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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
IN THE INTEREST OF: K.B., A MINOR IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
APPEAL OF: M.W. No. 633 MDA 2015
Appeal from the Order entered March 11, 2015,
in the Court of Common Pleas of Cumberland County, Domestic
Relations, at No(s): CP-21-DP-0000120-2012
IN THE INTEREST OF: K.B., A MINOR
APPEAL OF: M.W., MOTHER No. 639 MDA 2015
Appeal from the Decree entered March 11, 2015,
in the Court of Common Pleas of Cumberland County, Orphans’
Court, at No(s): 12-Adoptions-2015
BEFORE: SHOGAN, JENKINS, and PLATT*, JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY JENKINS, J.: FILED NOVEMBER 13, 2015
M.W. (“Mother”) appeals from the Order and Decree dated March 11,
2015, and entered on March 12, 2015, in the Cumberland County Court of
Common Pleas, Orphans’ Court Division, changing the permanency goal for
her dependent minor daughter, K.B. (“Child”), born in August of 2006, from
return to parent to adoption under section 6351 of the Juvenile Act, 42 Pa.
C.S. § 6351, and involuntarily terminating her parental rights to Child
* Retired Senior Judge specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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pursuant to section 2511(a)(8) and (b) of the Adoption Act, 23 Pa.C.S. §
2511(a)(8) and (b). We affirm.1
The relevant facts and procedural history of this case are as follows.
Cumberland County Children & Youth Services (“CYS”) has been involved
with Mother on a consistent basis since September 2003, receiving
numerous referrals alleging inappropriate discipline, conduct by Mother and
Child’s stepfather, S.W., that places Child at risk, concerns regarding
Mother’s mental health, unsanitary living conditions, and inadequate
hygiene. Dependency Petition, 8/9/12, at 3. Over the course of CYS’s
involvement with Mother, she reported having been diagnosed with
depression, paranoid schizophrenia, ADHD, bipolar disorder, and borderline
personality disorder. Id. Mother also reported that she receives mental
health services from Franklin Family Services. Id. Although Mother has
consistently tested negative for drugs, S.W. has tested positive for
marijuana on multiple drug tests administered continually since June 2011.
Id. Further, Child has been diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder
and has been observed to engage in self-mutilation, for which she has been
receiving Therapeutic Staff Support and mobile therapy. Master’s
Recommendation, 8/21/12, at 1.
On August 6, 2012, CYS received a referral reporting drug activity
occurring in the family residence. Dependency Petition, 8/9/12, at 5. As a
result, CYS implemented a safety plan stipulating that Mother and S.W. were
1
K.B.’s father, M.B. (“Father”), is currently incarcerated at Five Points
Correctional Facility in Romulus, New York for 1st degree manslaughter.
Father’s minimum release date is September 2027 and his maximum release
date is November 2030. He has not filed an appeal from the trial court’s
Order or Decree, nor is he a party to this appeal.
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not to have unsupervised contact or be left alone with Child until further
notice. Id. Additionally, it was agreed that family friend, J.S., would care
for Child and ensure compliance with the safety plan. Id. On August 9,
2012, CYS filed a dependency petition, alleging unsanitary living conditions,
child abuse, parental drug use, and drug trafficking being conducted out of
the family residence. Id. at 4-5. That same day, an adjudicatory hearing
was held at the conclusion of which the Juvenile Court Master (“Master”)
issued a Recommendation that Child not be found dependent. Integral to
the Master’s Recommendation was Mother’s commitment to cooperate with
all recommended services, including the Alternative Behavior Consultants
TIPS Program, mental health services, individual counseling and medication
management, and substantial continuing mental health services and
counseling for Child. Master’s Recommendation, 8/21/12, at 1. On August
16, 2012, the trial court issued an Order adopting the Master’s
Recommendation.
On December 10, 2012, CYS received a child abuse report alleging
that Mother and S.W. had sexually abused Child. Dependency Petition,
12/13/12, at 4. On the basis of the allegations, CYS petitioned for and was
granted emergency protective custody of Child. Id. That same day, Child
was placed in The Bair Foundation foster home of C.K and D.K. Id. On
December 13, 2012, CYS filed a dependency petition and a shelter care
application. After a shelter care hearing, the Master issued a
Recommendation that Child be found dependent, and that legal and physical
custody of Child be transferred to CYS with the permanent placement goal of
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return to parent. On December 21, 2012, the trial court issued an Order
adopting the Master’s Recommendation.
On December 28, 2012, a permanency plan was created, which set
forth the following objectives for Mother: (1) to improve mental health
functioning; (2) to better manage Child’s behavior; (3) to be drug and
alcohol free; (4) to obtain an education; (5) to have a clean home; (6) to be
financially stable; (7) to demonstrate being free of head lice and bed bugs
and remaining free of head lice and bed bugs; (8) to maintain contact with
Child on a regular basis as arranged with caseworker; (9) to cooperate with
Domestic Relations for support of Child as determined by the trial court; and
(10) to be involved in case planning. CYS’s Permanency Planning Review
Summary & Pre-Dispositional Statement, 4/22/13, at 3-4. On April 19,
2013, CYS filed a petition for a permanency review hearing.
A permanency review hearing took place on May 13, 2013. In its
ensuing Recommendation, the Master found that Mother was in substantial
compliance with the permanency plan, and that she had made substantial
progress toward alleviating the circumstances which necessitated placement.
The Master also noted that a Child Protective Services investigation
determined that the allegations of sexual abuse against Mother were
unfounded, and that Mother had separated from S.W. and was pursuing a
divorce. Master’s Recommendation, 5/20/13, at 3. On May, 17, 2013, the
trial court issued an Order adopting the Master’s recommendation.
At the next permanency review hearing, on October 10, 2013, CYS
reported that Mother was no longer attending parenting classes or mental
health counseling, as required under the permanency plan. On February 18,
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2014, CYS moved to suspend Mother’s visitation based on the assessment of
Child’s therapist, Jennifer Dunbar-Gilfus, that continued contact posed a
grave danger to Child’s mental health and safety. On February 25, 2014,
the trial court denied CYS’s motion because Ms. Dunbar-Gilfus was
unavailable to testify at the scheduled hearing.
On March 19, 2014, a permanency review hearing was conducted at
which Ms. Dunbar-Gilfus testified via telephone conference. After the
hearing, the Master issued a Recommendation in which it found the
following:
[Child’s therapist’s] testimony indicates that [Child] has reached
a point in her therapy where she is processing [the] allegations
of past sexual abuse by [Mother]. During the same period of
time that she has been engaging in this stage of therapy, she
has required two in-patient hospitalizations and has remained in
partial hospitalization when she has not required full in-patient
care. Most recently, she was taken to Crisis on Monday,
03/10/2013[,] and was recommended for placement at Kids
Peace due to her self-injurious behaviors and threats of suicide.
[Child’s therapist’s] testimony was that any frequency of contact
with [Mother] for any length of time, including in a therapeutic
setting, poses a grave threat of harm to [Child] while she is in
this stage of therapy.
Evidence of her recent hospitalizations and her treating
therapist’s expert opinion clearly demonstrates that while [Child]
is in her current therapeutic stage of processing allegations of
prior sexual abuse by [Mother], visitation between [Child] and
[Mother] poses a grave threat of harm to [Child].
These findings are not intended to indicate that [Mother] in
fact sexually abused [Child] and it is noted that the allegations
were previously unfounded. . . .
As established elsewhere in this order, it should be noted
that [Child] has been in placement for 15 months, [Mother] has
made minimal progress in eliminating the circumstances that
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originally necessitated placement, and [CYS’s] compelling reason
for not pursuing a goal change at this time is centered on
[Child’s] mental health driven need for minimal change, as
opposed to progress on [Mother’s part].
Master’s Recommendation, 3/19/14, at 4. That same day, the trial court
issued an Order adopting the Master’s Recommendation.
Both Ms. Dunbar-Gilfus as well as Child’s psychiatrist, Dr. Nikita Eike,
testified at the next permanency review hearing, which occurred on August
21, 2014. In her testimony, Ms. Dunbar-Gilfus reiterated her contention
that any contact with Mother posed a grave threat of harm to Child’s
psychological well-being. Dr. Eike testified to her observation that the
prospect of resuming contact with Mother caused Child to exhibit selective
mutism and lapse into a quasi-catatonic state. Master’s Recommendation,
8/28/14, at 3. Further, Dr. Eike testified that upon the mere mentioning of
contact with her Mother, Child was observed to “curl in on herself and start
to rock.” Id.
On October 22, 2014, CYS filed a petition to change Child’s
permanency goal from return to parent to adoption. On February 20, 2015,
CYS filed a petition to involuntarily terminate Mother’s parental rights to
Child, alleging the elements of 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(2), (5), (8), and (b). 2
On March 11, 2015, the trial court held a hearing on CYS’s petitions. At the
hearing, Dr. Eike testified to Child’s consistency in not wanting any contact
with Mother, indicating that just the prospect of reunification made her so
distraught that she had to be hospitalized. Dr. Eike went on to conclude that
2
On February 20, 2015, CYS also filed a petition to involuntarily terminate
Father’s parental rights to Child, alleging the elements of 23 Pa.C.S. §
2511(a)(2) and (b).
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termination of Mother’s parental rights was in Child’s best interest, as it
would remove a major stressor from her life and possibly benefit her
therapeutically. Trial Ct. Op., 5/14/15, at 4. At the conclusion of the
hearing, the trial court issued the underlying Order, changing Child’s
permanent placement goal from return to parent to adoption, and Decree,
involuntarily terminating Mother’s parental rights to Child pursuant to 23
Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(8) and (b).3 On April 10, 2015, Mother filed
simultaneously a timely Notice of Appeal and a Concise Statement of Errors
Complained of on Appeal, in accordance with Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i) and
(b).
On appeal, Mother raises four issues for our review:
1. Did the [t]rial [c]ourt err as a matter of law and abuse its
discretion in determining that [CYS] presented evidence so
clear, direct, weighty, and convincing as to enable the fact
finder to come to a clear conviction without hesitancy[] of the
truth of the precise facts in issue?
2. Did the [t]rial [c]ourt err as a matter of law and abuse its
discretion in determining the best interests of [Child] would
be served by changing the permanency goal from
reunification to adoption, when the evidence indicated that
Mother could provide for [Child’s] needs and appropriately
parent [Child]?
3. Did the [t]rial [c]ourt err as a matter of law and abuse its
discretion in determining the best interests of [Child] would
be served by terminating the parental rights of Mother, when
the evidence indicated that the original reasons for placement
of [Child] no longer exist or had been substantially
eliminated?
3
By separate Decree, the trial court involuntarily terminated Father’s
parental rights to Child.
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4. Did the [t]rial [c]ourt err as a matter of law and abuse its
discretion in determining the best interests of [Child] would
be served by changing the goal to adoption; terminating
Mother’s parental rights when the evidence indicated that
based on [Child’s] therapist’s testimony, Mother was not able
to see [Child] or work on the established goal of reunification
for a substantial time during the pendency of this case?
Mother’s Brief at 5-6.
We review appeals from the involuntary termination of parental rights
according to the following standard:
[A]ppellate courts must apply an abuse of discretion
standard when considering a trial court’s determination of a
petition for termination of parental rights. As in dependency
cases, our standard of review requires an appellate court to
accept the findings of fact and credibility determinations of the
trial court if they are supported by the record. In re R.J.T., 608
Pa. 9, [28-29,] 9 A.3d 1179, 1190 (Pa. 2010)]. If the factual
findings are supported, appellate courts review to determine if
the trial court made an error of law or abused its discretion.
Id.; [In re:] R.I.S., [614 Pa. 275], 36 A.3d [567, 572 (2011)
(plurality opinion)]. As has been often stated, an abuse of
discretion does not result merely because the reviewing court
might have reached a different conclusion. Id.; see also
Samuel-Bassett v. Kia Motors America, Inc., [613 Pa. 371],
34 A.3d 1, 51 (2011); Christianson v. Ely, 575 Pa. 647, 838
A.2d 630, 634 (2003). Instead, a decision may be reversed for
an abuse of discretion only upon demonstration of manifest
unreasonableness, partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will. Id.
As we discussed in R.J.T., there are clear reasons for
applying an abuse of discretion standard of review in these
cases. We observed that, unlike trial courts, appellate courts are
not equipped to make the fact-specific determinations on a cold
record, where the trial judges are observing the parties during
the relevant hearing and often presiding over numerous other
hearings regarding the child and parents. R.J.T., [608 Pa. at
28-30], 9 A.3d at 1190. Therefore, even where the facts could
support an opposite result, as is often the case in dependency
and termination cases, an appellate court must resist the urge to
second guess the trial court and impose its own credibility
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determinations and judgment; instead we must defer to the trial
judges so long as the factual findings are supported by the
record and the court’s legal conclusions are not the result of an
error of law or an abuse of discretion. In re Adoption of
Atencio, [539 Pa. 161, 165,] 650 A.2d 1064, 1066 (1994).
In re Adoption of S.P., 616 Pa. 309, 325-26, 47 A.3d 817, 826-27 (2012).
Termination of parental rights is governed by section 2511 of the
Adoption Act, 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511, which requires a bifurcated analysis:
Our case law has made clear that under Section 2511, the court
must engage in a bifurcated process prior to terminating
parental rights. Initially, the focus is on the conduct of the
parent. The party seeking termination must prove by clear and
convincing evidence that the parent’s conduct satisfies the
statutory grounds for termination delineated in Section 2511(a).
Only if the court determines that the parent’s conduct warrants
termination of his or her parental rights does the court engage in
the second part of the analysis pursuant to Section 2511(b):
determination of the needs and welfare of the child under the
standard of best interests of the child. One major aspect of the
needs and welfare analysis concerns the nature and status of the
emotional bond between parent and child, with close attention
paid to the effect on the child of permanently severing any such
bond.
In re L.M., 923 A.2d 505, 511 (Pa. Super. 2007) (citing 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511).
The burden is upon the petitioner to prove by clear and convincing evidence
that the asserted statutory grounds for seeking the termination of parental
rights are valid. In re R.N.J., 985 A.2d 273, 276 (Pa. Super. 2009).
Moreover, we have explained:
[t]he standard of clear and convincing evidence is defined as
testimony that is so “clear, direct, weighty and convincing as to
enable the trier of fact to come to a clear conviction, without
hesitance, of the truth of the precise facts in issue.”
Id. (quoting In re J.L.C., 837 A.2d 1247, 1251 (Pa. Super. 2003)).
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This Court may affirm the trial court’s decision regarding the
termination of parental rights with regard to any one subsection of section
2511(a). See In re B.L.W., 843 A.2d 380, 384 (Pa. Super. 2004) (en
banc). Here, the trial court terminated Mother’s parental rights pursuant to
section 2511(a)(8) and (b), which provide as follows:
§ 2511. Grounds for involuntary termination
(a) General Rule.—The rights of a parent in regard to a child
may be terminated after a petition filed on any of the following
grounds:
***
(8) The child has been removed from the care of the
parent by the court or under a voluntary agreement with
an agency, 12 months or more have elapsed from the date
of removal or placement, the conditions which led to the
removal or placement of the child continue to exist and
termination of parental rights would best serve the needs
and welfare of the child.
***
(b) Other considerations.―The court in terminating the rights
of a parent shall give primary consideration to the
developmental, physical and emotional needs and welfare of the
child. The rights of a parent shall not be terminated solely on
the basis of environmental factors such as inadequate housing,
furnishings, income, clothing and medical care if found to be
beyond the control of the parent. With respect to any petition
filed pursuant to subsection (a)(1), (6) or (8), the court shall not
consider any efforts by the parent to remedy the conditions
described therein which are first initiated subsequent to the
giving of notice of the filing of the petition.
23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(8) and (b).
Further, to terminate parental rights pursuant to section 2511(a)(8), it
must be demonstrated that: “(1) [t]he child has been removed from
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parental care for 12 months or more from the date of removal; (2) the
conditions which led to the removal or placement of the child continue to
exist; and (3) termination of parental rights would best serve the needs and
welfare of the child.” In re Adoption of M.E.P., 825 A.2d 1266, 1275-76
(Pa. Super. 2003); 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(8). “Section 2511(a)(8) sets a
12-month time frame for a parent to remedy the conditions that led to the
children’s removal by the court.” In re A.R., 837 A.2d 560, 564 (Pa. Super.
2003). Once the 12-month period has been established, the trial court must
next determine whether the conditions that led to the children’s removal
continue to exist. Id. “[I]f a parent fails to cooperate or appears incapable
of benefiting from the reasonable efforts supplied over a realistic period of
time, [the agency] has fulfilled its mandate and upon proof of satisfaction of
the reasonable good faith effort, the termination petition may be granted.”
Id. (citation omitted). Moreover, “[a]s this Court has repeatedly indicated,
termination under subsection (a)(8) ‘does not require an evaluation of [a
parent’s] willingness or ability to remedy the conditions that led to
placement of the children.’” In re I.J., 972 A.2d 5, 11 (Pa. Super. 2009)
(quoting In re Adoption of R.J.S., 901 A.2d 502, 511 (Pa. Super. 2006))
(emphasis in original). Instead, subsection (a)(8) “requires only that the
conditions continue to exist, not an evaluation of parental willingness or
ability to remedy them.” Id. (quoting In re C.L.G., 956 A.2d 999, 1007
(Pa. Super. 2008)).
In her brief on appeal, Mother argues that CYS presented insufficient
evidence to sustain its burden under section 2511(a)(8) and (b), and, thus,
that the trial court abused its discretion in involuntarily terminating her
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parental rights to Child. Specifically, Mother contends that the trial court
relied too heavily on the unfavorable testimony of Child’s therapist, Ms.
Dunbar-Gilfus, and Child’s psychiatrist, Dr. Eike, as opposed to the favorable
testimony of Alternative Behavior Consultants’s parenting counselor, Lee
Marriott. Mother notes that Ms. Marriott testified to the positive interaction
between Mother and Child during parenting sessions, stating:
It was very positive. [Child] was always happy to see [Mother].
[Mother] was always happy to see [Child]. . . . [Mother] had
appropriate nutritious snacks or meals. [Mother] had
appropriate activities. [Mother] had gotten not only [Child’s]
bedroom together with toys and pictures but also had a separate
playroom set up for [Child]. It was always positive. [Child] was
happy, cooperative, excited. [Child] had fun. [Mother] was
happy, encouraging, and positive during the visits.
Mother’s Brief at 13-14 (quoting Notes of Testimony, 3/11/15, at 21). In
addition, Mother argues that there was insufficient evidence adduced for the
trial court to properly consider the bond between Mother and Child due to
the termination of Mother’s visitation with Child in March 2014 on the basis
of Ms. Dunbar-Gilfus’s assessment that continued contact with Mother posed
a grave threat of harm to Child’s psychological well-being. Id. at 14-16. As
such, Mother claims that the trial court erred in determining that termination
of her parental rights would best serve the needs and welfare of Child under
section 2511(b). We disagree.
In its Rule 1925(a) Opinion, the trial court explained its analysis under
section 2511(a)(8) as follows:
[Child] had been in placement for just a few days shy of
27 months at the time of the [March 11, 2015] hearing on
[CYS’s] petition[s]. The effects of the trauma she received while
living with [] Mother caused her severe and ongoing mental
health issues. Just the mention of [] Mother causes her to
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decompensate. [Dr. Eike] noted that [Child] is “acutely aware of
every court date.” She became so emotionally distraught at the
prospect of reunification that she required in-patient psychiatric
care around the time of every scheduled court hearing over the
past year.
The conditions which led to placement continue to exist at
the time of [the] [O]rder. Mother was still unable to care for
[Child]. [Mother] cannot even be in [Child’s] presence without
causing [Child] severe emotional harm. While the alleged sexual
abuse may have been unfounded, [Child] continues to make
those allegations against Mother. Furthermore, once [Child]
began to process those allegations in therapy, her already fragile
mental health deteriorated significantly.
Trial Ct. Op. at 5-6 (footnote citation omitted).
Mother’s argument, as it relates to section 2511(a)(8), is, in essence,
an attempt to have this Court re-weigh the evidence presented and revisit
the credibility determinations of the trial court. However, it is well
established that “[t]he trial court, not the appellate court, is charged with
the responsibilities of evaluating credibility of the witnesses and resolving
any conflicts in the testimony.” In re Adoption of R.J.S., 901 A.2d 502,
506 (Pa. Super. 2006). Further, if competent evidence supports the trial
court’s findings, we will affirm even if the record could also support the
opposite result. See In re Adoption of T.B.B., 835 A.2d at 394. Here, we
are satisfied that the trial court’s findings are supported by clear and
convincing, competent, and sufficient evidence, and that it reasonably
concluded that the elements of section 2511(a)(8) were met by the facts
before it. Accordingly, we discern no abuse of discretion or error of law on
this issue.
Having determined that the requirements of section 2511(a) are
satisfied, we proceed to review whether the trial court properly found that
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termination of Mother’s parental rights was in the best interest of Child
under section 2511(b). With respect to section 2511(b), this Court has
explained the requisite analysis as follows:
Subsection 2511(b) focuses on whether termination of
parental rights would best serve the developmental, physical,
and emotional needs and welfare of the child. In In re C.M.S.,
884 A.2d [at] 1287 [], this Court stated, “Intangibles such as
love, comfort, security, and stability are involved in the inquiry
into the needs and welfare of the child.” In addition, we
instructed that the trial court must also discern the nature and
status of the parent-child bond, with utmost attention to the
effect on the child of permanently severing that bond. Id.
However, in cases where there is no evidence of a bond between
a parent and child, it is reasonable to infer that no bond exists.
In re K.Z.S., 946 A.2d [at 762-63]. Accordingly, the extent of
the bond-effect analysis necessarily depends on the
circumstances of the particular case. Id. at 63.
In re Adoption of J.M., 991 A.2d 321, 324 (Pa. Super. 2010).
Here, our review of the record indicates that there is clear and
convincing, competent evidence to support the trial court’s decision that
termination of Mother’s parental rights best serves Child’s developmental,
physical, and emotional needs and welfare. While acknowledging Mother’s
feelings of love and affection for Child, the trial court appropriately
concluded that the emotional stress and mental health consequences
suffered by Child at the mere prospect of reunification, in conjunction with
Mother’s current inability to meet Child’s needs, far outweigh whatever bond
that might exist between Mother and Child. As such, we find that it was
appropriate for the trial court to determine that the termination of Mother’s
parental rights would not have a detrimental effect on Child and would be in
Child’s best interest. In consideration of these circumstances and our
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careful review of the record, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse
its discretion or commit an error of law in finding competent evidence to
support the termination of Mother’s parental rights to Child under section
2511(b).
Finally, we address Mother’s claim that the trial court committed an
abuse of discretion in changing Child’s permanency goal from return to
parent to adoption.
We review dependency cases according to the following standard:
[T]he standard of review in dependency cases requires an
appellate court to accept the findings of fact and credibility
determinations of the trial court if they are supported by the
record, but does not require the appellate court to accept the
lower court’s inferences or conclusions of law. Accordingly, we
review for an abuse of discretion.
In re R.J.T., 9 A.3d at 1190 (citation omitted).
This matter is controlled by the Juvenile Act, 42 Pa.C.S. § 6301. In
determining a petition for a goal change, the trial court must consider:
the continuing necessity for and appropriateness of the
placement; the extent of compliance with the service plan
developed for the child; the extent of progress made towards
alleviating the circumstances which necessitated the original
placement; the appropriateness and feasibility of the current
placement goal for the child; and, a likely date by which the goal
for the child might be achieved.
In re A.K., 936 A.2d 528, 533 (Pa. Super. 2007) (citing 42 Pa.C.S. §
6351(f)).
Additionally, section 6351(f.1) of the Juvenile Act requires the trial
court to make a determination regarding the child’s goal:
(f.1) Additional determination.—Based upon the
determinations made under subsection (f) and all relevant
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evidence presented at the hearing, the court shall
determine one of the following:
***
(2) If and when the child will be placed for adoption,
and the county agency will file for termination of
parental rights in cases where return to the child’s
parent, guardian or custodian is not best suited to
the safety, protection and physical, mental and
moral welfare of the child.
42 Pa.C.S. § 6351(f.1).
On the issue of a goal change, this Court has stated:
When a child is adjudicated dependent, the child’s proper
placement turns on what is in the child’s best interest, not on
what the parent wants or which goals the parent has achieved.
See In re Sweeney, 574 A.2d 690, 691 (Pa. Super. 1990)
(noting that “[o]nce a child is adjudicated dependent. . . the
issues of custody and continuation of foster care are determined
by the child’s best interests”). Moreover, although preserving
the unity of the family is a purpose of [the Juvenile Act], another
purpose is to “provide for the care, protection, safety, and
wholesome mental and physical development of children coming
within the provisions of this chapter.” 42 Pa.C.S.
§ 6301(b)(1.1). Indeed, “[t]he relationship of parent and child
is a status and not a property right, and one in which the state
has an interest to protect the best interest of the child.” In re
E.F.V., 461 A.2d 1263, 1267 (Pa. Super. 1983) (citation
omitted).
In re K.C., 903 A.2d 12, 14-15 (Pa. Super. 2006).
After a careful review of the record, the trial court’s Opinion, the briefs
on appeal, and the relevant law, we conclude that there is clear and
convincing, competent evidence to support the trial court’s decision to
change Child’s permanency goal from return to parent to adoption. As such,
we discern no abuse of discretion or error of law on this issue.
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Accordingly, for the reasons stated above, we affirm the trial court’s
Order, changing Child’s permanency goal from return to parent to adoption,
and Decree, involuntarily terminating the parental rights of Mother to Child
pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(8) and (b).
Order and Decree affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 11/13/2015
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