scalo, 60 M.J. at
436 (quoting Kho, 54 M.J. at 65).
Prior to authentication of the record of trial, the base level staff judge advocate
(SJA) notified the victim of her right to provide the general court-martial convening
authority (GCMCA) with a statement regarding the personal impact of Appellant’s
crimes on her. See R.C.M. 1105A. The notice informed the victim the statement would
be considered by the GCMCA prior to taking action on Appellant’s case. The notice also
informed the victim that any statement submitted would be provided to Appellant and his
legal counsel.
The victim provided a statement on 27 June 2014. The SJA then completed an
indorsement memorandum to the GCMCA that purported to forward the victim’s
statement for review. Although this memorandum did not contain an additional
indorsement reflecting the GCMCA’s receipt and consideration of the victim’s statement,
we presume for the purposes of our review that the GCMCA reviewed the victim impact
statement prior to taking action on Appellant’s case.
On 22 July 2014, the SJAR was prepared by the GCMCA SJA, but failed to either
mention or attach the victim impact statement as mandated by R.C.M. 1106(d)(3).
Appellant’s clemency matters, submitted on 15 August 2014, did not acknowledge the
impact statement or its submission to the GCMCA. Likewise, the addendum to the SJAR
was silent regarding the victim’s submission.
What is unclear from the record, and what precipitated the specified issue, is
whether Appellant received a copy of the victim impact statement at any time prior to
action. There is no evidence in the record of trial that Appellant or his counsel ever
receipted for this document. The victim’s statement was contained in the volume of the
record of trial containing post-trial matters. However, there is no evidence this document
was present in the copy of the record of trial provided to Appellant or his counsel.
Appellant, in his answer to the specified issue, did not allege the victim impact
statement was missing from his copy of the record of trial. As such, we choose to apply a
presumption of regularity in this specific case and find the victim impact statement was
contained in the copy of the record of trial provided to Appellant. See United States v.
Mark, 47 M.J. 99, 101 (C.A.A.F. 1997). Although we disagree with the Government that
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Appellant forfeited this issue when he failed to identify the SJA’s error or otherwise note
the error in his clemency response, we agree with Appellant’s assertion that he was not
materially prejudiced in any way.
Promulgating Order Error
We note two errors on the initial court-martial order and direct the completion of a
corrected order. First, no pleas were entered on Charge II prior to it being dismissed by
the military judge before arraignment. The corrected order should reflect this fact, as
well as note the renumbering of the remaining charges. See Air Force Instruction 51-201,
Administration of Military Justice, ¶¶ 10.8.2.2, 10.8.2.2.4 (6 June 2013). Second, the
sentence adjudged date should be 19 March 2014 not 22 July 2014.
Conclusion
The approved findings and sentence are correct in law and fact, and no error
materially prejudicial to the substantial rights of the appellant occurred. Articles 59(a)
and 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(c). Accordingly, the findings and the
sentence are AFFIRMED.
FOR THE COURT
LEAH M. CALAHAN
Deputy Clerk of the Court
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