McLarens Young International, Inc. v. American Safety Casualty Insurance Company

FOURTH DIVISION
BARNES, P. J.,
RAY and MCMILLIAN, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

November 20, 2015

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A15A0932. MCLARENS YOUNG INTERNATIONAL, INC. v.
AMERICAN SAFETY CASUALTY INSURANCE
COMPANY et al.

MCMILLIAN, Judge.

Appellant McLarens Young International, Inc. (“McLarens”) appeals from the

trial court’s order denying its motion to stay arbitration and granting the motion to

compel arbitration filed by appellees American Safety Casualty Insurance Company

(“ASCIC”) and Excalibur Reinsurance Corporation (“Excalibur”). As more fully set

forth below, we now affirm.

The underlying facts are essentially undisputed. In September 2005, McLarens

and ASCIC entered into a Claims Handling Agreement (“CHA”) pursuant to which

McLarens provided claims management and adjustment services for ASCIC in

connection with claims or losses relating to policies of insurance ASCIC issued under
a Lawyers Professional Liability Program underwritten by Professional Coverage

Managers, Inc. (the “PCM Program”). McLarens’ duties under the CHA included the

supervision of counsel retained to handle any litigation relating to claims submitted

under ASCIC’s policies, and in return, ASCIC had a duty to cooperate with respect

to the claims submitted for handling under the CHA. Pertinent here, Article 12.1 of

the CHA provided that “[a]ll matters in dispute solely between [ASCIC] and

[McLarens] in relation to this Agreement, and whether arising during or after the

period of this Agreement, shall be referred for arbitration in [the manner further set

out therein]” (“Arbitration Provision”).

One of the claims McLarens handled under the CHA concerned a professional

malpractice claim filed against ASCIC’s insureds, John Carey and the law firm of

Carey and Danis, LLC (the “Carey Claim”), and other attorneys. Although it appears

that the liability of the Carey defendants was minimal and that the plaintiff in that suit

had indicated a willingness to settle his claim against the Carey defendants for

$175,000, due to certain alleged failures of counsel representing the Carey

defendants, ASCIC was ultimately required to pay the policy limits of $2 million to

settle the claim.

2
 Pursuant to a Casualty Excess Cession Reinsurance Agreement (“Reinsurance

Agreement”) providing for coverage of $2 million excess $1 million for claims under

the PCM program, ASCIC then sought reimbursement from Excalibur. Ultimately,

Excalibur paid the claim under the Reinsurance Agreement.

On April 3, 2014, ASCIC and Excalibur sent McLarens a letter jointly

demanding arbitration “pursuant to the terms of the Claims Handling Agreement

between ASCIC and McLarens.” The letter specified that in the arbitration

proceedings, “ASCIC/Excalibur” will seek 1) an order directing McLarens to pay

ASCIC/Excalibur $2,000,000, which amount ASCIC was obligated to pay in

satisfaction of the Carey Claim; and 2) an order directing McLarens to reimburse

ASCIC/Excalibur for the amount of attorney fees and costs ASCIC incurred as a

result of McLarens’ negligence in its oversight of the Carey Claim and attorney fees

incurred in connection with the arbitration.

On April 28, 2014, McLarens notified appellees’ counsel that it could not

“accede” to appellees’ arbitration demand since it “purport[s] to advance claims on

behalf of Excalibur” thereby placing it outside the scope of the arbitration provision

in the CHA, which limits the right of arbitration to disputes solely between ASCIC

3
and McLarens. By letter dated that same date,1 and apparently prior to the time that

ASCIC received McLarens’ response to the arbitration demand, appellees filed a

demand for arbitration against McLarens with the American Arbitration Association

(“AAA”), repeating the same relief sought in the previous demand. On May 8, 2014,

the AAA acknowledged receipt of the Demand for Arbitration and notified the parties

of the procedures applicable to the arbitration proceedings.

On May 23, 2014, ASCIC sent another letter to McLarens in which it noted

that

this is a subrogation claim that is being brought to recover the
$2,000,000 that ASCIC was required to pay [as a result of the Carey
Claim]. Excalibur is not asserting claims against ASCIC, nor is it
asserting any claims against McLarens that differ in any respect from the
single claim that ASCIC and Excalibur are jointly asserting in the
arbitration[.]”

The letter further advised that, although neither felt it necessary, ASCIC and

Excalibur were “willing to enter into an agreement whereby ASCIC assigns its rights

against McLarens to Excalibur as respects the Carey Claim.”

1
The arbitration demand was actually received by the American Arbitration
Association on April 29, 2014.

4
 Five days later, McLarens filed a Motion to Stay Arbitration in the Superior

Court of Fulton County based on its contention that appellees’ jointly-filed arbitration

demand was outside the scope of the Arbitration Provision of the CHA since it did

not concern “matters in dispute ‘solely’ between” ASCIC and McLarens in relation

to the CHA. On June 17, 2014, ASCIC assigned to Excalibur the right to pursue

arbitration or engage in other legal proceedings against McLarens related to the

“Carey Action” (“Assignment”). McLarens refused to recognize the assignment and

reasserted its position that it was not required to arbitrate with Excalibur. Appellees

then filed a cross-motion to compel arbitration and a brief in response to the motion

to stay. McLarens filed a brief in opposition to appellees’ cross-motion to compel

arbitration, reasserting that the jointly filed demand for arbitration was ineffective

because appellees sought to arbitrate matters outside the scope of the Arbitration

Provision of the CHA.

Following a hearing, the trial court entered an order denying McLarens’ motion

to stay arbitration and granting appellees’ cross-motion to compel arbitration based

on a finding that the assignment of the “McLarens Claims” to Excalibur was valid

5
and enforceable and, therefore, Excalibur could proceed as the sole claimant.2

McLarens appeals.

1. We first address McLarens’ argument that the appellees’ jointly filed

arbitration demand did not concern a matter in dispute “solely between” McLarens

and ASCIC and thus was outside the scope of the Arbitration Provision.

Arbitration is a matter of contract, meaning that arbitrators derive their
authority to resolve disputes only from the parties’ agreement. . . . Thus,
a party cannot be required to submit to arbitration any dispute which he
has not agreed so to submit. The question of arbitrability, i.e., whether
an agreement creates a duty for the parties to arbitrate the particular
grievance, is undeniably an issue for judicial determination. Thus, we
review the trial court’s order de novo, applying the ordinary rules of
contract construction.

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Brooks Peanut Co. v. Great Southern Peanut,

LLC., 322 Ga. App. 801, 809 (3) (746 SE2d 272) (2013).

Although McLarens argues to the contrary, it appears that the only dispute in

this case is whether McLarens is required to indemnify ASCIC for its “liability, loss,

2
The trial court granted McLarens’ motion for a temporary restraining order
and/or preliminary injunction to toll any pending deadlines relating to the arbitration
proceedings until 30 days after the time for filing an appeal had passed or a final
appellate ruling on the denial of the motion to stay/grant of the motion to compel
arbitration has been issued.

6
damage and expense” under the indemnification provision of the CHA3 to the extent

those liabilities arose from or were caused by McLarens’ alleged negligent handling

of the Carey Claim. Thus, there seems to be little, if any, question that McLarens

would have no grounds upon which to stay the arbitration if the demand had been

filed only by ASCIC.

The question then is whether the insertion of Excalibur into the arbitration

proceedings changed the nature of proceedings so that the dispute was no longer

between McLarens and ASCIC. Under the circumstances here, we do not believe that

is the case. There is no matter in dispute between Excalibur and McLarens; rather, the

dispute pertains solely to whether McLarens is required to indemnify ASCIC under

the terms of the CHA, and there is no greater or lesser right to indemnification

because Excalibur has been inserted into the proceedings. Pursuant to the terms of its

Reinsurance Agreement with ASCIC,4 Excalibur is merely subrogated to any right to

3
Pursuant to Article 13.1: “Each party agrees to indemnify, defend and hold
harmless the other parties, . . . from and against any and all liability, loss, damage or
expense . . . to the extent arising from or caused by any wrongful act or omission, of
the other party and/or its officers, agents or employees.”
4
Under the subrogation clause of the Reinsurance Agreement, “[ASCIC] will
credit [Excalibur] with any reimbursement obtained or recovery made by [ASCIC],
less the actual cost . . . of obtaining such reimbursement or making such recovery, on
account of claims and settlements involving reinsurance hereunder. [ASCIC] agrees

7
indemnification that ASCIC may have against McLarens under the CHA due to the

negligent handling of the Carey Claim to the extent of the payment Excalibur made

to ASCIC under the terms of the Reinsurance Agreement. And, as the subrogee of

ASCIC, Excalibur “stands in its shoes” and can pursue any cause of action that has

been assigned to it. Ga. Cas. & Surety Co. v. Woodcraft by MacDonald, Inc., 315 Ga.

App. 331, 336 (1) (726 SE2d 793) (2012); Landrum v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins.

Co., 241 Ga. App. 787, 788 (527 SE2d 637) (2000). Accordingly, Excalibur is

entitled to “stand in [the] shoes” of ASCIC in the arbitration proceedings concerning

the Carey Claim.

2. Alternatively, Excalibur acquired the right to participate in the arbitration

proceedings under the terms of the Assignment. McLarens argues, however, that the

Assignment is invalid and unenforceable because it violates the anti-assignment

provisions of the CHA.

The CHA contains two anti-assignment clauses: Article 16.1, which provides

“[t]his Agreement may not be assigned by any party without the prior written consent

of the other parties,” and Article 17.3, which provides that neither party “may . . .

to enforce its rights to subrogation relating to any loss, a part of which loss was
sustained by [Excalibur], and to prosecute all claims arising out of such rights.”

8
assign . . . any of [their] rights, obligations or interests under this Agreement without

the prior written consent of the parties.” But, under Georgia statutory and case law,

unless a contract falls into one of the exceptions more fully discussed below, “once

a party to the contract performs its obligations thereunder so that the contract is no

longer executory, its right to enforce the other party’s liability under the contract may

be assigned without the other party’s consent even if the contract contains a non-

assignment clause.” Mail Concepts, Inc. v. Foote & Davies, Inc., 200 Ga. App. 778,

781 (3) (409 SE2d 567) (1991). This principle has been codified in OCGA §§ 44-12-

22 and 44-12-24, which have been read to provide that “the assignment of a chose in

action arising out of contract . . . [is] within the public policy of Georgia, prohibiting

only the assignment of a right of action for personal torts or for injuries arising from

fraud.” Villanueva v. First American Title Ins. Co., 292 Ga. 630, 632 (740 SE2d 108)

(2013). See OCGA § 44-12-22 (“[e]xcept as may be otherwise provided in Title 11,

all choses in action arising upon contract may be assigned so as to vest the title in the

assignee”); Singer Asset Finance Co. LLC v. CGU Life Ins. Co., 275 Ga. 328, 329

(567 SE2d 9) (2002) (“contracts are generally assignable in this state even when they

contain a non-assignment clause”).

9
 Georgia law is consistent with the Restatement (Second) of Contracts, which

provides that “[u]nless the circumstances indicate the contrary, a contract term

prohibiting assignment of ‘the contract’ [such as that contained in Article 16.1 of the

CHA] bars only the delegation to an assignee of the performance by the assignor of

a duty or condition.” Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 322 (1) (1981). And unless

a different intention is shown, “[a] contract term prohibiting assignment of rights

under the contract [such as contained in Article 17.3 of the CHA] does not forbid

assignment of a right to damages for breach of the whole contract or a right arising

out of the assignor’s due performance of his entire obligation[.]” Restatement

(Second) of Contracts § 322 (2) (a) (1981).

Applying these principles, we look first then to whether the contract had been

performed or executed at the time of the assignment. Pursuant to OCGA § 13-1-2 (a)

& (b), “[a]n executed contract is one in which all the parties thereto have performed

all the obligations which they have originally assumed” while “[a]n executory

contract is one in which something remains to be done by one or more parties.”5

5
We note that this Court’s opinion in Mingledorff’s, Inc. v. Hicks, 133 Ga.
App. 27 (209 SE2d 661) (1974) seems to offer an incomplete, or possibly erroneous,
definition of executory as the terms executory and executed appear to be mutually
exclusive. However, as noted in Mail Concepts, 200 Ga. App. at 781 (3), the Court
in Mingledorff appears to indicate that the agreement at issue remained at least in part

10
Article III of the CHA sets out McLarens’ performance obligations under the

agreement, which, as detailed in the CHA, relate to the provision of “claim

management and adjustment services for [ASCIC] in connection with claims or losses

relating to [certain specified] policies of insurance” in return for which ASCIC would

pay an agreed-upon fee. At the time ASCIC assigned the Carey Claim to Excalibur

in June 17, 2014, all open files had been transferred back to ASCIC, and all claim

management and adjustment services had been performed and the agreed-upon fees

had been paid. Accordingly, no claims handling services remained to be performed

at the time of the assignment.6

executory.
6
McLarens argues that, in fact, the CHA remained in full force and effect at the
time of the Assignment because the parties had not terminated the CHA in accordance
with Article XV, which requires written notice of termination. However, McLarens
did not raise this argument below, and appellees stated at oral argument that they had
no opportunity to present evidence that would have shown that the CHA had been
effectively terminated for other reasons. Accordingly, “[w]e will not consider
[McLarens’] additional argument . . . that [was] neither raised nor ruled upon the
court below, given that we do not apply a ‘wrong for any reason’ rule in evaluating
an order on appeal.” Gwinnett County v. Old Peachtree Partners, LLC., 329 Ga. App.
540, 549 (1) (d) (764 SE2d 193) (2014). See Nebo Ventures, LLC v. Novapro Risk
Solutions, L. P., 324 Ga. App. 836, 848 (4) (752 SE2d 18) (2013) (“we do not think
an appellate court properly ought to consider whether the trial court was ‘wrong for
any reason’”) (citation and punctuation omitted).

11
 McLarens argues, however, that the CHA had not been fully executed at the

time of the assignment because the mutual obligation to indemnify and arbitrate

remained to be performed. But we do not believe that these obligations render the

contract executory when all performance obligations have been fulfilled by the

parties and the only matter remaining for determination is whether one party must

indemnify the other because of an alleged breach of the contract. See Decatur North

Assoc. & Builders Glass, 180 Ga. App. 862, 865-66 (2) (350 SE2d 695) (1986)

(contract assignable when only contractual liability remaining was for express

warranty of completed work); see also Missouri Bank & Trust Co. v. Gas-Mart Dev.

Co., Inc., 130 P3d 128 (Kan. App. 2006) (assignment of arbitration claims for

payments due under the completed contract not prohibited by non-assignment

provision in the contract).

McLarens further argues that the CHA was “inherently not assignable” because

it is a contract for services and because the Assignment “materially affect[s] the

value” of the agreement. Although it is true there is a limited class of cases in Georgia

that cannot be assigned, even if the contract has been fully executed and even if the

12
contract does not contain a provision precluding assignment,7 the record shows that

McLarens did not raise this argument below. Moreover, although McLarens argues

in its reply brief that the argument was encompassed within its general argument

vigorously challenging the assignability of the CHA and thus it should be permitted

to raise this specific argument for the first time on appeal, see Marvel Enterprises,

Inc. v. World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, Inc., 271 Ga. App. 607, 610 (1)

(610 SE2d 583) (2005), we do not believe this Court should make these initial

determinations concerning whether the CHA involved personalized services or

whether the Assignment would result in a material reduction in value of the CHA

7
See Decatur North Assoc., 180 Ga. App. at 865 (2) (certain classes of
contracts are inherently non-assignable in their character, such as promises to marry,
or engagements for personal services, requiring skill, science, or peculiar obligations)
(emphasis in original); Restatement (Second) Contracts, § 317 (2) (a) (1981)
(contracts should not be assigned when “the substitution of a right of the assignee for
the right of the assignor would materially change the duty of the obligor, or materially
increase the burden or risk imposed on him by his contract, or materially impair his
chance of obtaining return performance, or materially reduce its value to him”). For
example, in Singer Asset Finance v. CGU Life Insurance Company, 275 Ga. 328 (567
SE2d 9) (2002), our Supreme Court upheld the non-assignment clause in a fully
executed structured settlement agreement because, under the facts of that case, the
assignment of future payments would result in a material reduction in value of the
contract. Id. at 329. See also Schoenbaum Ltd. Co, LLC v. Lenox Pines, LLC, 262 Ga.
App. 457, 464-65 (4) (585 SE2d 643) (2003) (applying Singer to hold contract not
assignable whether executory or not if that transfer would materially reduce the value
of the contract to the non-assigning party).

13
without the appellees having an opportunity to present evidence or argument on these

issues in the court below, and without the trial court having an opportunity to rule on

these issues. Accordingly, we decline to consider McLarens’ argument because it was

not raised below.8

3. In light of our holdings above, we need not address McLarens’ remaining

arguments.

Judgment affirmed. Barnes, P. J., concurs. Ray, J., concurs fully in Division

1 and concurs in judgment only as to Division 2.

8
See supra note 6.

14