312 November 27, 2015 No. 50
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE
STATE OF OREGON
Nik BLOSSER,
Petitioner,
v.
Ellen F. ROSENBLUM,
Attorney General, State of Oregon,
Respondent.
(S063528 (Control))
Paul R. ROMAIN,
Petitioner,
v.
Ellen F. ROSENBLUM,
Attorney General, State of Oregon,
Respondent.
(S063532)
En Banc
On petition to review ballot title first filed September 3,
2015; considered and under advisement November 3, 2015.
Steven C. Berman, of Stoll Stoll Berne Lokting &
Shlachter, PC, Portland, filed the petition and reply for peti-
tioner Blosser.
Paul R. Romain, The Romain Group, LLC, Portland, filed
the petition and reply for petitioner Romain.
Matthew J. Lysne, Assistant Attorney General, Salem,
filed the answering memorandum for respondent. With him
on the memorandum were Ellen F. Rosenblum, Attorney
General, and Paul L. Smith, Deputy Solicitor General.
BALDWIN, J.
The ballot title is referred to the Attorney General for
modification.
Case Summary: Petitioners sought review of the Attorney General’s certified
ballot title for Initiative Petition 46 (2016), which, if enacted, would amend several
aspects of a bill that the legislature enacted during the 2015 legislative session
Cite as 358 Or 312 (2015) 313
relating to the authority of the Oregon Environmental Quality Commission
to adopt standards and requirements to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Petitioners argued that the caption, the “yes” and “no” result statements, and
the summary do not substantially comply with requirements set out in ORS
250.035(2). Held: The certified caption, “yes” result statement, and summary do
not substantially comply with statutory requirements.
The ballot title is referred to the Attorney General for modification.
314 Blosser/Romain v. Rosenblum (IP 46)
BALDWIN, J.
In these consolidated cases, petitioners seek review
of the Attorney General’s certified ballot title for Initiative
Petition 46 (2016) (IP 46), contending that the caption, the
“yes” result statement, and the summary do not comply
with requirements set out in ORS 250.035(2). We review the
certified ballot title to determine whether it substantially
complies with those requirements. See ORS 250.085(5) (set-
ting out that standard). For the reasons explained below, we
refer the ballot title to the Attorney General for modification
of the caption, the “yes” result statement, and the summary.
IP 46, which is appended to this opinion, is an alter-
native proposal to Initiative Petition 45 (2016) (IP 45). These
same petitioners have challenged the certified ballot title
for that initiative petition, addressed in a separate opinion
issued this day. See Blosser/Romain v. Rosenblum (IP 45),
358 Or 295, ___ P3d ___ (2015) (referring certified ballot
title for IP 45 to Attorney General for modification of caption
and “yes” result statement). Like IP 45, IP 46 is a proposed
statute that would amend aspects of a bill that the legis-
lature enacted during the 2015 legislative session, Senate
Bill (SB) 324 (2015), Or Laws 2015, ch 4. In Blosser/Romain
(IP 45), we summarized SB 324 as follows:
“SB 324 made changes to a 2009 state law that permitted
the Oregon Environmental Quality Commission (EQC) to
adopt standards and requirements to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions, and to adopt low carbon fuel standards for
gasoline, diesel, and alternative fuels, as well as a schedule
to reduce by 2020 the average amount of greenhouse gas
emissions by 10 percent below 2010 levels. Or Laws 2009,
ch 754, §§ 3(2), 6(2)(a), 6(2)(b). SB 324 changed the EQC’s
general permissive authority to adopt low carbon fuel stan-
dards to a directive, but left in place the EQC’s permissive
authority to adopt a schedule for reducing greenhouse gas
emissions, newly extended to 2025. Or Laws 2015, ch 4,
§ 3(2)(a), 3(2)(b)(A). SB 324 further directed the EQC to
adopt rules to manage and contain the cost of compliance
with the standards, expressly permitting alternative com-
pliance by obtaining and trading credits for fuels used as
substitutes for gasoline or diesel. Id. § 3(2)(d).”
Blosser/Romain (IP 45), 358 Or at ___.
Cite as 358 Or 312 (2015) 315
IP 46 would change parts of the original 2009 law
and SB 324, repeating some—but not all—of the changes
contained in IP 45, and making other changes. See Blosser/
Romain (IP 45), 358 Or at ___ (describing changes that
IP 45 would make to 2009 law and SB 324). As with IP 45,
IP 46 would limit application of the state’s low carbon fuel
standards to blended liquid fuels. IP 46, § 1(1)(b). Also as
with IP 45, IP 46 bases its definition of “low carbon fuel
standards” on fuels “available in commercial quantities” in
Oregon, expressly defining that phrase as alternative fuels
“actually * * * available in this state in sufficient quanti-
ties for all persons who import gasoline or diesel to comply
with the standards.” Id. § 1(1)(d). Further, “[a]s a means
for managing and containing the costs of compliance with
the standards,” IP 46 would require the EQC to adopt rules
for blending liquid fuels. Those rules would be subject to a
restriction on the amount of ethanol or biodiesel that may
be used in creating blended fuels and also to a prohibition
against requiring the blending of any low carbon intensity
fuel that is more expensive than the gasoline or diesel into
which it is blended. Id. § 1(2)(c).
Finally, again as with IP 45, IP 46 would elimi-
nate the cost-containment provision set out SB 324, which,
in addition to expressly requiring the EQC to adopt cost-
containment rules, also permits alternative compliance
with the standards by obtaining and trading fuel credits.
Id. § 1(2) (eliminating paragraph (d) from SB 324, Or Laws
2015, ch 4, § 3(2)(d)). IP 46 would replace that provision with
a new provision that requires the EQC to notify all Oregon
gasoline and diesel fuel importers when it has determined
that any alternative fuel is “available in commercial quanti-
ties.” Id. § 1(2)(d). Unlike IP 45, however, IP 46 further pro-
vides that any person required to blend fuels under IP 46
may contest the EQC’s finding of commercial availability
in the same manner provided for challenging the adoption
of an administrative rule. IP 46, § 1(2)(d); see ORS 183.400
(validity of any rule may be determined upon petition for
judicial review to court of appeals); ORS 183.497 (court in
rules challenge proceeding may award attorney fees to pre-
vailing petitioner).
316 Blosser/Romain v. Rosenblum (IP 46)
The Attorney General drafted a ballot title for IP 46,
ORS 250.065(3), and the Secretary of State circulated that
title for public comment, ORS 250.067(1). After receiving
comments, the Attorney General modified its draft ballot
title, ORS 250.067(2)(a), and certified the following ballot
title to the Secretary of State:
“Restricts low carbon fuel standards to
requiring blends of gasoline/diesel with
commercially available fuels
“Result of ‘Yes’ Vote: ‘Yes’ vote restricts low carbon fuel
standards to requiring blending gasoline or diesel with
commercially available liquid fuels; eliminates fuel credit
system for satisfying standards.
“Result of ‘No’ Vote: ‘No’ vote retains low carbon fuel
standards for liquid, non-liquid transportation fuels; stan-
dards allow obtaining fuel credits to satisfy standards,
require rules to control costs.
“Summary: Currently, Environmental Quality Commis-
sion sets low carbon fuel standards for reducing aver-
age greenhouse gas emissions from gasoline, diesel, and
other transportation fuels, including non-liquid fuels.
Commission currently must adopt rules to control costs,
must allow fuel distributors to meet standards by purchas-
ing credits from others whose products exceed required
standards. Measure restricts low carbon fuel standards to
apply only to blending gasoline and diesel with other liq-
uid fuels, making standards inapplicable to other types
of fuels and eliminating the credit system. Measure fur-
ther provides that adopted standards cannot require car-
bon reductions unless low carbon fuel needed to meet the
blending requirements is ‘available in commercial quanti-
ties’ (defined) and costs no more than the gasoline or diesel
into which it is blended. Other provisions.”
Petitioners are electors who timely submitted com-
ments about the Attorney General’s draft ballot title and
who now are dissatisfied with the certified ballot title, ORS
250.085(2). Petitioner Blosser challenges the caption, the
“yes” result statement, and the summary, including com-
ponents added after the comment period ended. See ORS
250.085(6) (permitting Supreme Court consideration of such
arguments). Petitioner Romain also challenges the caption
Cite as 358 Or 312 (2015) 317
and the summary, as well as the “no” result statement, con-
sistently with his earlier comments.
We begin with petitioner Romain’s challenge to
the caption. As with IP 45, petitioner Romain argues that,
as part of setting out the subject matter of IP 46, the cap-
tion should mention the elimination of the ability to obtain
and trade fuel credits as a means of alternatively comply-
ing with low carbon fuel standards. For the reasons set
out in Blosser/Romain (IP 45), 358 Or at ___, we agree
and refer the caption to the Attorney General for modifi-
cation. See ORS 250.035(2)(a) (caption limited to 15 words
and must “reasonably identif[y] the subject matter” of pro-
posed measure); Whitsett v. Kroger, 348 Or 243, 247, 230
P3d 545 (2010) (“subject matter” refers to “actual major
effect” or, if more than one, all such effects within limit of
word count).
Petitioner Blosser also challenges the caption, argu-
ing that it should refer to the provision of IP 46 that permits
any person required to blend fuels to contest an EQC finding
that alternative fuels are “available in commercial quanti-
ties,” IP 46, § 1(2)(d), by filing an administrative action sim-
ilar to an administrative rules challenge. Petitioner Blosser
relies on Greenberg v. Myers, 340 Or 65, 70-72, 127 P3d 1192
(2006), and other cases for the proposition that voters must
be notified when a proposed measure provides or creates
a cause of action. The Attorney General responds that the
administrative action provision is not an actual major effect
that must be mentioned in the caption.1
Petitioner Blosser is correct that, to accurately
describe an actual effect of the proposed measure at issue,
a caption appropriately may or even perhaps should refer
to a new authorization of legal action. As illustrated by
Greenberg, however, the assessment whether to include such
a reference may depend on the nature and complexity of the
measure, as well as the nature of the new authorization,
given the 15-word limit set out in ORS 250.035(2)(a). See
1
In that regard, the Attorney General notes that existing law provides a
mechanism for challenging agency actions in other than a contested case, ORS
183.484, and argues that the administrative action provision set out in IP 46 is,
“at most,” a substitute for that general remedy.
318 Blosser/Romain v. Rosenblum (IP 46)
340 Or at 70-72 (measure at issue incorporated multi-part
enforcement scheme including new forms of liability that
“would enact major changes to Oregon law that likely would
be significant to the voting public”). Given the 15-word limit,
together with the complexity of the key provisions of IP 46
that change the nature of the low carbon fuel standards
and compliance with those standards, and the similarity
of its administrative action provision to existing remedies,
we conclude that the caption was not required to refer to
the provision of IP 46 that authorizes administrative action
to challenge an EQC commercial availability finding. As
explained below, however, we agree with petitioner Blosser
that the summary should refer to that provision.
Turning to the “yes” result statement, petitioner
Blosser raises a similar challenge to use of the words “com-
mercially available” that he raised as to IP 45—that is, that
those words are misleading given the elaboration in IP 46
as to the meaning of the phrase “available in commercial
quantities.” See Blosser/Romain (IP 45), 358 Or at ___
(describing challenge, in light of express definition of “avail-
able in commercial quantities,” IP 45, § 1(4), including cost
and other restrictions); compare IP 46, § 1(2)(c)(B) (rules for
blending liquid fuels “available in commercial quantities”
may not require blending of alternative fuel more expensive
than gasoline or diesel fuel). As in Blosser/Romain (IP 45),
we agree with petitioner Blosser that, without referring
to the express “expens[e]” limitation that applies to any
requirement under IP 46 to blend alternative fuels with
gasoline or diesel, IP 46, § 1(2)(c)(B), the words “commer-
cially available” in the “yes” result statement are mislead-
ing and the statement therefore must be modified. See ORS
250.035(2)(b) (“yes” result statement must set out simple
and understandable statement of not more than 25 words
that describes result if measure is approved).2
2
We note that the Attorney General also used the words “commercially
available” in the caption for IP 46, although she did not do so in the caption for
IP 45. Blosser/Romain (IP 45), 358 Or at ___. In Blosser/Romain (IP 45), peti-
tioner Romain argued that the caption should include a reference to commercial
availability, but petitioner Blosser countered that such a reference would be mis-
leading, and we agreed with petitioner Blosser. Id. at ___. As to IP 46, however,
no party challenges the Attorney General’s inclusion of the words “commercially
available” in the caption.
Cite as 358 Or 312 (2015) 319
Petitioner Blosser also argues, as he did with the
caption, that the “yes” result statement should notify voters
that IP 46 authorizes legal action by way of an administra-
tive challenge. As with the caption, in light of the 25-word
limit on the “yes” result statement and the complexity of the
key provisions of IP 46 already noted in the “yes” result state-
ment, we conclude that that statement was not required to
include a reference to the administrative challenge provision.
Next, petitioner Blosser argues that the summary
should notify voters that IP 46 authorizes legal action, in the
form of an administrative challenge by any person required
to blend fuels to an EQC finding of commercial availability,
potentially including prevailing party attorney fee awards.
Although we disagreed above with petitioner Blosser’s argu-
ments that the caption and the “yes” result statement must
refer to that provision, we agree that the express authoriza-
tion in IP 46 to challenge an EQC determination on commer-
cial availability by administrative action is a major effect
that should be mentioned in the summary. See generally
Wilkeson v. Myers, 329 Or 540, 546, 992 P2d 456 (1999) (new
enforcement provision in proposed measure would enact sig-
nificant change to current law); Mabon v. Kulongoski, 324
Or 315, 319-20, 925 P2d 1234 (1996) (general standing pro-
vision qualified as part of subject matter of measure).3
Finally, both petitioners raise other challenges to
the summary, and petitioner Romain raises an additional
challenge to the “no” result statement, ORS 250.035(2)(c),
that are similar to challenges that they raised—and we
rejected—as to IP 45. Blosser/Romain (IP 45), 358 Or at
___, ___. We similarly reject them here without further
discussion.
We refer the ballot title for IP 46 to the Attorney
General for modification of the caption, the “yes” result
statement, and the summary, as described in this opinion.
The ballot title is referred for modification.
3
In modifying the summary in that regard, the Attorney General should
consider whether, within the 125-word limit, the summary also should refer to
the potential availability of attorney fees. See Novick/Crew v. Myers, 337 Or 568,
574, 100 P3d 1064 (2004) (noting word limit as consideration whether Attorney
General must include similar detail in summary).
320 Blosser/Romain v. Rosenblum (IP 46)
APPENDIX
Relating to transportation fuel cost containment.
Be It Enacted by the People of the State of Oregon:
Section 1. Section 6, chapter 754, Oregon Laws
2009, as amended by Section 3, chapter 4, Oregon Laws
2015, is amended to read:
Sec. 6. (1) As used in this section:
(a) “Greenhouse gas” has the meaning given that
term in ORS 468A.210.
(b) “Low carbon fuel standards” means standards
for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions [on average,
per unit of fuel energy] by the blending of liquid fuel
available in commercial quantities in this state.
(c) “Motor vehicle” has the meaning given that
term in ORS 801.360.
(d) “Available in commercial quantities”
means that the fuel must actually be available in
this state in sufficient quantities for all persons
who import gasoline or diesel to comply with the
standards.
(2)(a) The Environmental Quality Commission
shall adopt by rule low carbon fuel standards for gasoline,
diesel and liquid fuels used as substitutes for gasoline and
diesel.
(b) The commission may adopt the following
related to the standards, including but not limited to:
(A) A schedule to phase in implementation of the
standards in a manner that reduces the average amount of
greenhouse gas emissions per unit of fuel energy of the fuels
by 10 percent below 2010 levels by the year 2025 or by a
later date if the commission determines that an extension is
appropriate to implement the standards;
(B) Standards for greenhouse gas emissions
attributable to the fuels throughout their lifecycles, includ-
ing by not limited to emissions from the production, storage,
Cite as 358 Or 312 (2015) 321
transportation and combustion of the fuels and from changes
in land use associated with the fuels;
(C) Provisions allowing the use of all types of
liquid low carbon fuels to meet the low carbon fuel stan-
dards [,including but not limited to biofuels, biogas, natural
gas, liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, diesel, hydrogen and
electricity];
(D) Standards for the issuance of deferrals, estab-
lished with adequate lead time, as necessary to ensure ade-
quate fuel supplies;
(E) Exemptions for fuels that are used in volumes
below thresholds established by the commission; and
(F) Standards, specifications, testing require-
ments and other measures as needed to ensure the qual-
ity of fuels produced in accordance with the low carbon fuel
standards, including but not limited to the requirements of
ORS 646.910 to 646.923 and administrative rules adopted
by the State Department of Agriculture for motor fuel qual-
ity. [and]
[(G) Adjustments to the amounts of greenhouse gas
emissions per unit of fuel energy assigned to fuels for combus-
tion and drive train efficiency.]
[(c) Before adopting standards under this section,
the commission shall consider the low carbon fuels standards
of other states, including but not limited to Washington, for
the purpose of determining schedules and goals for the reduc-
tion of the average amount of greenhouse gas emissions per
unit of fuel energy and the default values for these reductions
for applicable fuels.]
(c) As a means for managing and containing
the costs of compliance with the standards, the com-
mission shall adopt by rule provisions for blending
liquid fuels available in commercial quantities in this
state. Provisions adopted under this subparagraph
may not:
(A) Require that any person who imports
gasoline or diesel fuel blends into that fuel more
322 Blosser/Romain v. Rosenblum (IP 46)
ethanol or biodiesel than required by ORS 646.913
and 646.922; or
(B) Provide for or require that any person
who imports gasoline or diesel fuel blend into that
fuel any alternative fuel that is more expensive than
the gasoline or diesel fuel into which it is blended.
(d) The commission shall notify all persons
who import gasoline or diesel fuel into this state
when it has determined that any liquid fuel used as
a substitute for gasoline or diesel is available in com-
mercial quantities in this state. Any person required
to blend that substitute fuel may contest the finding
of commercial availability in the manner provided
for challenging administrative rule adoption.
[(d) The commission shall adopt by rule provisions
for managing and containing the costs of compliance with the
standards, including but not limited to provisions to facili-
tate compliance with the standards by ensuring that persons
may obtain credits for fuels used as substitutes for gasoline
or diesel and by creating opportunities for persons to trade
credits.]
(e) The commission shall exempt from the stan-
dards any person who imports in a calendar year less than
500,000 gallons of gasoline and diesel fuel, in total. Any fuel
imported by persons that are related or share common own-
ership or control shall be aggregated together to determine
whether a person is exempt under the paragraph.
(f)(A) The commission by rule shall prohibit fuels
that contain biodiesel from being considered an alternative
fuel under these standards unless the fuel meets the follow-
ing standards:
(i) Fuel that consists entirely of biodiesel, desig-
nated by B100, shall comply with ASTM D 6751 and shall
have an oxidation stability induction period of not less than
eight hours as determined by the test method described in
European standard EN 15751; and
(ii) Fuel that consists of a blend of diesel fuel and
between 6 and 20 volume percent biodiesel, and designated
Cite as 358 Or 312 (2015) 323
as biodiesel blends B6 to B20, shall comply with ASTM D
7467 and shall have an oxidation stability induction period
of not less than 20 hours as determined by the test method
described in European standard EN 15751.
(B) The commission may adopt rules different from
those required under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph if
an ASTM or EN standard applicable to biodiesel is approved
or amended after March 12, 2015, or if the commission finds
that different rules are necessary due to changes in technol-
ogy or fuel testing or production methods.
(C) As used in this subsection, “biodiesel” means
a motor vehicle fuel consisting of mono-alkyl esters of long
chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils, animal fats or
other nonpetroleum resources, not including palm oil.
(g) The commission may not differentiate
among crude oils in determining the lifecycle carbon
intensity value for gasoline and diesel.
(3) In adopting rules under this section, the
Environmental Quality Commission shall evaluate:
(a) Safety, feasibility, net reduction of greenhouse
gas emissions and cost-effectiveness;
(b) Potential adverse impacts to public health and
the environment, including but not limited to air quality,
water quality and the generation and disposal of waste in
this state;
(c) Flexible implementation approaches to mini-
mize compliance costs; and
(d) Technical and economic studies of comparable
greenhouse gas emission reduction measures implemented
in other states and any other studies as determined by the
commission.
(4)(a) The provisions of this section do not apply
to fuel that is demonstrated to have been used in any of the
following:
(A) Motor vehicle registered as farm vehicle under
the provisions of ORS 805.300.
324 Blosser/Romain v. Rosenblum (IP 46)
(B) Farm tractors, as defined in ORS 801.265.
(C) Implements of husbandry, as defined in ORS
801.310.
(D) Motor trucks, as defined in ORS 801.355, used
primarily to transport logs.
(E) Motor vehicles that are not designed primar-
ily to transport persons or property, that are operated on
highways only incidentally, and that are used primarily for
construction work.
(F) Watercraft.
(G) Railroad locomotives.
(b) The Environmental Quality Commission shall
adopt by rule standards for persons to qualify for the exemp-
tions provided in this subsection.