The State v. Holt

THIRD DIVISION
ELLINGTON, P. J.,
DILLARD and MCFADDEN, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

November 17, 2015

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A15A1483. STATE v. HOLT. JE-054C

ELLINGTON, Presiding Judge.

The State of Georgia appeals the trial court’s order granting, in part, Jamie Sue

Holt’s motion to suppress evidence derived following her detention in Cherokee

County for suspicion of driving under the influence of alcohol. For the reasons set

forth below, we conclude that the trial court erred in suppressing the evidence and

reverse.

“[O]n appeal from a ruling on a motion to suppress, we defer to the trial court’s

factual findings and credibility determinations, but review de novo the court’s

application of the law to the undisputed facts.” (Footnote omitted.) State v. Mosley,

321 Ga. App. 236 (739 SE2d 106) (2013). See also Hughes v. State, 296 Ga. 744, 746

(1) (770 SE2d 636) (2015) (“When the facts material to a motion to suppress are
disputed, it generally is for the trial judge to resolve those disputes and determine the

material facts.”). Although we defer to the trial court’s findings of fact and its

determination of credibility, “where controlling facts are not in dispute, such as those

facts discernible from a videotape, our review is de novo.” (Citation, punctuation, and

footnote omitted.) Boyd v. State, 315 Ga. App. 256, 257 (1) (726 SE2d 746) (2012).

The evidence shows that on April 28, 2014, a Georgia State Patrol trooper was

dispatched to investigate an incident in which a car sideswiped a vending machine at

a Kroger gas station. After the trooper arrived at the scene at 4:44 p.m., a man told the

trooper that Holt was “being a little belligerent, not acting normal, and . . . might have

had something to drink.”1 The trooper approached Holt, who was pumping gas, and

asked her if she had been involved in the incident. The trooper determined that Holt

was not the driver of the car that hit the vending machine. However, during their

conversation the trooper smelled alcohol on Holt’s breath. The officer also noticed

that Holt’s “speech was a little off” and that she had bloodshot eyes, and she admitted

to having had one or two glasses of wine and to driving to the gas station. The trooper

asked Holt to walk with him to his patrol car.

1
Although the officer was under the impression that the man was a Kroger
employee, the evidence showed, and the trial court found, that he was a customer.

2
 The trooper’s patrol car-mounted video showed the trooper and Holt, at 4:51

p.m., standing in front of the patrol car. Holt submitted to an alco-sensor test, and,

after several attempts, she gave a sufficient sample which tested positive for alcohol

and gave a numerical result of “.124,” which the trooper had Holt read aloud. The

trooper told Holt that she had consumed more than a glass of wine, and to “hang out

right there” in front of the patrol car. He also said that he would check her again, and

indicated that if the test results went down, “maybe we’ll get somebody to get you a

ride.”

The video showed that from 4:54 p.m. to 5:06 p.m., the trooper turned his

investigation to the other driver and the incident for which he had been dispatched.

Holt was shown walking on and off the screen several times, alone and without

restraints, and the trooper told her to remain in front of the patrol car. At 5:05 p.m.,

the trooper called on his radio for another trooper. Approximately 12 minutes after

the initial alco-sensor test, the trooper returned to Holt to conduct a second test. The

alco-sensor test was again positive, and the numerical results were the same. The

trooper instructed Holt to “hang out right here” at the patrol car, and he told Holt that,

“we’re going to do some more testing, but first, I gotta get this taken care of,

3
okay[?].” During the conversation Holt asked the trooper, “What’s the legal limit?”

and the trooper responded that it was 0.08.

The second alco-sensor test was completed at 5:07 p.m., and the trooper, while

apparently on his cell phone, spoke with another trooper at 5:10 p.m. The trooper

could be heard saying, “I’ve got two DUIs; I’ll give you one of them. One alcohol,

one drugs.”2 The trooper then continued his investigation into the driver who crashed

into the vending machine. The video showed that the trooper conducted a field

sobriety test of the other driver, placed her under arrest, and then read the implied

consent rights, all of which occurred from 5:11 p.m. through 5:28 p.m according to

the time stamp on the video. The trooper could then be heard discussing post-arrest

issues with the other driver and, apparently, her mother, for several minutes. The

trooper informed Holt at 5:38 p.m. that another trooper was on his way.

The second trooper arrived at 5:39 p. m., approximately 50 minutes after Holt

was first seen on the video standing at the first trooper’s police car. Within three

minutes of the second trooper’s arrival, the first trooper left with the other driver in

his custody. Holt appeared on the second trooper’s video at 5:43 p.m. The second

2
Although the audio portion of the video is less than clear as to this
conversation, the trial court found in its order that this is what the trooper said, and
the State does not dispute this finding.

4
trooper completed Holt’s field sobriety test by 5:48 p.m., when he took Holt into

custody, and he read her the implied consent notice at 5:53 p.m.

The first trooper testified at the motion-to-suppress hearing that he conducted

a portion of an horizontal gaze nystagmus test, which is a field sobriety evaluation,

and that he saw sustained nystagmus at maximum deviation in Holt’s eyes. The trial

court found that the test was conducted off view of the video “at some point.” The

first trooper also testified that he turned over Holt’s investigation to the second

trooper because he wanted to “answer the call” for which he was initially dispatched.

According to the first trooper, he believed that Holt had been drinking alcohol before

driving, but he did not determine whether Holt was less safe to drive. The second

trooper testified that Holt’s performance on the field sobriety tests, which included

the horizontal gaze nystagmus test, the walk-and-turn, and the one-leg stand, were

consistent with someone who was under the influence of alcohol to the extent it was

less safe to drive.

Following her arrest and subsequent accusation in the State Court of Cherokee

County for the offenses of driving under the influence in violation of OCGA § 40-6-

391 (a) (1) (less safe) and OCGA § 40-6-391 (a) (5) (per se), Holt moved to suppress

from evidence the results of the State administered breath test, the field sobriety tests,

5
as well as any statements she made to the troopers. The trial court, after an

evidentiary hearing, granted Holt’s motion in part. In its order, the trial court found

that Holt was under arrest at 5:10 p.m., after the first trooper told the second trooper,

“I’ve got two DUIs, I’ll give you one of them,” but that the first trooper lacked

probable cause for an arrest at that time. Alternatively, the trial court found, if there

was probable cause for Holt’s arrest at 5:10 p.m., because the implied consent

warning was given 38 minutes after Holt’s arrest, the results of the tests following the

warning must be suppressed. And, the trial court held, following Holt’s arrest at 5:10

p.m., the questioning and investigation conducted by the second trooper amounted

to a custodial interrogation without a prior recitation of Holt’s Miranda3 rights,

requiring the suppression of the results of the second trooper’s investigation. Lastly,

the trial court found that the length of Holt’s detention was unreasonable. The trial

court suppressed from evidence anything learned in the course of the investigation

after 5:10 p.m., including the second trooper’s observations and field investigation,

Holt’s agreement to implied consent testing, and the results of the ensuing tests. The

State appeals from the trial court’s order.

3
See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (86 SCt 1602, 16 LE2d 694) (1966).

6
 1. We first address Holt’s motion to dismiss this appeal. She argues that the

State failed to comply with OCGA § 5-7-1 (a) (5),4 which, if applicable, required the

State to file its notice of appeal within two days of the trial court’s order and to certify

to the trial court that the appeal was not taken for delay and that the evidence was a

substantial proof of material fact in the proceeding. Holt contends that the appeal was

subject to this requirement because the trial court’s order excludes “other evidence”

for purposes of OCGA § 5-7-1 (a) (5). However, the State’s appeal was from an order

which excluded the results of tests for alcohol and was properly filed under OCGA

§ 5-7-1 (a) (4), which provides:

An appeal may be taken by and on behalf of the State of Georgia . . . in
criminal cases . . . [f]rom an order, decision, or judgment suppressing or

4
OCGA § 5-7-1 (a) (5) provides that an appeal may be taken by the State in
criminal cases:

From an order, decision, or judgment excluding any other evidence to
be used by the state at trial on any motion filed by the state or defendant
at least 30 days prior to trial and ruled on prior to the impaneling of a
jury or the defendant being put in jeopardy, whichever occurs first, if:
(A) Notwithstanding the provisions of Code Section 5-6-38, the
notice of appeal filed pursuant to this paragraph is filed within two days
of such order, decision, or judgment; and
(B) The prosecuting attorney certifies to the trial court that such appeal
is not taken for purpose of delay and that the evidence is a substantial
proof of a material fact in the proceeding.

7
 excluding evidence illegally seized or excluding the results of any test
for alcohol or drugs in the case of motions made and ruled upon prior
to the impaneling of a jury or the defendant being put in jeopardy,
whichever occurs first[.]

(Emphasis supplied.). See State v. Smith, 329 Ga. App. 646 n. 5 (765 SE2d 787)

(2014) (physical precedent only) (State appealed from order suppressing the results

of two sobriety tests under OCGA § 5-7-1 (a) (4)); State v. Mosley, 321 Ga. App. 236,

238 n. 1 (739 SE2d 106) (2013) (appeal from grant of motion to suppress field-

sobriety-test results and any subsequent testimonial evidence was authorized by

OCGA § 5-7-1 (a) (4)). An appeal under OCGA § 5-7-1 (a) (4) is not subject to the

additional requirements set forth in OCGA § 5-7-1 (a) (5) (A) and (B). Holt’s motion

to dismiss the appeal is denied.

2. The State contends that the trial court erred in excluding evidence gathered

after 5:10 p.m. on the basis that Holt was then under arrest and no probable cause for

the arrest existed at that time. We agree.

(a) There are three general classes, or “tiers,” of police-citizen encounters: “(1)

verbal communications involving no coercion or detention; (2) brief stops or seizures

that require reasonable suspicion; and (3) arrests, which can only be supported by

probable cause.” (Punctuation and footnote omitted.) Bacallao v. State, 307 Ga. App.

8
539, 540-541 (705 SE2d 307) (2011). The trial court found, and the parties do not

dispute, that the police-citizen encounter between the first trooper and Holt began as

a first-tier encounter which then escalated into a second-tier encounter by the time the

trooper directed Holt to the front of his patrol car and she blew into the alco-sensor.

Even absent probable cause, during a second-tier encounter, “an officer may stop and

detain a person briefly when the officer has a particularized and objective basis for

suspecting the person is involved in criminal activity.” (Citation and punctuation

omitted.) State v. Hammond, 313 Ga. App. 882, 884 (723 SE2d 89) (2012). See Terry

v. Ohio, 392 U. S. 1 (88 SCt 1868, 20 LE2d 889) (1968). Here, as the trial court

noted, the first trooper had an objective basis for suspecting Holt of criminal conduct

and detained her for purposes of a DUI investigation in that Holt had an odor of

alcohol about her person, she admitted to drinking, her eyes were bloodshot, and she

had been driving. See, e.g., Crosby v. State, 214 Ga. App. 753, 754-755 (449 SE2d

147) (1994) (Finding that the officer was not required to have articulable suspicion

to approach appellant’s stopped vehicle and talk with him, and that “once appellant

rolled down his window and revealed his bloodshot eyes and the strong odor of

alcohol, [the officer] had reasonable grounds to conduct an investigative inquiry to

9
determine whether appellant was engaged in criminal activity, e.g., driving under the

influence.”).

At issue is the trial court’s determination that, notwithstanding that Holt was,

at least in the beginning, lawfully detained for purposes of an investigatory detention,

her detention was subsequently elevated to an arrest at 5:10 p.m., at which time the

first trooper lacked the necessary probable cause to arrest Holt. The State does not

contest the trial court’s finding that the first trooper lacked probable cause to arrest

Holt; rather, the State maintains that Holt remained in an investigatory detention until

she was placed under arrest by the second trooper.

Although Holt was not free to leave after the officer told her to stay, “not every

detention is an arrest.” (Citation omitted.) Harper v. State, 243 Ga. App. 705, 707 (1)

(534 SE2d 157) (2000). Rather,

[t]he test for determining whether a person has been placed under
custodial arrest is whether the individual was formally arrested or
restrained to a degree associated with a formal arrest, not whether the
police had probable cause to arrest. The test is whether a reasonable
person in the suspect’s position would have thought the detention would
not be temporary. A trial court deciding whether to admit evidence must
apply this objective test; it is the reasonable belief of an ordinary person
under such circumstances, and not the subjective belief or intent of the
officer, that determines whether an arrest has been effected.

10
(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Lewis v. State, 294 Ga. App. 607, 608 (1) (a) (669

SE2d 558) (2008). See Christy v. State, 315 Ga. App. 647, 652 (2) (727 SE2d 269)

(2012) (accord); State v. Norris, 281 Ga. App. 193, 195 (635 SE2d 810) (2006) (“A

third-tier arrest is . . . a full-blown custodial arrest as opposed to a temporary second-

tier investigative detention”). The determination of whether a detention amounts to

a custodial arrest “is a mixed question of fact and law, [and] we construe the evidence

most favorably to uphold the trial court’s findings and accept those findings unless

they are clearly erroneous, but we independently apply the legal principles to those

facts.” (Citation omitted.) Parker v. State, 326 Ga. App. 175, 178 (2) (754 SE2d 409)

(2014).

In this case, the first trooper never told Holt that she was under arrest. Holt was

not handcuffed, nor placed in the first trooper’s patrol car. The trial court, however,

discounted the fact that the first trooper did not handcuff Holt inasmuch as the trooper

did not handcuff the other driver when he arrested her. The trial court noted that Holt

“had blown over the legal limit twice” before the trooper told her to stay. And, the

trial court found, when at 5:10 p.m. the first trooper told the second trooper, “I’ve got

two DUIs; I’ll give you one of them,” the first trooper had “vocalized what a

11
determination of the result of an investigation would be,” and that “an objective

person from [Holt’s] vantage point” would have concluded that she was under arrest.

In its analysis, the trial court implicitly assumes that Holt was aware of actions

and comments that were not specifically directed at her. For example, the trial court

relies on comments that the first trooper makes to the second trooper, apparently on

a cell phone, and events that involved the other driver and the first trooper. We take

no issue with the trial court’s conclusion that Holt would have heard and seen these

things, but what Holt heard and saw was consistent with what the first trooper said

to Holt before he proceeded to focus exclusively on the investigation of the other

driver. The first trooper told Holt after the second alco-sensor test to “hang out,” and

that “we’re going to do some more testing, but first, I gotta get this taken care of,

okay[?].” An objective person would have understood that (1) she was not free to

leave, (2) and that there would be “more testing” in the future, but (3) that the trooper

was going to address another matter first – in context, the investigation of the other

driver.

The conversation between the first trooper and the second trooper was not, as

the trial court found, a vocalization of “what a determination of the result of an

investigation would be.” That one law enforcement officer told another, within the

12
hearing of Holt, that he had “I’ve got two DUIs, I’ll give you one of them” is

ambiguous and could easily mean, consistent with ongoing events, that the first

trooper had two ongoing DUI investigations. No intent to arrest was communicated

by the first trooper to Holt. See State v. Dixon, 267 Ga. App. 320, 321 (599 SE2d

284) (2004) (Where there was no evidence that officer communicated to appellant his

intent to arrest before asking appellant to take an alco-sensor test, nor was he

handcuffed or placed in the back of the patrol car, the trial court erred in finding

appellant in custody at the time of the test and excluding his pre-arrest performance

thereon.). In context, and given what the first trooper had previously told Holt, the

portion of the conversation which Holt overheard would not have caused a reasonable

person to conclude that her status had changed. See State v. Pierce, 266 Ga. App.

233, 235-236 (1) (596 SE2d 725) (2004) (An officer’s comment he was going to shut

the appellant’s car door before “some other drunk” took the door off, in context with

the other circumstances, was insufficient to cause a reasonable person to believe his

detention would not be temporary.). If, as the trial court found, Holt knew that the

second driver was not handcuffed when she was arrested, Holt would have also

known that the second driver underwent a field sobriety test before the trooper told

the other driver that she was under arrest. The first trooper did, in response to Holt’s

13
specific inquiry, tell her that the “legal limit” was “.08.” However, the first trooper

did not tell Holt that she had been driving while over the legal limit, rather, he told

her that she had consumed more than one glass of wine, and he did not comment

about the numerical readings on the alco-sensor test other than indicating that if they

went down between the first and second test, “maybe we’ll get somebody to get you

a ride.”

After the officer turned to the investigation of the other driver, and she

remained detained pending “more testing,” Holt was not physically restrained or

placed in the patrol car, and she was not told that she was going to jail. Thus, “a

reasonable person would conclude that his or her freedom of action was only

temporarily curtailed and that a final determination of his or her status was merely

delayed.” State v. Mosley, 321 Ga. App. at 239 (finding that appellant was not in

custody at the time of his field sobriety test where, among other things, the deputy

never placed appellant in handcuffs or in the back of the patrol car); Tune v. State,

286 Ga. App. 32, 35 (1) (648 SE2d 423) (2007) (where appellant knew that she was

being investigated for DUI, and had been told that she was drunk, but was not placed

in the back of a patrol car nor handcuffed, a reasonable person could conclude that

her freedom of action was only temporarily curtailed); Harper v. State, 243 Ga. App.

14
at 706 (1) (although suspect was detained pursuant to a traffic stop and was suspected

for DUI, he was not in custody when he was allowed to walk around, and was not

placed in the back of a police car or handcuffed). Thus, the trial court erred in

concluding that Harp was under arrest at 5:10 p.m.

(b) The trial court additionally found that the length of Holt’s detention was

unreasonable, and that the investigatory detention therefore ripened into an arrest. See

Grandberry v. State, 289 Ga. App. 534, 539 (2) (658 SE2d 161) (2008) (Although the

police were authorized to stop the appellant for purposes of an investigation, the

length of his detention, under the circumstances, was too long to be justified as

investigatory stop, and constituted an arrest.). In order to comply with the Fourth

Amendment, an investigative detention “cannot be prolonged beyond the time

reasonably required to fulfill the purpose of the stop.” (Citation and omitted.)

Langston v. State, 302 Ga. App. 541, 543 (691 SE2d 349) (2010). And “[t]he Fourth

Amendment protects a person’s right to be secure against unreasonable searches and

seizures. The touchstone of the Fourth Amendment is reasonableness.

Reasonableness, in turn, is measured in objective terms by examining the totality of

the circumstances.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Id.

In determining

15
 whether a detention is too long in duration to be justified as an
investigative stop, we consider it appropriate to examine whether the
police diligently pursued a means of investigation that was likely to
confirm or dispel their suspicions quickly, during which time it was
necessary to detain the defendant.

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Randolph v. State, 246 Ga. App. 141, 146 (3) (b)

(538 SE2d 139) (2000). In assessing the length of the detention, “[n]o bright line or

rigid time limitation is imposed, and the need to consider the law enforcement

purposes to be served by the stop as well as the time reasonably needed to effectuate

those purposes is to be emphasized.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Mallarino

v. State, 190 Ga. App. 398, 401 (2) (379 SE2d 210) (1989).

Here, Holt was detained almost an hour from the time she was directed to the

front of the first trooper’s patrol car to the time the second trooper completed his

investigation. The trial court specifically pointed to an unjustified 30-minute delay

between 5:10 p.m., when the first trooper spoke with second trooper, and the second

trooper’s arrival at approximately 5:40 p.m., and found the length of Holt’s detention

unreasonable. The evidence showed that the first trooper investigated Holt for having

driven under the influence through the time he gave her the second alco-sensor test,

but that his investigation was focused on the other driver thereafter. Thus, during the

16
thirty-minute period identified by the trial court, the first trooper was not

investigating Holt, and her investigation resumed only upon the arrival of the second

trooper. However, neither the thirty-minute delay caused by the wait for a second law

enforcement officer, nor the total detention period of almost one hour, would, at least

absent other considerations, have caused Holt’s investigatory detention to ripen into

a custodial arrest. See DiMauro v. State, 310 Ga. App. 526, 529 (1) (714 SE2d 105)

(2011) (delay of 20 minutes caused by need to summon second officer did not

transform investigative detention into a custodial arrest); Thomas v. State, 294 Ga.

App. 108, 110 (1) (668 SE2d 540) (2008) (Where evidence showed wait for

assistance from other officer lasted between a “few minutes” and “probably 40

minutes,” the delay by itself did not convert investigation into custodial situation);

Harper, 243 Ga. App. at 706 (1) (delay of up to an hour before the DUI task force

officer arrived did not cause investigatory detention to ripen into an arrest); Aldridge

v. State, 237 Ga. App. 209, 213 (3) (515 SE2d 397) (1999) (a delay of 45 to 50

minutes, wherein deputies had to wait for another deputy to arrive with an alco-

sensor, and then spent time looking for consent to search forms, did not exceed

bounds of investigative detention).

17
 The first trooper testified at the motion-to-suppress hearing that he was “almost

positive” that it would have been faster “overall” for him to have conducted the

investigations of both drivers rather than having turned one of them over to the other

trooper. And, Holt argues, the trial court’s grant of the motion to suppress should be

affirmed because the first trooper had the experience and capability to handle both

investigations. However, accepting that the first trooper could have conducted both

investigations to completion, and that doing so would have been faster, at least for

Holt, this does not render the length of Holt’s detention unreasonable. Any

consideration of the totality of the circumstances must take into account that the first

trooper was, without a second law enforcement officer present, faced with two

suspects and two unrelated investigations. The officer elected to pursue the

investigation of the other driver after Holt’s second alco-sensor test, but he did so

knowing that another trooper would be conducting Holt’s investigation. The first

trooper’s video shows that, after Holt’s second alco-sensor test, he was involved with

the investigation, arrest, and post-arrest of the other driver through the arrival of the

second trooper, who completed Holt’s investigation in an expeditious manner. Under

the circumstances, it was reasonable for the first trooper to call in the second trooper

to conduct Holt’s investigation while he pursued the unrelated investigation of the

18
other driver, and the length of Holt’s detention was not so long as to be beyond the

scope of a permissible investigatory detention. See, e.g., Aldridge v. State, 237 Ga.

App. at 213 (3) (45 to 50 minute detention); Harper, 243 Ga. App. at 706 (1)

(detention of up to an hour).

The recent decision of the United States Supreme Court in Rodriguez v. United

States, __ U. S. __ (135 SCt 1609, 191 LE2d 492) (2015), relied on by Holt, is

distinguishable. In contrast to Rodriguez, Holt was not detained for an additional

period of time after the investigation into the initial reason for her detention had been

concluded. Rather, the original purpose of the detention, to confirm or dispel whether

Holt had unlawfully driven while under the influence of alcohol, remained unresolved

until after the arrival of the second trooper.

For the foregoing reasons, the trial court erred in excluding evidence gathered

after 5:10 p.m. on the basis that Holt was then under arrest without the necessary

probable cause, and because the length of her detention was unreasonable. Rather,

Holt was placed under arrest by the second trooper following completion of her field

sobriety test.

3. (a) The State further contends that the trial court erred in finding that the

evidence gathered after 5:10 p.m. must be excluded because the further questioning

19
and investigation by the second trooper amounted to custodial investigation, which

required a recitation of her Miranda rights prior to the investigation. We agree. “As

a general rule, Miranda warnings are not required while an investigating officer

conducts preliminary questioning or field sobriety tests; however, after a DUI suspect

is arrested, Miranda warnings must precede further field sobriety tests in order for

evidence of the results to be admissible.” (Citations omitted.) Polizzotto v. State, 248

Ga. App. 814, 816 (1) (547 SE2d 390) (2001). As Holt was not arrested until after the

second trooper had completed the field sobriety tests, see Division 2, supra, the

protections of Miranda were not implicated before that time.

(b) Lastly the State contends that the trial court erred in finding that, because

the implied consent rights were read to Holt 38 minutes after her arrest at 5:10 p.m.,

without a valid reason for the delay, the results of any state-administered test must be

excluded. See Hough v. State, 279 Ga. 711, 716 (2) (620 SE2d 380) (2005) (Finding

that “a suspect who is not involved in a traffic accident resulting in serious injuries

or fatalities must be under arrest before implied consent rights are read to [her],” and

“where implied consent rights are not read at the time of arrest, or at a time as close

in proximity to the instant of arrest as the circumstances of the individual case might

warrant, the results of the state-administered test will not be admissible at trial[.]”)

20
(citation and punctuation omitted). See OCGA § 40-5-55 (a). As Holt was not under

arrest at 5:10 p.m., there was no requirement that the implied consent notice then be

read. See Hough v. State, 279 Ga. at 716 (2) (a) (“[I]mplied consent is triggered at the

point that the suspect is not free to leave and a reasonable person in his position

would not believe that the detention is temporary, regardless of whether a ‘formal

arrest’ has occurred.”). Accordingly, the trial court erred in suppressing the results of

any state-administered test on the ground that Holt’s implied consent warnings were

not read to her at the time of her arrest.

Judgment reversed. Dillard and McFadden, JJ., concur.

21