J-S63043-15
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee :
:
v. :
:
FERNANDO REAL, :
:
Appellant : No. 2690 EDA 2014
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence entered on May 1, 2014
in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County,
Criminal Division, No(s): CP-51-CR-0008511-2008;
CP-51-CR-0008526-2008
BEFORE: DONOHUE, MUNDY and MUSMANNO, JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY MUSMANNO, J.: FILED NOVEMBER 20, 2015
Fernando Real (“Real”), pro se,1 appeals from the judgment of
sentence imposed after a jury convicted him of two counts each of first-
degree murder and robbery, and one count each of criminal conspiracy and
firearms not to be carried without a license.2 We affirm.
The relevant factual background underlying this appeal is thoroughly
set forth in the trial court’s Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) Opinion, which we adopt and
incorporate herein by reference. See Trial Court Opinion, 12/9/14, at 2-6.
At the close of Real’s trial, the jury found him guilty of the above-
mentioned offenses. The trial court subsequently imposed two consecutive
1
After a hearing pursuant to Commonwealth v. Grazier, 713 A.2d 81 (Pa.
1998), the trial court permitted Real to proceed pro se on appeal.
2
See 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2502(a), 3701(a)(1)(i), 903, 6106(a)(1).
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terms of life in prison on the first-degree murder convictions, plus an
aggregate consecutive sentence of 21 to 67 years in prison. Real filed a
post-sentence Motion, which the trial court denied. Real then filed a timely
pro se Notice of Appeal, followed by a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) Concise Statement
of Errors Complained of on Appeal.
On appeal, Real presents the following issues for our review:
A. Whether the trial court committed error[,] and thereby
deprived [Real] of his due process right to a fair trial
under the Pennsylvania and United States
Constitutions[,] by admitting evidence that [Real] was
seen shooting the murder weapon on an occasion
separate from the crime[s] charged?
B. Whether the trial court committed error and thereby
violated [Real’s] right to a fair trial under the
Pennsylvania and United States Constitutions, when the
trial court denied [Real’s] request for a mistrial after the
[C]ommonwealth elicited evidence that it stipulated it
would not introduce – [i.e.,] that [Real] shot someone
on an occasion separate from the crime[s] charged?
C. Whether the trial court committed error and thereby
violated [Real’s] right to confrontation under the
Pennsylvania and United States Constitutions by
permitting the [C]ommonwealth to introduce the
preliminary hearing testimony of [C]ommonwealth
witness Ronald Milburn?
Brief for Appellant at 2.
Real first argues that the trial court erred, and deprived him of a fair
trial, by improperly permitting the Commonwealth to introduce testimony,
over defense counsel’s objection, that, two nights after the murders involved
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in this case, Real had fired a handgun,3 which was later determined to match
the murder weapon used in this case. See id. at 8.4
Our standard of review concerning a challenge to the admissibility of
evidence is as follows:
The admissibility of evidence is a matter for the discretion of the
trial court and a ruling thereon will be reversed on appeal only
upon a showing that the trial court committed an abuse of
discretion. An abuse of discretion may not be found merely
because an appellate court might have reached a different
conclusion, but requires a result of manifest unreasonableness,
or partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will, or such lack of support so
as to be clearly erroneous.
Commonwealth v. Johnson, 42 A.3d 1017, 1027 (Pa. 2012) (citations and
quotation marks omitted).
In support of his claim, Real relies on Commonwealth v. LeGares,
709 A.2d 922 (Pa. Super. 1998). In LeGares, we held that the trial court
had erroneously admitted testimony (hereinafter “the challenged
testimony”) that the appellant had, prior to the murder for which he was
3
This incident occurred on September 11, 2002, and is hereinafter referred
to as “the September 11 incident.”
4
The trial court overruled the defense’s objection to the admissibility of this
evidence, stating that “the only issue that’s relevant – and I’ll make it very
clear to the jury – is the issue of identification, and the only reason this
[evidence] comes in is to show whether or not there was a connection
between ballistics evidence seized from the [September 11] incident … and
ballistics evidence seized from the [murders in this case on September]
9th[.]” N.T., 10/12/12, at 27; see also id. at 31 (wherein the court stated
that “to connect it[, i.e., the gun used during both the September 11
incident and the murders two days prior,] with [Real], you have to have the
eyewitnesses [who saw Real shooting the gun at the September 11
incident], … [who] can only say they saw where he was shooting it; and
when they went there, there were casings … for the gun.”).
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charged, fired a sawed-off shotgun that was similar in appearance to the one
used in the murder. Id. at 926. In so holding, we stated as follows:
The Commonwealth argues that the [challenged testimony] was
probative of the fact that appellant possessed and controlled the
sawed-off shotgun. However, we disagree. First, [the
challenged] testimony was not necessary to prove that appellant
had access to the alleged murder weapon since the weapon was
seized from appellant’s apartment. More importantly, the
Commonwealth’s proof of appellant’s prior use of the shotgun
could only have established that appellant was criminally violent,
that he was inclined to use the shotgun, and, inferentially, that
appellant murdered [the victim].
Id.
According to Real, evidence that he had fired the murder weapon after
the murders involved in this case could “only have established that [he] was
criminally violent [and] inclined to use the [gun.]” Brief for Appellant at 8
(quoting LeGares, 709 A.2d at 926). According to Real, the trial court’s
“[a]dmitting this evidence prevent[ed] the jury from objectively considering
[Real’s] guilt or innocence for [the] crime charged, thus, requiring a new
trial.” Brief for Appellant at 8.
In its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) Opinion, the trial court concisely addressed
Real’s claim, discussed the applicable law, and determined that the court
properly admitted the evidence that Real had fired the murder weapon
during the September 11 incident. See Trial Court Opinion, 12/9/14, at 11-
12; see also N.T., 10/12/12, at 27-31. We agree with the trial court’s
analysis and determination, and therefore affirm on this basis with regard to
Real’s first issue. See Trial Court Opinion, 12/9/14, at 11-12.
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As an addendum, we conclude that Real’s reliance upon LeGares is
misplaced, as that case is distinguishable. The challenged testimony in
LeGares was less probative than the evidence in the instant case. In
LeGares, the shotgun was recovered in the defendant’s apartment, which
rendered the prior bad act testimony unnecessary to explain the shotgun’s
recovery or to create a nexus between the shotgun and the defendant. See
LeGares, supra. Such circumstances are readily distinguishable from the
instant case, wherein (1) evidence of Real’s shooting the firearm after the
murders in this case was necessary to show his access to the murder
weapon; (2) the firearm’s recovery by police was necessary to the unfolding
of events; and (3) the potential for undue prejudice was minimal.
Next, Real contends that the trial court committed reversible error by
denying Real’s Motion for a mistrial. See Brief for Appellant at 10-11.
Specifically, Real argues that the court should have granted a mistrial after a
Commonwealth witness, Officer Christine Hilbert (“Hilbert”), improperly
testified that a person had been shot during the September 11 incident,
despite the Commonwealth’s prior agreement that such evidence would not
be introduced.5 See id.
5
The Commonwealth had stipulated, prior to Hilbert’s testimony, that it
would not introduce evidence that a person had been shot and killed during
the September 11 incident. See N.T., 2/19/14, at 137-40, 182-87, 285,
287. However, the stipulation did not preclude the Commonwealth from
introducing evidence that the ballistics evidence from the September 11
incident matched the firearm that had been used in the murders two days
earlier. Id. at 137, 184.
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“A mistrial is an ‘extreme remedy’ that is only required where the
challenged event deprived the accused of a fair and impartial trial. The
denial of a mistrial motion is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.”
Commonwealth v. Laird, 988 A.2d 618, 638 (Pa. 2010) (citations
omitted). “A trial court may grant a mistrial only where the incident upon
which the motion is based is of such a nature that its unavoidable effect is to
deprive the defendant of a fair trial by preventing the jury from weighing
and rendering a true verdict.” Commonwealth v. Chamberlain, 30 A.3d
381, 422 (Pa. 2011) (citation and quotation marks omitted).
[o]rdinarily, admission of testimony which describes, or
from which the jury may infer, past criminal conduct by a
defendant constitutes reversible error. However, not all such
references warrant reversal. An isolated[,] passing reference
to prior criminal activity will not warrant reversal unless the
record indicates that prejudice resulted from the remark. There
is no per se rule which requires a new trial for every
passing reference to prior criminal conduct. Additionally,
the possible prejudicial effect of a reference to prior criminal
conduct may, under certain circumstances, be removed by a
cautionary instruction.
Commonwealth v. Fletcher, 41 A.3d 892, 895 (Pa. Super. 2012)
(emphasis in original, citation and ellipses omitted); 6 see also
Chamberlain, 30 A.3d at 422 (stating that a mistrial is not necessary where
curative instructions are adequate to overcome prejudice; Commonwealth
v. Manley, 985 A.2d 256, 266 (Pa. Super. 2009) (stating that “[a] trial
6
Though the Fletcher Court’s holding concerns references to prior criminal
activity, this same analysis applies here, where the improper remark
concerned criminal conduct that occurred two days after the murders for
which Real was on trial.
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court may remove taint caused by improper testimony through curative
instructions.”). Moreover, it is well settled that “[a] jury is presumed to
follow a trial court’s instructions[.]” Commonwealth v. Reid, 99 A.3d 470,
501 (Pa. 2014).
Courts must consider all surrounding circumstances before
finding that curative instructions were insufficient and the
extreme remedy of a mistrial is required. The circumstances
which the court must consider include whether the improper
remark was intentionally elicited by the Commonwealth, whether
the answer was responsive to the question posed, whether the
Commonwealth exploited the reference, and whether the
curative instruction was appropriate.
Manley, 985 A.2d at 266-67 (internal citations omitted).
Real points out that Hilbert, who had responded to the scene of the
September 11 incident and observed a man running from the scene, testified
that “[w]hen I arrived[,] … [t]here was a male lying on the ground
bleeding.” N.T., 2/19/14, at 181; see also Brief for Appellant at 10.
According to Real, Hilbert’s improper statement “undoubtedly aroused
prejudice in the minds of the jurors by implying that [Real] had the
propensity to [shoot people].” Brief for Appellant at 11 (quoting
Commonwealth v. Ford, 607 A.2d 764, 766 (Pa. Super. 1992) (where a
Commonwealth witness improperly testified, at the appellant’s jury trial on
arson charges, that the appellant had been previously charged with arson,
holding that the trial court should have granted a mistrial because the
prejudicial statement “unnecessarily conveyed to the jury that appellant had
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a prior criminal record[,]” and the trial court did not issue a cautionary
instruction)).
Hilbert’s challenged testimony, when placed in context, is as follows:
Q. [The Commonwealth]: And what did you do once you lost
that person, the person you were chasing[, i.e., concerning the
shots fired at the September 11 incident], what did you do then?
A. [Hilbert]: I started to search for the male and as I was
searching for the male[,] I heard a lot of screaming coming
about maybe like a quarter of a city block down from me. I
actually ran to that area to help control. This is where the
shooting actually was.
Q. [The Commonwealth]: Now --
[Defense counsel]: Objection.
THE COURT: As to that’s where the shooting actually was?
[Defense counsel]: Yes.
THE COURT: All right. I will strike that reference since she
didn’t – unless you can establish she had personal knowledge
where the shooting actually was.
Q. [The Commonwealth]: When you got to that location[,] did
you observe ballistics evidence at the location you went to?
A. [Hilbert]: When I arrived at where the screaming was, there
was a large crowd. There was a male lying on the floor bleeding.
[Defense counsel]: Objection.
N.T., 2/19/14, at 180-81 (emphasis added). Real’s counsel requested a
sidebar, and moved for a mistrial, after the jury had been excused. Id. at
181-82. The trial court then heard extensive argument from both counsel
concerning the mistrial Motion. Id. at 181-98.
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The trial court denied the mistrial Motion, finding that the prosecutor
did not intentionally elicit Hilbert’s testimony that she saw a man on the
ground bleeding. See N.T., 2/19/14, at 195, 198-99; see also Manley,
985 A.2d at 267. Rather, the court found that the prosecutor had sought to
question Hilbert as to whether she saw ballistics evidence at the scene,
which was a proper line of inquiry. See N.T., 2/19/14, at 194-95. The trial
court additionally stated that the prosecutor would not be exploiting Hilbert’s
improper comment to argue that a person had been shot and killed during
the September 11 incident. See id. at 195-96; see also Manley, 985 A.2d
at 267. Upon the jury’s return to the courtroom, the trial court gave the
following curative instruction:
THE COURT: All right. Ladies and gentlemen, I am going to
sustain that last objection and I’m going to instruct you folks to
disregard the last answer that was given by the witness, okay.
What I mean by that is you are not to consider it in any way
when you are making your decision in this case. It’s as if you
had never heard it, put it out of your heads.
N.T., 2/19/14, at 199.
Though Hilbert’s improper remark, arguably, could have prejudiced
Real, the remark was passing, and we determine that the trial court’s
curative instruction was appropriate and adequate to overcome any undue
prejudice to Real. See Fletcher, supra (stating that the possible prejudicial
effect of a reference to prior criminal conduct may, under certain
circumstances, be removed by a cautionary instruction); see also
Chamberlain, supra. Furthermore, any potential prejudice from Hilbert’s
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remark did not rise to the level of preventing the jury from weighing and
rendering a true verdict. See Chamberlain, supra. This case involved a
lengthy jury trial, with myriad Commonwealth witnesses, including
testimony that Real had admitted to shooting the two victims, as well as
evidence linking Real to the murder weapon. Overall, the evidence
presented at trial overwhelmingly established Real’s guilt, and significantly
outweighed any prejudice resulting from Hilbert’s isolated remark. See
Fletcher, 41 A.3d at 896 (holding that even if the passing remark
concerning the defendant’s prior criminal activity was prejudicial, any
prejudice did not warrant the grant of a mistrial, since (1) there was
uncontradicted eyewitness testimony detailing the defendant’s involvement
in the crime; (2) “the evidence presented at trial overwhelmingly established
[the defendant’s] guilt and significantly outweighed any prejudice resulting
from the reference to [the defendant’s] prior criminal activity”; and (3) the
trial court issued a curative instruction after the improper reference).
Moreover, the record supports the trial court’s findings that the
prosecutor did not intentionally elicit Hilbert’s improper remark, and that the
Commonwealth did not, and would not, exploit the remark. See Manley,
supra. Finally, we determine that Real’s reliance upon Ford is misplaced,
as the trial court in Ford, unlike here, did not give the jury a curative
instruction after the improper testimony. See Ford, 607 A.2d at 767. We
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therefore discern no abuse of discretion by the trial court in denying Real’s
Motion for a mistrial.
Finally, Real argues that the trial court violated his constitutional right
to confront his accusers when it admitted into evidence, over the defense’s
objection, the preliminary hearing testimony of Commonwealth witness
Ronald Milburn (“Milburn”), whom the trial court deemed to be unavailable
at trial. See Brief for Appellant at 12-13.7 According to Real, he never had
a chance to adequately cross-examine Milburn as to (1) “Milburn’s statement
to police where he misidentifies the murder weapon”; and (2) the fact that
“Milburn’s own mother says Milburn lied during his preliminary hearing
testimony.” Id. at 12.
In its Opinion, the trial court thoroughly addressed Real’s claim,
discussed the applicable law, and determined that the court did not err in
admitting Milburn’s preliminary hearing testimony, since it was admissible
under an exception to the rule against hearsay, and Real’s defense counsel
had a full and fair opportunity to cross-examine Milburn at the preliminary
7
Milburn testified at the preliminary hearing that he was present at the
craps game on September 11, 2002, and he saw Real fire a nine-millimeter
handgun multiple times, and run from the scene. N.T., 2/24/14, at 129-31.
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hearing. See Trial Court Opinion, 12/9/14, at 8-11. We agree with the trial
court’s analysis and determination, and affirm on this basis with regard to
Real’s final issue. See id.8
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 11/20/2015
8
As an addendum, we observe that Real proffers no evidence in support of
his assertion that Milburn’s mother stated that Milburn had lied during his
preliminary hearing testimony. Moreover, Real failed to preserve this claim
in the trial court, prior to the filing of his Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) Concise
Statement, and it is therefore waived on appeal. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a)
(stating that an issue cannot be raised for the first time on appeal); see
also Commonwealth v. Melendez-Rodriguez, 856 A.2d 1278, 1288 (Pa.
Super. 2004) (holding that “[a] party cannot rectify the failure to preserve
an issue by proffering it in response to a Rule 1925(b) order.”) (citation
omitted). Real did not object to the trial court’s ruling admitting Milburn’s
preliminary hearing testimony on the basis that Milburn’s mother allegedly
would have refuted such testimony, nor did Real seek to present Milburn’s
mother as a witness at trial.
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IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
CRIMINAL TRIAL DIVISION
COMMONWEALTH OF CP-51-CR-0008511-2008
PENNSYLVANIA CP-51-CR.0008526-2008 Comm. v. Real, Fernando CP-51-CR-0008526-2008
Opinion
v.
1111111111111111111111111
FERNANDO REAL 7232125471 DEC 0 9 2014
OPINION Crift1~12:! ~~@is Unit
P'irst Judictt\ District of Pl~
BRONSON,J. December 9, 2014
On February 25, 2014, following a capital murder jury trial before this Court, defendant
Fernando Real was convicted of two counts of first degree murder (18 Pa.C.S. § 2502), two
counts of robbery (18 Pa.C.S. § 3701), one count of conspiracy to commit robbery (18 Pa.C.S. §
903), and one count of carrying a firearm without a license (18 Pa.C.S. § 6106). On February 28,
2014, the jury returned a verdict of life in prison on both counts of first degree murder. The
Court deferred the imposition of sentence and ordered a presentence report and mental health
evaluation. On May 1, 2014, before the commencement of sentencing, defendant asked to
represent himself at sentencing and on appeal. After a hearing, the Court granted defendant's
request to proceed pro se. The Court thereafter imposed an aggregate sentence of two
consecutive life sentences plus 21 to 67 years incarceration in state prison. Defendant filed post-
sentence motions, which the Court denied on August 15, 2014.
Defendant has now appealed pro se from the judgment of sentence entered by the Court
on the grounds that: 1) the Court erred in admitting evidence of defendant's flight, since this
evidence had been previously ruled inadmissible by another judge of coordinate jurisdiction; 2)
the Court erred in permitting a deputy sheriff to testify regarding a statement defendant
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allegedly made regarding an incident unrelated to the charged crimes; 3) the Court erred in
denying defendant's motion for mistrial after Commonwealth witness Christine Hilbert testified
to an uncharged shooting that the Commonwealth had previously agreed would not be revealed
to the jury; 4) the Court erred in permitting the Commonwealth to introduce witness Ronald
Milburn's prior recorded testimony at trial; 5) the Court erred in permitting witness Christine
Hilbert's in-court identification of defendant, as such identification had been previously ruled
inadmissible; and 6) the Court erred in admitting evidence that defendant fired the alleged
murder weapon on September 11, 2002, two days after the charged killings, as firing the weapon
was irrelevant and collateral to possession of the weapon. Statement of Errors Complained of on
Appeal ("Statement of Errors") at~~ 1-6. In addition, defendant lists as grounds for relief 14
1
separate instances of alleged ineffective assistance of counsel. Statement of Errors at ~~ 6-19.
For the reasons set forth below, defendant's claims are without merit and the judgment of
sentence should be affirmed.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
At trial, the Commonwealth presented the testimony of Philadelphia Deputy Sheriff Bilin
Cabrera, Philadelphia Police Detective James Burke, Philadelphia Police Officers James Putro,
William Whitehouse, Christine Hilbert, Craig Perry, John Cannon, William Lackman, Lamont
Fox, and Theresa Paris, North Hampton Township Police Officer Ryan Share, Federal Bureau of
Investigation Agent Edward Frimel, New Jersey State Police Detective Louis Kinkle (Ret.), New
Jersey State Police Lieutenant Mark Rowe, Mapleshade, New Jersey Police Officer James
Gillespie, Medical Examiners Dr. Marlon Osbourne and Dr. Ian Hood, Lissette Vega, Brian
Heard, Terrell Boyd, Willie Hines, Karl May, and Gabriel Piorko. Defendant presented by
I
Paragraph 6 of the Statement of Errors includes both a claim of trial court error and a claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel.
2
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stipulation the testimony of James Lane and Philadelphia Police Officer Alebert Revel. Viewed
in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as the verdict winner, the evidence established
the following.
In the early morning hours of September 9, 2002, defendant and Terrell Boyd, who had
known each other since childhood, were driving around the Frankford section of Philadelphia
looking for someone to rob.' N.T. 2/19/14 at 19-21. While driving in defendant's white Ford
Taurus, defendant showed Boyd a nine millimeter firearm. N.T. 2/19/14 at 21-22; 2/24/14 at 93-
94. At approximately 4:30 a.m., after one failed robbery attempt, defendant and Boyd drove to
Hawthorne Street. N.T. 2/18/14 at 150; 2/19/14 at 23-24. Upon arriving at Hawthorne Street,
Boyd agreed to stand watch for defendant at the comer of Hawthorne and Bridge Street. N.T.
2/19/14 at 25, 44, 153, 235. Boyd did not wish to be seen on the block, as his children's mother
lived in that location at the time and Boyd feared that he could be recognized. N. T. 2/19/14 at
24-25.
Leaving Boyd at the comer, defendant approached Marcus Herbert and Byron Story, who
were sitting on the porch outside of Herbert's home. N.T. 2/19/14 at 153, 232. Defendant
initiated a conversation with Story and Herbert, asking if they had any marijuana to sell. N.T.
2/19/14 at 153. Defendant then shot Story once, at close range, in the head. N.T. 2/19/14 at 153;
2/20/14 at 75-77. Once Story had been shot, Herbert attempted to run, whereupon defendant
shot Herbert twice in the back. N.T. 2/19/14 at 153; 2/24/14 at 112, 114-116.
Upon hearing the three gunshots, Boyd ran back to defendant's parked car and awaited
defendant's return. N.T. 2/19/14 at 27-28, 154. Shortly thereafter, defendant returned to the car.
N.T. 2/19/14 at 28-29, 233-234. Boyd told defendant not to slam the car door shut, fearing that
someone would look in the direction of the noise and see defendant's vehicle. N. T. 2/19/14 at
2
Defendant was also known as "T". N.T. 2/19/14 at 19. Boyd was also known as Joey Black. N.T. 2/19/14 at 20.
3
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28-29. Defendant and Boyd then left the area. N.T. 2/19/14 at 29. While driving away from
Hawthorne Street, defendant told Boyd that he had shot one person in the head and one person
twice in the back as the person tried to run. N.T. 2/19/14 at 29-30. Defendant further stated that
he had taken a small amount of money and some marijuana from the people he had shot. N.T.
2/19/14 at 30.
Shortly after the shooting, police responded to the scene and observed Story lying on the
porch, bleeding from the head. N.T. 2/18/14 at 151; 2/19/14 at 234. Police also encountered
Herbert lying on the ground in front of the house, bleeding from his back. N. T. 2/18/14 at 151.
Herbert informed police that he had been shot by a Hispanic male with short cropped hair,
wearing a white shirt and bluejeans, and carrying a black handgun. N.T. 2/18/14 at 152.
Herbert was transported to Hahnemann University Hospital for treatment, while Story was
pronounced dead at the scene. N. T. 2/18/14 at 152-153. Police recovered two fired 9 millimeter
cartridge cases at the scene of the shooting. N.T. 2/18/14 at 172-173, 185. Herbert died on
October 2, 2003, more than one year after the shooting, due to multiple recurring infections as a
result of the gunshot wounds he had received. N.T. 2/24/14 at 117-118.
On September 11, 2002, in the Whitehall Projects in the Frankford section of
Philadelphia, two days after the shooting of Story and Herbert, defendant was seen by Ronald
Milburn at the scene of a craps game firing a nine millimeter firearm multiple times. N.T.
2/20/14 at 138-139, 151-153, 166; 2/24/14 at 130, 144.3 Milburn had seen defendant in a bar
approximately one week earlier in possession of what appeared to be that same weapon. N.T.
3
Milburn actually saw more than defendant merely firing a gun. He saw defendant shoot and kill one Levon Wilson
with the gun after a dispute at the craps game. Because, as discussed below, the gun used by defendant to shoot
Levon Wilson turned out to be the murder weapon in the killings here at issue, the Commonwealth proved that
defendant fired the gun on September 11, 2002, to establish his access to the murder weapon. However, because
defendant was not on trial for the killing of Wilson in the case at bar, the Commonwealth agreed not to present any
evidence that the gun had been used on September 11, 2002, in a murder. Defendant was convicted of murdering
Wilson in a separate trial, as is more fully discussed below.
4
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2/24/14 at 130-131. At the time that defendant fired the gunshots at the craps game, Police
officers Christine Hilbert4 and Stanley Galiczynski were parked in a marked police car on the
4900 block of Cottage Street. They heard the gunshots coming from the Whitehall Projects
immediately to their south. N.T. 2/19/14 at 177-178. As the officers approached the area,
Officer Hilbert saw defendant run from the area where the shots had been fired. N.T. 2/19/14 at
179, 207; 2/24/14 at 131, 144. Upon seeing the police vehicle, defendant flattened himself
against a wall until Officer Hilbert exited the vehicle, at which time defendant fled. N.T. 2/19/14
at 179-180. Officer Hilbert was unable to locate defendant, but did recover a firearm from the
location where defendant had fled. N.T. 2/19/14 at 109, 180, 200, 206. Police recovered 13
nine-millimeter fired cartridge casings from the area where defendant had been seen firing a gun.
N.T. 2/19/14 at 104; 2/20/14 at 49-50. Analysis of the fired cartridge casings found at both the
Hawthorne Street shooting of Herbert and Story and the Whitehall Projects shooting determined
that all the casings had been fired in the firearm recovered by Officer Hilbert from the location
from which defendant had fled. N.T. 2/20/14 at 58, 63-64.
Police made numerous attempts to locate defendant from late 2002 until September 2003.
N.T. 2/24/14 at 34-43. Defendant was ultimately located and apprehended on September 30,
2003 at the Rodeway Inn in Mapleshade, New Jersey, where he had registered under an alias.
N.T. 2/24/14 at 41-43, 50, 65. Defendant asked what he was under arrest for, to which the
arresting officers stated "[f]or some shootings." N.T. 2/24/14 at 71. Defendant responded that
"[he] liked shooting people." N.T. 2/24/14 at 71-72. Defendant further provided a different alias
at the time of his arrest. N.T. 2/24/14 at 78.
On February 7, 2004, while incarcerated, defendant was involved in an incident in the
cellblock. N.T. 2/24/14 at 100-101. When asked by a corrections officer, "[w]hy do you keep
4
Officer Hilbert was previously named Christine Vincent. N.T. (Motion Hearing) 2/18/14 at 22.
5
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doing these things?" defendant responded "I don't give a shit, I got two bodies, I'm going to die
in prison, I don't care." N.T. 2/24/14 at 101.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Introduction of Evidence
Defendant raises several claims of error relating to the Court's admission or exclusion of
evidence at trial.5 The law concerning the admission of evidence in Pennsylvania is well settled:
The admission of evidence is a matter vested within the sound discretion
of the trial court, and such a decision shall be reversed only upon a
showing that the trial court abused its discretion. In determining whether
evidence should be admitted, the trial court must weigh the relevance and
probative value of the evidence against the prejudicial impact of that
evidence. Evidence is relevant if it logically tends to establish a material
fact in the case or tends to support a reasonable inference regarding a
material fact. Although a court may find that evidence is relevant, the
court may nevertheless conclude that such evidence is inadmissible on
account of its prejudicial impact.
Commonwealth v. Reid, 811 A.2d 530, 550 (Pa. 2002) (internal citations omitted); see Pa.R.E.
401-403.
I. Evidence of Flight
Defendant first claims that the "Court erred in permitting the Commonwealth to introduce
evidence of defendant's flight when Judge Minehart already ruled that this evidence would be
inadmissible violating the coordinate jurisdiction rule, the law of the case doctrine, and
defendant's due process and rights to a fair trial granted in the United States and Pennsylvania
Constitutions." Statement of Errors at 1 1. This claim is belied by the record.
Judge Jeffrey Minehart, of this Court, held pretrial hearings on this case on October 10,
2012, in order to assist the trial judge in getting the case ready for trial.6 During the proceedings
5
Defendant's claims have been reorganized for ease of analysis.
6
At the time, the assigned trial judge was Senior Judge Carolyn Temin, who has since retired. The case was
subsequently reassigned to the undersigned trial judge.
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in front of Judge Minehart, defense counsel sought to exclude evidence of flight on the ground
that "there is no indication that there be any active flight in this case." N.T. 10/10/12 at 59.
Contrary to defendant's claim on appeal, Judge Minehart never ruled that evidence of flight
would be inadmissible. Instead, with the agreement of defense counsel, Judge Minehart directed
that the trial judge, after hearing how the evidence in the case evolved, would decide whether
flight evidence would be admissible. N.T. 10/10/12 at 59.
At trial, this Court properly admitted the evidence of flight. It is well-established that
evidence of flight is relevant and admissible to establish an inference of guilt. See, e.g.,
Commonwealth v. Rolan, 964 A.2d 398, 410 (Pa. Super. 2008). Here, the evidence that, after the
killings at issue, defendant left Philadelphia, checked into a hotel using an alias, and could not be
found for months, was clearly relevant and properly admitted. Id.
2. Defendant's Admissions to a Corrections Officer While Incarcerated
Defendant next claims that the "Court erred in permitting the Commonwealth to
introduce Sheriff Billin [sic] Cabrera's testimony regarding a statement defendant allegedly
made concerning a [sic] entirely separate and unrelated incident to the crime charged. Cabrera's
testimony was irrelevant and prejudicial. .. " Statement of Errors at ,r 2. This claim is without
merit.
At the pretrial proceedings in front of Judge Minehart on October 10, 2012, defense
counsel moved in limine to exclude from evidence a statement made to Deputy Sheriff Cabrera
on February 9, 2004, when Cabrera was a corrections officer. N.T. 10/10/12 at 52-58.
Specifically, while incarcerated at the Detention Center in Philadelphia, defendant was involved
in an incident that prompted Cabrera to ask defendant, "Why you keep doing these things?"
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Defendant responded "I don't give a shit, I got two bodies, I'm going to die in prison, I don't
care." N.T. 2/24/14 at 100-101.
As the Commonwealth was alleging that defendant had shot and ultimately killed two
people in the early morning of September 9, 2002, defendant's statement that he had "two
bodies" and was "going to die in prison" was highly probative of defendant's guilt in this case.
Accordingly, Judge Minehart properly ruled in limine that defendant's statement to Cabrera was
admissible.
3. Ronald Milburn's Prior Testimony
Defendant next claims that the "Court erred when it allowed the Commonwealth to
introduce Commonwealth witness Ronald Milburn's prior recorded testimony at trial when
defendant never had the opportunity to confront Milburn with the fact that he misidentified the
murder weapon in his interviewed statement to police and that his own mother says he was not
present when the shooting happened on September 11, 2002 - impeaching his testimony."
Statement of Errors at ,r 4. This claim is without merit.
The testimony here at issue was given by Milburn at defendant's preliminary hearing on
the murder charges arising out of a shooting two days after the shootings of Herbert and Story.
As noted above, defendant shot and killed Levon Wilson on September 11, 2002, using the gun
that he had used to kill Herbert and Story. See note 3, supra. This Court allowed the
Commonwealth to prove that on September 11, 2002, defendant fired the gun that was used to
kill Herbert and Story two days before, since the firing of the weapon was relevant to show that
defendant was in possession of the gun used to kill Herbert and Story. Milburn was an
eyewitness to the Wilson shooting. Defendant now argues that the Court erred in allowing the
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Commonwealth to read the relevant portions of Mil bum's preliminary hearing testimony from
the Wilson murder case.
Under Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 804(b )(1 ), where a witness is unavailable to
testify, the witness's testimony at a prior hearing may be admitted in evidence as an exception to
the hearsay rule, provided that the party against whom the testimony is offered had an
opportunity and similar motive to develop [the testimony] .... " Pa.R.E. 804(b)(l). In the context
of a criminal trial, so long as the witness is unavailable, that witness's prior testimony at a
preliminary hearing is admissible under this exception to the hearsay rule, and satisfies the
requirements of the Confrontation Clause, so long as defense counsel had a full and fair
opportunity to cross-examine the witness at the preliminary hearing. See Commonwealth v.
Leak, 22 A.3d 1036, 1045 (Pa. Super. 2011). Where a defendant asserts that he did not have a
full and fair opportunity to cross-examine the witness at the preliminary hearing, he must
establish that he was deprived of "vital impeachment evidence" at or before the time of the
preliminary hearing. Id. at 1044-1045. "The Commonwealth may not be deprived of its ability to
present inculpatory evidence at trial merely because the defendant, despite having the
opportunity to do so, did not cross-examine the witness at the preliminary hearing as extensively
as he might have done at trial." Leak, 22 A.3d at 1045 (quoting Commonwealth v. Cruz-
Centeno, 668 A.2d 536, 542 (Pa. Super. 1995)). Rule 804 defines "unavailability" to include a
witness who "cannot be present or testify at the trial or hearing because of death or a then-
existing infirmary, physical illness, or mental illness." Pa.R.E. 804(a)(4).
Here, the admissibility of Milburn' s preliminary hearing testimony was first litigated at
defendant's trial for murdering Wilson. Defendant was convicted of murdering Wilson, and his
conviction was upheld by the Superior Court, well before defendant's trial here at issue for
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killing Story and Herbert. See Commonwealth v. Real, No. 2022 EDA 2005 (Pa. Super. March
4, 2009) (non-precedential decision). Milburn was in an automobile accident and was physically
and mentally incapable of testifying at the Wilson murder trial. The trial judge held that Milburn
was unavailable to testify and that defendant had a full and fair opportunity to cross-examine
Milburn at the preliminary hearing. Accordingly, the Court admitted the preliminary hearing
testimony under Rule 804. This ruling was upheld by the Superior Court. Id. at 3-8.
Because the Superior Court had already determined that Milburn's preliminary hearing
testimony was admissible at the time of defendant's trial for murdering Wilson, the sole issue
before this Court in determining whether Milburn's preliminary hearing testimony was here
admissible was whether Milburn remained unavailable to testify at the trial of the instant case,
held years after defendant's trial for killing Wilson. Therefore, the Court conducted a hearing,
outside the presence of the jury, to assess Milburn's current status. Dr. Michael Marino,
Milburn's treating physician, testified that Milburn had been in an automobile accident in 2004
and sustained traumatic brain injury. N.T. 2/20/14 at 120. According to Dr. Marino, as a result
of this accident, Milburn still has difficulty both understanding and expressing language, suffers
from impaired cognition, including memory and processing, and requires all day supervision and
daily attendant care. N.T. 2/20/14 at 121. Milburn was unable to consistently and accurately
state basic information, including such information as his birth date, where he was born, or
where he lives, and has difficulty in making and recalling new memories. N.T. 2/20/14 at 121-
122. All of this was compelling evidence that Milburn remained unavailable to testify within the
meaning of Rule 804(b)( 1 ).
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The Court therefore did not err in permitting the Commonwealth to present the relevant
portions of Milbum's preliminary hearing testimony, since that testimony was admissible in
evidence under the former testimony exception to the hearsay rule.
4. Evidence of Defendant Firing a Weapon After the Killings Here at Issue
Defendant next claims that the "Court erred in permitting the Commonwealth to
introduce evidence of defendant firing the alleged murder weapon on September 11, 2002.
Defendant firing the murder [weapon] was irrelevant and collateral to possession." Statement of
Errors at 1 6. This claim is without merit.
While evidence of other acts is not admissible to prove bad character or criminal
propensity, it may be admitted for other purposes where the probative value of the evidence
outweighs the potential for prejudice. Pa.R.E. 404(b); see Commonwealth v. Williams, 896 A.2d
523, 539 (Pa. 2006). Among the purposes for which evidence of other acts may be offered is to
demonstrate defendant's opportunity, intent, identity, or to show absence of mistake or accident.
Pa.R.E. 404(b)(2). Other acts are also admissible if they are part of the sequence of events
surrounding the charged offense and are necessary for the "complete story" to be told to the fact-
finder. Williams, 896 A.2d at 539. The admission of other acts by the trial court will only be
reversed upon a showing of an abuse of discretion. Commonwealth v. Chmiel, 889 A.2d at 501,
534 (Pa. 2005) (citing Commonwealth v. Simmons, 662 A.2d 621, 635 (Pa. 1995)). Further, "[a]
weapon shown to have been in a defendant's possession may properly be admitted into evidence,
even though it cannot positively be identified as the weapon used in the commission of a
particular crime, if it tends to prove that the defendant had a weapon similar to the one used in
the perpetration of the crime. Any uncertainty that the weapon is the actual weapon used in the
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crime goes to the weight of such evidence." Commonwealth v. Williams, 640 A.2d 1251, 1260
(Pa. 1994).
Here, the Commonwealth introduced evidence that defendant, two nights after the
shooting on Hawthorne Street, was in possession of, and fired, a nine-millimeter handgun that
was ultimately determined to be the same weapon used on Hawthorne Street to shoot and kill
Herbert and Story. N.T. 2/20/14 at 58, 63-64, 138-139, 151-153, 166; 2/24/14 at 130, 144.
Defendant was further seen in possession of what appeared to be this firearm a few days before
the Hawthorne Street shooting. N. T. 2/24/14 at 13 0-131. That defendant possessed the murder
weapon, both prior to and following the shooting on Hawthorne Street, is extremely probative of
defendant's guilt, proving both defendant's access to the firearm and his identity as the shooter.
Introduction of the September 11 shooting was further necessary to establish how the weapon
used to shoot Herbert and Story was recovered by the police.
Moreover, while the Court permitted the Commonwealth to prove that defendant fired the
weapon on September 11 in order to prove that he exercised dominion and control over the gun,
the Commonwealth volunteered not to present any evidence that defendant had shot and killed
someone (that is, Levon Wilson) in the course of that firing. This limitation clearly avoided any
undue prejudice inuring to defendant from the evidence of the events transpiring on September
11.
Accordingly, the Court did not err in admitting evidence of defendant's possession of the
murder weapon on September 11, 2002.
B. Motion for Mistrial Based on Christine Hilbert's Testimony
Defendant next claims that the "Court erred in denying defendant's requested mistrial
after Commonwealth witness Christine Hilbert testified that a person was found shot at the
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September 11, 2002 shooting scene - violating an agreement ... that this evidence would not be
admitted at trial." Statement of Errors at 13. This claim is without merit.
A mistrial is an extreme remedy ... [that] ... must be granted only when an
incident is of such a nature that its unavoidable effect is to deprive
defendant of a fair trial. A trial court may remove taint caused by
improper testimony through curative instructions. Courts must consider
all surrounding circumstances before finding that curative instructions
were insufficient and the extreme remedy of a mistrial is required. The
circumstances which the court must consider include whether the
improper remark was intentionally elicited by the Commonwealth,
whether the answer was responsive to the question posed, whether the
Commonwealth exploited the reference, and whether the curative
instruction was appropriate.
Commonwealth. v. Manley, 985 A.2d 256, 266-67 (Pa, Super. 2009) (internal citations and
quotations omitted).
Prior to Officer Hilbert's testimony, the Commonwealth agreed that it would prove that
defendant fired the murder weapon on September 11, 2002, without referring to the fact that in
so doing, defendant had shot and killed Levon Wilson. N.T. 2/18/14 at 33-36; 2/19/14 at 137-
142, 186-187. During Officer Hilbert's testimony at trial, the following exchange took place
regarding the events that occurred after shots were fired in the September 11 incident:
Ms. Fairman: And what did you do once you lost that person, the person you were
chasing, what did you do then?
Officer Hilbert: I started to search for the male and as I was searching for the male I
heard a lot of screaming coming about maybe like a quarter of a city block down from
me. I actually ran to that area to help control. This is where the shooting actually was.
Ms. Fairman: Now --
Mr. Stein: Objection.
The Court: As to that's where the shooting actually was?
Mr. Stein: Yes.
The Court: All right. I will strike that reference since she didn't - unless you can
establish she had personal knowledge of where the shooting actually was.
Ms. Fairman: When you got to that location did you observe ballistics evidence at the
location you went to?
Officer Hilbert: When I arrived at where the screaming was, there was a large crowd.
There was a male laying on the ground bleeding.
Mr. Stein: Objection.
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N.T. 2/19/14 at 180-181. The Court then heard arguments outside the presence of the jury
regarding defendant's motion for a mistrial due to the officer's reference to a gunshot victim in
violation of the Commonwealth's agreement. N.T. 2/19/14 at 181-198. The Court found that the
prosecutor did not intentionally elicit the testimony that there was a male on the ground bleeding,
but rather sought to question the officer concerning ballistics evidence found at the scene. N.T.
2/19/14 at 190-191, 195. The Court further stated that the Commonwealth would not be
exploiting the statement to argue that another person had been killed and gave a curative
instruction immediately upon the jury reentering the courtroom. N.T. 2/19/14 at 195-196, 199.
Accordingly, the Court did not err in denying defendant's motion for mistrial following the
testimony of Officer Hilbert.
C. In-Court Identification of Defendant by Christine Hilbert
Defendant next claims that the "Court erred in permitting Police Officer Christine
Hilbert's in-court identification of defendant as the male seen fleeing the September 11, 2002
shooting scene, since Judge Rose Marie Defino-Nastasi already ruled it should not be
admissible." Statement of Errors at ,i 5. This claim is without merit.
As stated above, Officer Hilbert saw defendant running from the area of the Whitehall
Projects immediately after the shooting and killing of Levon Wilson at a craps game. About a
month after the shooting, Officer Hilbert saw a wanted poster at the police district and
recognized defendant, the person in the poster, as the person she saw fleeing the scene of the
murder of Wilson. N.T. (Motion) 2/18/2014 at 34. During her preparation session with an
assistant district attorney for defendant's trial for murdering Wilson, she was shown the poster
with defendant's photograph and confirmed that he was the person she saw fleeing the murder
scene. At the actual trial, she identified defendant as the perpetrator. However, defense counsel
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at the Wilson murder trial was never told that Hilbert had made an out-of-court identification of
defendant, and was unaware that Hilbert would make an identification in court. As a result,
defense counsel never had an opportunity to make a pretrial claim that the identification evidence
should be suppressed. This led defense counsel to make a claim of prosecutorial misconduct
based on the failure to make pretrial disclosure of an identification witness. This problem was
compounded when both the trial court, and the Superior Court, rejected defendant's prosecutorial
misconduct claim based upon a factual error, that is, a belief that Hilbert had never made a
pretrial identification of defendant, when, in fact, she had. See Commonwealth v. Real, No. 2022
EDA 2005 (Pa. Super. March 4, 2009) at 11-14 ( adopting the opinion of the trial court, which
incorrectly stated that Hilbert first identified defendant at the trial). This error led defendant, in
PCRA proceedings before Judge Defino-Nastasi, to claim that both trial counsel and direct
appeal counsel in the Wilson murder case were ineffective. Judge Defino-Nastasi, in ruling on
defendant's PCRA petition, agreed that this claim had arguable merit. See N.T. (CP-51-CR-
0207721-2004) (PCRA hearing) 5/3/13 at 13-20.7
The circumstances in the case at bar are completely different. Here, unlike the Wilson
murder trial, defense counsel had full disclosure of all of the identifications made by Hilbert well
before trial, and was able to raise all of the identification issues in an extensive pretrial hearing.
See N.T. (Motion) 2/18/14 at 7-92 (hearing on motion to suppress identification evidence).
Following the hearing, this Court excluded Hilbert's pretrial identification of defendant in the
prep session with the assistant district attorney, but permitted Hilbert to testify that she had
recognized defendant on the poster in the police district, and allowed her to make an in-court
7
Notwithstanding this finding, Judge Defino-Nastasi denied the PCRA petition on the ground that counsel's error
did not prejudice defendant. Id. at 20-21.
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identification. Nothing in Judge DeFino-Nastasi's decision, which was premised upon a claim of
discovery violations arising at a different trial, barred that decision. No relief is due.
D. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Finally, defendant claims that trial counsel was ineffective on the grounds that: 1) counsel
failed to object to the Court's instructions to the jury regarding the jury's use of written jury
instructions; 2) counsel failed to object to the Court prohibiting the jurors from using their notes
during deliberations; 3) counsel failed to call witnesses regarding defendant's reputation for
truthfulness, honesty, and veracity; 4) counsel failed to object to the Commonwealth's striking
every Hispanic venireperson; 5) counsel failed to object and request a mistrial following witness
Karl May's testimony that May was instructed to testify that he had seen two males at the scene
of the shooting; 6) counsel failed to request that Karl May's testimony be stricken from the
record or request that the jury be instructed to view May's testimony with caution; 7) counsel
failed to file a motion in limine to preclude any references to defendant firing the murder weapon
on September 11, 2002 and at a local bar one week prior; 8) counsel failed to conduct a
meaningful investigation to locate potential eyewitness "Lisa"; 9) counsel failed to object to the
Commonwealth's questions to Willie Hines, on re-direct, regarding Hines' conversation with
defendant, wherein defendant admitted to committing the crimes of which he was charged; 10)
counsel failed to impeach witness Brian Beard's testimony that he did not make a statement to
police on September 11, 2002; 11) counsel failed to locate and interview witness Ronald
Milbum's mother; 12) counsel failed to investigate defendant's alibi that he was at work in New
Jersey at the time of the murders; 13) counsel failed to call Detective Egenlauf as a witness
regarding the results of the photographic identification by witness James Lane; 15) counsel failed
to argue that witness Christine Hilbert should have been precluded from making an in-court
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identification of defendant as Judge Defino-Nastasi previously had ruled it should not be
admissible; and 15) the cumulative effect of counsel's ineffectiveness deprived defendant of a
fair trial. Statement of Errors at ,r,r 5, 7-19.
Allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel ordinarily may not be raised on direct
appeal and must be deferred until collateral review. Commonwealth v. Grant, 813 A.2d 726 (Pa.
2002). In Commonwealth v. Holmes, 79 A.3d 562, 577-78 (Pa. 2013), our Supreme Court
recognized two limited exceptions to the Grant rule when there is (1) a discrete claim of
ineffectiveness that is "both meritorious and apparent from the record so that immediate
consideration and relief is warranted," or (2) "where the defendant seeks to litigate multiple or
prolix claims of counsel ineffectiveness" with good cause shown and a knowing and express
waiver of PCRA rights. As defendant's multiple claims of trial counsel's ineffectiveness do not
fall within either exception under Holmes, defendant's claims of trial counsel's ineffectiveness
are not reviewable on direct appeal.
III. CONCLUSION
For all of the foregoing reasons, the Court's judgment of sentence should be affirmed.
BY THE COURT:
GLENN B. BRONSON, J.
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