J-S56032-15
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
JULIE TRYBOSKI, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant
v.
THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY,
Appellee No. 124 MDA 2015
Appeal from the Order Entered December 16, 2014
in the Court of Common Pleas of Centre County
Civil Division at No.: 2011-4909
BEFORE: SHOGAN, J., JENKINS, J., and PLATT, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY PLATT, J.: FILED NOVEMBER
09, 2015
Appellant, Julie Tryboski, appeals pro se from the order of the court of
common pleas granting the motion for summary judgment of Appellee, The
Pennsylvania State University, and dismissing her amended complaint with
prejudice. We affirm.
We take the following background from this Court’s April 1, 2013
memorandum opinion:
In August 1995, Appellant was accepted into a doctoral
program with the Communications Arts and Sciences
Department of Penn State. By 2000, Appellant began work on
her dissertation. Professor J. Michael Hogan served as
Appellant’s graduate advisor and chair of her dissertation
____________________________________________
*
Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S56032-15
committee. Under the program rules, a student who did not
complete his or her dissertation within six years of passing
required comprehensive examinations must retake the
examinations to remain viable in the program. Appellant did not
complete her dissertation by her deadline of October 8, 2005,
having only turned in a first draft that month.
Arrangements were made for Appellant to retake her
comprehensive examinations on February 1, 2006. Additionally,
Appellant sought a retroactive two-year medical withdrawal,
which she hoped would effectively extend the deadline for
completion of her dissertation. On February 17, 2006, Graduate
School Associate Dean Mark Wardell advised Appellant that the
six-year deadline was not contingent on registration, and a
medical withdrawal would not affect her need to retake her
comprehensive examinations. It was subsequently approved for
Appellant to retake her comprehensive examination in the fall of
2006.
In May and June 2006, Appellant sent e-mails to Professor
Hogan detailing her dissatisfaction with the decision and
advancing various criticisms of his performance as her advisor.
On June 5, 2006, Professor Hogan resigned as Appellant’s
advisor, and from her dissertation committee, citing a lack of
collegiality. Appellant was promptly notified of Professor
Hogan’s resignation and advised that a replacement advisor
needed to be found. Unknown to Appellant at the time, two
other committee members resigned on June 6, 2006, and the
remaining member resigned on July 25, 2006. Neither
Appellant’s own efforts, nor efforts made on her behalf by the
Department and the University administration, succeeded in
securing a replacement advisor. Consequently, on August 4,
2006, Communications Arts and Sciences Department Head,
Professor James P. Dillard sent a letter to Appellant, informing
her that her “program of study in Communications Arts and
Sciences has reached its end as of August 1, 2006.” (Appellant’s
Amended Complaint, 2/21/12, Appendix K).
Appellant did not make a timely request for a departmental
appeal of her dismissal. However, on January 31, 2007,
Appellant filed a discrimination complaint with the Pennsylvania
Human Relations Commission. On November 12, 2009, the
Commission dismissed Appellant’s complaint. On November 4,
2011, Appellant filed a pro se complaint with the Court of
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Common Pleas of Centre County, alleging sexual discrimination
under the Pennsylvania Human Relations Act (PHRA). On
December 21, 2011 Penn State filed preliminary objections. The
trial court sustained Penn State’s preliminary objections on
February 2, 2012, and permitted Appellant leave to file an
amended complaint within 20 days.
Appellant timely filed her pro se amended complaint on
February 21, 2012. On March 9, 2012, Penn State filed renewed
preliminary objections raising various issues, including a
demurrer alleging Appellant failed to state a prima facie case of
gender discrimination. On June 5, 2012, the trial court
sustained Penn State’s preliminary objection in the nature of a
demurrer and dismissed Appellant’s complaint with prejudice.
On June 14, 2012, Appellant filed a motion for reconsideration,
which the trial court denied on June 19, 2012. Appellant filed a
timely notice of appeal on July 5, 2012.
(Tryboski v. Penn State Univ., No. 124 MDA 2015, unpublished
memorandum, at *1-*4 (Pa. Super. filed April 1, 2013)) (footnotes omitted;
parentheses added).
As further detailed by the trial court in its December 16, 2014 opinion:
On April 1, 2013, the Superior Court reversed and
remanded, indicating that the trial court had erroneously
determined that [Appellant] had failed to plead sufficient facts to
show that she is qualified for the position and failed to plead
sufficient facts to show she was discharged under circumstances
that gave rise to an inference of discrimination. . . .
On February 6, 2014, [Appellee] filed its Answer and on
February 24, 2014, [Appellant] filed a Reply. On September 30,
2014, [Appellee] filed a Motion for Summary Judgment along
with a statement of material facts and relevant documents.
[Appellant] filed a brief in opposition to summary judgment on
November 11, 2014 along with relevant documents. [Appellee]
thereafter submitted a reply brief. A hearing was held December
1, 2014.
(Trial Court Opinion, 12/16/14, at 2).
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On December 16, 2014, the trial court granted Appellee’s motion for
summary judgment based on its finding that “Professor Hogan’s stated
reasons for resigning were not a pretext for gender discrimination.” (Id. at
11). The trial court denied Appellant’s motion for reconsideration. Appellant
timely appealed.1
Appellant raises one issue for our review:
1. Did the trial court error [sic] in granting [Appellee’s]
Motion for Summary Judgment because the court improperly
held that [Appellant’s] evidence failed to establish that genuine
issues of material fact remain as to whether [Appellee’s] averred
reasons for discharging her were pretextual because the court
improperly weighed conflicting evidence and failed to draw all
inferences in the light most favorable to [Appellant]?
(Appellant’s Brief, at 2).2
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1
Appellant filed a timely statement of errors on appeal on February 11,
2015 pursuant to the court’s order. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). The court filed
a Rule 1925(a) opinion in which it relied on the reasons stated in its
December 16, 2014 opinion. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a).
2
As a preliminary matter, we observe that Appellant’s brief is forty-one
meandering pages long, and does not contain a certification that it is not in
excess of 14,000 words, as required by Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate
Procedure 2135. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 1-41); see also Pa.R.A.P.
2135(a)(1), (d). Additionally, the argument section of the brief is flawed.
First, other than a citation to one binding United States Supreme Court case,
the argument section of the brief only cites law from the Commonwealth
Court and lower federal courts. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 11-40). However,
we can consider this authority as persuasive, even if not binding. See
Cresci Const. Serv., Inc. v. Martin, 64 A.3d 254, 256 n.3, 258 n.7 (Pa.
Super. 2013) (Decisions of Commonwealth Court and lower federal courts
not binding, but provide persuasive authority and guidance). Also, the vast
majority of this section contains a self-serving, tortuous recitation of the
underlying facts of this case, rather than pertinent discussion, in violation of
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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Our standard and scope of review of a court’s order granting a motion
for summary judgment is well-settled:
A reviewing court may disturb the order of the trial court only
where it is established that the court committed an error of law
or abused its discretion. As with all questions of law, our review
is plenary.
In evaluating the trial court’s decision to enter summary
judgment, we focus on the legal standard articulated in the
summary judgment rule. Pa.R.C.P. 1035.2. The rule states that
where there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving
party is entitled to relief as a matter of law, summary judgment
may be entered. Where the nonmoving party bears the burden
of proof on an issue, he may not merely rely on his pleadings or
answers in order to survive summary judgment. Failure of a
non-moving party to adduce sufficient evidence on an issue
essential to his case and on which he bears the burden of proof
establishes the entitlement of the moving party to judgment as a
matter of law. Lastly, we will review the record in the light most
favorable to the non-moving party, and all doubts as to the
existence of a genuine issue of material fact must be resolved
against the moving party.
Krauss v. Trane U.S. Inc., 104 A.3d 556, 562-63 (Pa. Super. 2014) (case
citation omitted).
Established for Title VII cases, where, as here, direct
evidence of discriminatory treatment is lacking, is “an allocation
of the burden of production and an order for the presentation of
proof” according to which a court may assess a plaintiff’s indirect
evidence of discrimination. This Title VII burden-shifting
framework as developed in McDonnell Douglas [Corp. v.
Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973),] is a three-part one. First, the
plaintiff bears the initial burden of establishing a prima facie case
of discrimination. The burden on the plaintiff of presenting a
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
Rule 2119(a). (See Appellant’s Brief, at 15-40); see also Pa.R.A.P.
2119(a). However, although Appellant fails to clearly explain her argument,
we will consider it on the merits to the extent possible.
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prima facie case under McDonnell Douglas is minimal. If the
plaintiff cannot meet this minimal burden, the employer is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
If the plaintiff does establish a prima facie case, a
presumption of discrimination arises, and the burden of
production shifts to the employer to articulate a legitimate,
nondiscriminatory reason for the challenged employment
decision. . . . If the employer articulates a legitimate business
explanation, then the presumption of discriminatory intent
created by the employee’s prima facie case is rebutted and the
presumption simply drops out of the picture.
If the employer satisfies its burden of production, the third
and final part of the McDonnell Douglas framework gives the
plaintiff the opportunity to show that the legitimate reasons
proffered by the employer were pretexts for what, in reality, was
a discriminatory motivation. In the pretext discrimination case,
the employer need not prove that the tendered reason actually
motivated its behavior, as throughout this burden-shifting
paradigm the ultimate burden of proving intentional
discrimination always rests with the plaintiff.
Kroptavich v. Penn. Power and Light Co., 795 A.2d 1048, 1055 (Pa.
Super. 2002) (citations omitted; some quotation marks omitted).3
Here, Appellant seeks to hold Appellee liable for terminating her
because its stated reasons for doing so were inconsistent, and resulted from
the alleged discriminatory actions of her advisor, its employee, Professor
Hogan. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 15). Specifically, she states that “[she]
has offered evidence supporting the fact that the demise of her PhD
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3
As stated previously, a panel of this Court found that Appellant stated a
prima facie case. (See Trial Ct. Op., at 2). The only prong at issue in this
appeal is the third prong, i.e., whether the trial court properly found that
Appellant failed to establish pretext. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 12).
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aspirations was a fait accompli once Prof. Hogan’s animus infected the
process. (There are, thus, issues of fact as to ‘cat’s paw’ liability sufficient to
avoid summary judgment[.] . . .).” (Id. at 16). Appellant’s claim does not
merit relief.
In Staub v. Proctor Hosp., 562 U.S. 411 (2011), the United States
Supreme Court held that, under the cat’s paw theory, “[i]f a supervisor
performs an act motivated by [discriminatory] animus that is intended by
the supervisor to cause an adverse employment action, and if that act is a
proximate cause of the ultimate employment action, then the employer is
liable . . . .” Staub, supra at 422 (footnote and emphasis omitted).
However, as aptly discussed by the trial court in this case, Appellant
failed to create a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether Professor
Hogan acted with discriminatory intent when he resigned, much less about if
he intended her termination. Specifically, the trial court observed:
[Appellant] did not raise a material issue by casting
substantial doubt on Professor Hogan’s proffered reasons for
resigning or by coming forward with sufficient evidence from
which a factfinder could reasonably conclude that an illegitimate
factor more likely than not was a motivating or determinative
cause of his decision to do so. [Appellant] argues that Professor
Hogan relied on “ingrained sex stereotypes, particularly the ones
that anger and assertiveness are unacceptable in women” when
he decided to resign as her advisor after receiving her email on
June 5, 2006. In support of her argument, [Appellant]
presented emails wherein Professor Hogan and Dr. Dillard
referred to the June 5, 2006 email as “combative” and
“aggressive.” Additionally, discovery revealed emails wherein
Professor Hogan writes critically of [Appellant]. For example, on
October 5, 2005, Professor Hogan sent an email to Dr. Dillard
wherein he said that “the decision NOT to take a forceful stand
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and terminate [Appellant] back in November of 2005 is coming
back to haunt us.” Similarly, on April 13, 2004, Professor Hogan
stated in another email to administration that “if [Appellant’s]
past behavior is any indication, she’ll try to blame us [for her
situation].” Despite the fact that it is clear Professor Hogan did
not have a great deal of respect for [Appellant] leading up to his
resignation, the [c]ourt cannot find any evidence in the record
that his feelings toward [Appellant] were a result of gender
discrimination. The evidence shows that Professor Hogan
eventually resigned due to his long history with [Appellant],
including her failure to adhere to his expectations of graduate
students. For example, [Appellant’s] draft dissertation arrived to
Professor Hogan on October 5, 2005─three days before her
deadline─though she had sent him the same draft by email two
weeks earlier. Professor Hogan does not accept dissertations by
email and thus did not consider the emailed draft a submission.
He therefore did not have sufficient time to review her draft,
suggest edits to her, and allow her to revise it before the rest of
her committee reviewed it by the deadline.
[Appellant] also presented comparator evidence. Professor
Hogan told another female student, Corinne Weisberger, that he
treated seeking one’s request to view comprehensive exam
scores as an “adversarial action.” In an email in June 2002,
Professor Hogan also told Corinne Weisberger that he was
“becoming increasingly concerned. about [her] apparent
obsession with these perceived past injustices” in reference to
the student’s desire to see her scores on her comprehensive
exams. While the correspondence between Professor Hogan and
Corinne Weisberger was tense─like much of [Appellant’s]
correspondence with Professor Hogan─the [c]ourt finds no
evidence of pretext in it. [Appellant] additionally presented
evidence regarding a male student, George Elder, who spoke out
publically against the [d]epartment but was not terminated.
Notably, Mr. Elder had a different advisor and committee
members, with the exception of Professor Johnstone. Upon
consideration of all of [Appellant’s] evidence, the [c]ourt finds
that Professor Hogan’s proffered reasons for his resignation─the
eventual demise of their working relationship─to be credible.
[Appellant] argues that she was continually penalized with a
difficult dissertation, a hostile adviser, and persistent poor
health. These arguments cut against her theory that Professor
Hogan resigned because she failed to adhere to sex stereotypes,
but instead bolster Professor Hogan’s stated reasons for
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resigning. [Appellant] failed to “cast substantial doubt” on
Professor Hogan’s legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for
resigning from her committee. In other words, the [c]ourt finds
that Professor Hogan’s stated reasons for resigning were not a
pretext for gender discrimination. . . .
(Trial Ct. Op., at 10-11) (citation omitted).
After our independent review of the record, we agree with the trial
court that Appellant failed to adduce sufficient evidence to raise a genuine
issue of material fact regarding whether Professor Hogan’s stated reasons
for resigning were merely a pretext for gender discrimination. See Krauss,
supra at 562-63; Kroptavich, supra at 1055.
Appellant’s amended complaint alleges, in pertinent part, that, “Prof.
Hogan, in making his decision to resign, and in citing a ‘lack of collegiality,’
illegally relied on deeply ingrained sex stereotypes, particularly the ones that
anger and assertiveness are unacceptable in women,” and that “[his]
interest in collegiality was . . . a pretext to cover his discriminatory animus
toward [Appellant].” (Amended Complaint, 2/21/12, at 5 ¶ 33, 16 ¶ 76).
However, none of the numerous exhibits in the certified record support her
allegation.
For example, at her deposition, when repeatedly asked if she had any
evidence that Professor Hogan “relied on the deeply ingrained stereotypes”
alleged in her complaint, Appellant consistently replied in the negative.
(N.T. Appellant’s Deposition, 3/28/14, at 125, 127; see id. at 126). She
also admitted that she did not have any evidence that Professor Hogan
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treated the female students whom he advised differently than the males.
(See id. at 128-29). Further, in spite of her allegation that Professor Hogan
used “lack of collegiality” as a pretext, she admitted that the June 5, 2006
email she sent to him was angry and confrontational. (Amended Complaint,
2/21/12, at 5 ¶ 33; see id. at 16 ¶ 76; N.T. Appellant’s Deposition, at 128).
Finally, although Appellant asserts that her entire doctoral committee
resigned at the urging of Professor Hogan, she admitted at her deposition
that she does not have any evidence of that. (See N.T. Appellant’s
Deposition, at 133-37).
Indeed, a review of the email communications between Appellant and
Professor Hogan reveal a history of an antagonistic relationship between the
two that certainly could be characterized as lacking collegiality, but do not
even suggest discrimination. (See, e.g., Amended Complaint, Appendix F,
Email Exchange Between Appellant and Professor Hogan, 5/30/06-6/05/06);
id. at Appendix S, Email Exchange Between Appellant and Professor Hogan,
2/26/04-2/27/04; Appellee’s Motion for Summary Judgment, Appendix 7,
Documents Provided in Discovery, Exhibit G1, Email Exchange Between
Appellant and Professor Hogan, 2/07/02-2/11/02; id. at Exhibit G3, Email
Exchange Between Appellant and Professor Hogan, 8/23/02-8/24/02; id. at
Exhibit H1, at unnumbered pages 3-6, Email Exchange Between Appellant
and Professor Hogan, 9/23/04-9/24/04; id. at Exhibit I6, Email Exchange
Between Appellant and Professor Hogan, 11/28/05-12/05/05).
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Also, we also find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s
characterization of the comparator evidence. (See Trial Ct. Op., at 11; see
also Amended Complaint, Appendix I, Letter from Dr. George H. Elder to
Trial Court, 12/29/11; id. at Appendix J, Samples of Elder’s Editorials and
Controversies at Penn State; id. at Appendix P, Email from Corinne
Weisgerber to Appellant, 8/24/07, at 1). The email sent from Corinne
Weisgerber to Appellant claimed that she and Professor Hogan had a
contentious relationship, but did not contain any allegation of gender
discrimination. (See id. at Appendix P, Email from Corinne Weisgerber to
Appellant, 8/24/07, at 1). Dr. Elder is a male who had a different advisor
than Appellant and spoke against the school. (See id. at Appendix I, Letter
from Dr. George H. Elder to Trial Court, 12/29/11; id. at Appendix J,
Samples of Elder’s Editorials and Controversies at Penn State).
In short, Appellee discontinued Appellant’s doctoral program for her
failure to meet its requirements. Appellant did not provide one piece of
evidence that would link her termination to her speculation that Professor
Hogan resigned, persuaded other committee members to resign, and
rendered her somehow unable to meet the requirements of the doctoral
program on the basis of gender bias. Therefore, the trial court properly
found that Appellant failed to meet her burden of proving that there is a
genuine issue of material fact regarding whether Professor Hogan’s stated
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reason for resigning as her advisor was pretext for discrimination.4 See
Kroptavich, supra at 1055.
Hence, after our own independent review, we conclude that the trial
court did not abuse its discretion or commit an error of law when it granted
Appellee’s motion for summary judgment where it is entitled to judgment as
a matter of law. See Krauss, supra at 562-63. Appellant’s issue lacks
merit.
Order affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 11/9/2015
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4
Although Appellant baldly accuses many members of Appellee’s faculty of
not acting in her best interest and conspiring against her, she does not
allege that their actions were premised on their own gender discrimination.
(See Appellant’s Brief, at 16-40).
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Tryboski, J. v. The PA State University
Combined Opinion