NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
______
No. 12-2637
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JAMES MABRY
Appellant
v.
J. T. SHARTEL
______
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of New Jersey
(D.C. Civil No. 1-12-cv-02411)
District Judge: Honorable Jerome B. Simandle
______
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
June 23, 2015
Before: CHAGARES, KRAUSE and VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judges.
(Filed: November 18, 2015)
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OPINION
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VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judge
James Mabry appeals the final decision of the U.S. District Court for the District
of New Jersey denying his 28 U.S.C. § 2241 habeas corpus motion for lack of
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
jurisdiction. Mabry v. Shartel, No. 12-2411 (JBS), 2012 WL 1900592 (D.N.J. May 24,
2012). We need not reach the jurisdictional question, however, because Appellant waived
his right to challenge his conviction and sentence. Therefore, we will affirm the dismissal
of the § 2241 petition.1
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
In 2004, Mabry faced a six-count indictment including, in part, possession with
intent to distribute cocaine and possession of a firearm during drug trafficking. United
States v. Mabry, 536 F.3d 231, 233 (3d Cir. 2008) (“Mabry I”). Mabry pleaded guilty to
one count of possession with intent to distribute cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§§ 841(a)(1) & (b)(1)(B)(iii), in return for the dismissal of the remaining charges. Mabry
I, 536 F.3d at 233. As part of his plea agreement, Mabry relinquished his right to direct
appeal as well as his “right to challenge any conviction or sentence or the manner in
which the sentence was determined in any collateral proceeding, including but not limited
to a motion brought under Title 28, United States Code, Section 2255.” Id. at 233
(internal quotation marks omitted). Mabry’s two prior convictions for simple assault,
both violations of 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 2701, triggered the career offender
designation as “crime[s] of violence” under Section 4B1.1 of the United States
Sentencing Guidelines (“Guidelines”). Mabry was thus sentenced as a career offender to
210 months’ imprisonment.
1
We may affirm for any reason supported by the record. Brightwell v. Lehman, 637 F.3d
187, 191 (3d Cir. 2011).
2
Mabry, proceeding pro se in 2006, filed a motion pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 to
vacate his sentence. He argued ineffective assistance of counsel and an erroneous career
offender classification. Mabry I, 536 F.3d at 234–35. The District Court enforced
Mabry’s appellate waiver and dismissed the petition. Id. at 235. We affirmed the
dismissal, finding Mabry’s waiver knowing and voluntary and that its enforcement did
not create a miscarriage of justice. Id. at 244. Two years after Mabry filed his motion, the
Supreme Court decided Begay v. United States, 553 U.S. 137, 144–45 (2008), which held
that the modified categorical approach is required to evaluate a state conviction pursuant
to an ambiguous “crime of violence” statute. Thereafter, Mabry filed a second § 2255
motion. United States v. Mabry, 417 F. App’x 168, 168–69 (3d Cir. 2011) (“Mabry II”).2
Specifically, Mabry argued that the career offender sentencing enhancement was a
miscarriage of justice and he was due an evidentiary hearing to reverse the classification.
Id. at 169. The District Court denied the motion for lack of jurisdiction and observed that
Mabry was attempting to relitigate his previous sentencing error claim. Id. We affirmed,
holding that we were deprived of jurisdiction—Mabry’s second § 2255 motion was not
authorized by a Third Circuit panel as the statute explicitly requires. Id. at 170; see 28
U.S.C. § 2255(h).
Mabry resorted to the instant § 2241 petition. The District Court dismissed the
petition for lack of jurisdiction, but did not address waiver. Mabry timely appealed.
2
Mabry’s motion to reconsider his sentence was filed pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582.
When a motion attacks the underlying conviction or sentence, it is treated as a § 2255
motion—not as a direct criminal appeal. Mabry II, 417 F. App’x at 170 (citing United
States v. Carter, 500 F.3d 486, 490 (6th Cir. 2007)).
3
II. DISCUSSION3
Mabry argues that the career offender sentencing enhancement was improperly
applied to him in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Begay and our decision in
United States v. Marrero, 743 F.3d 389 (3d Cir. 2014).4 However, we need not reach the
merits of his argument because Mabry’s appellate waiver forecloses review of his
sentencing. See United States v. Corso, 549 F.3d 921, 926 (3d Cir. 2008) (citation
omitted) (explaining that, where the government invokes an appellate waiver provision,
“we must determine as a threshold matter whether the appellate waiver prevents us from
exercising our jurisdiction to review the merits of the defendant’s appeal”).
Criminal defendants may waive constitutional and statutory rights, including the
right to appeal or pursue collateral attacks, “provided they do so voluntarily and with
knowledge of the nature and consequences of the waiver.” Mabry I, 536 F.3d at 236
(citation omitted). We will enforce an appellate-waiver provision in a defendant’s plea
agreement “where we conclude (1) that the issues [the defendant] pursues on appeal fall
within the scope of his appellate waiver and (2) that he knowingly and voluntarily agreed
3
The District Court had jurisdiction to review the initial petition pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§§ 2241 and 2255. We have jurisdiction to review the District Court’s denial pursuant to
28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 2253. We exercise plenary review over the validity and scope of
an appellate waiver. United States v. Wilson, 707 F.3d 412, 414 (3d Cir. 2013).
4
Since Appellant’s briefing in this case, the Supreme Court decided Johnson v. United
States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015), which held that imposing a higher sentence under the
residual clause of the Armed Career Criminal Act is unconstitutional due to the clause’s
vagueness. Mabry’s career offender designation was under the Guidelines and not the
Armed Career Criminal Act, but both provisions include an identically worded residual
clause defining “crime of violence.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii); UNITED STATES
SENTENCING GUIDELINES § 4B1.2(a)(2) (“or otherwise involves conduct that presents a
serious potential risk of physical injury to another”).
4
to the appellate waiver, unless (3) enforcing the waiver would work a miscarriage of
justice.” Wilson, 707 F.3d at 414 (alteration in original) (quoting United States v.
Dahmen, 675 F.3d 244, 249 (3d Cir. 2012)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
“[A]lthough arising in the criminal context,” appellate-waiver provisions in plea
agreements should be “analyzed under contract law standards,” and construed against the
Government. United States v. Williams, 510 F.3d 416, 422 (3d Cir. 2007) (citation
omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). “Under contract principles, a plea agreement
necessarily ‘works both ways. Not only must the government comply with its terms and
conditions, but so must [the defendant].’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting United
States v. Carrara, 49 F.3d 105, 107 (3d Cir. 1995)).
We upheld the validity of the present appellate-waiver provision in a precedential
opinion. Mabry I, 536 F.3d at 244. We discussed the terms and language contained in the
plea agreement, noting that the District Court “discussed the wavier of direct appeal and
collateral challenge rights at some length.” Id. at 233.5 We noted that defense counsel
specifically explained to Mabry the meaning of “appellate and collateral waivers.” Id. at
234. The District Court found the appellate waiver was entered into by Mabry knowingly
and voluntarily, and we affirmed this conclusion. Id. at 237–39.
Mabry now argues that the scope of the waiver does not include the basis for his
current challenge, and in the alternative, enforcing the waiver would work a miscarriage
5
The District Court explained the consequences of the waiver to Mabry: “Do you
understand that . . . unless there is an error which results in a miscarriage of justice, you
will have no right to challenge in any appeal or collateral proceeding an incorrect or
allegedly incorrect determination of the advisory sentencing guidelines?” Mabry I, 536
F.3d at 234.
5
of justice. Mabry agreed to a broad waiver, encompassing all constitutional and non-
constitutional grounds, and explicitly waiving “the defendant’s right to challenge any
conviction or sentence or the manner in which the sentence was determined in any
collateral proceeding, including but not limited to a motion brought under Title 28,
United States Code, Section 2255.” (App. 53). Although Mabry’s counsel specifically
mentioned ineffective assistance of counsel claims as one example of “collateral attack,”6
the broad language of the waiver extends further. Nor does any change in subsequent law
render the plea invalid. See United States v. Lockett, 406 F.3d 207, 213 (3d Cir. 2005).
“[A]bsent misrepresentation or other impermissible conduct by state agents, . . . a
voluntary plea of guilty intelligently made in the light of the then applicable law does not
become vulnerable because later judicial decisions indicate that the plea rested on a faulty
premise.” Id. (second alteration in original) (quoting United States v. Brady, 397 U.S.
742, 757 (1970)) (internal quotation marks omitted) (holding that a defendant could not
rely on a Supreme Court decision which made unconstitutional a provision relevant to his
criminal sentence to argue that his plea was not voluntary). As the Lockett Court
explained, plea agreements are rife with risks for both parties, and “[t]he possibility of a
favorable change in the law occurring after a plea agreement is merely one of the risks
that accompanies a guilty plea.” Id. at 214 (citing United States v. Sahlin, 399 F.3d 27
(1st Cir. 2005)). Because any change in the law would not impact the fact that Mabry
6
Defense counsel explained “collateral appeal” to Mabry: “It is a right after direct appeal
for you, for instance, to raise issues that may have to do with my ineffectiveness or other
collateral issues that could not have been raised on direct appeal.” Mabry I, 536 F.3d at
234.
6
knowingly and voluntarily agreed to the terms of the waiver, the only question that
remains is whether enforcing the waiver would work a miscarriage of justice. See Wilson,
707 F.3d at 414.
The miscarriage of justice exception should “be applied sparingly and without
undue generosity.” United States v. Wilson, 429 F.3d 455, 458 (3d Cir. 2005) (quoting
United States v. Teeter, 257 F.3d 14, 26 (1st Cir. 2001)) (internal quotation marks
omitted). We endorsed certain factors set forth by the First Circuit in considering whether
an error has worked a miscarriage of justice to overcome an appellate waiver:
[T]he clarity of the error, its gravity, its character (e.g., whether it concerns
a fact issue, a sentencing guideline, or a statutory maximum), the impact of
the error on the defendant, the impact of correcting the error on the
government, and the extent to which the defendant acquiesced in the result.
United States v. Khattak, 273 F.3d 557, 563 (3d Cir. 2001) (alteration in original)
(quoting Teeter, 257 F.3d at 26).
Several of the factors from Khattak are applicable here. First, because Mabry
entered into a plea agreement, he cannot demonstrate the gravity of any alleged error,
even if we were inclined to exercise § 2241 jurisdiction. Under the terms of the plea
agreement, five charges were dismissed, among them a charge for possession of a firearm
in furtherance of a drug-trafficking crime, which carried a mandatory consecutive five-
year sentence. Given the benefit Mabry received by accepting the plea, we cannot say
what his sentence would have been absent the agreement. Moreover, Mabry was
sentenced under advisory guidelines post-Booker and within the statutory maximum of
7
forty years. 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B).7 Second, the impact on the Government would be
great as it would eschew the finality and gatekeeping requirements of § 2255, allowing
more prisoners an alternative and additional route to challenge the propriety of their
sentences, and requiring the Government here to prosecute a more than ten-year-old
crime. Finally, Mabry acquiesced in the result of the waiver. By agreeing to the terms of
his plea agreement, five charges were dismissed and “the government agreed to surrender
a mandatory consecutive term of imprisonment of five years as part of the consideration
for the plea agreement.” Mabry I, 536 F.3d at 243 n.16.
After considering the factors from Khattak, we adhere to our precedent concerning
this very Appellant and continue to enforce the appellate and collateral challenge waiver.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the dismissal of Mabry’s § 2241 petition.
7
Mabry was sentenced pursuant to a converted calculation of 142.46 kilograms of
marijuana because the offense involved both crack cocaine and cocaine powder.
Presentence Investigative Report ¶ 11; see UNITED STATES SENTENCING GUIDELINES
§ 2D1.1.
8