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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
_________________________
No. 14-11443
_________________________
D.C. Docket No: 3:09-cv-00335-HLA-JBT
CHRISTOPHER GRECO,
Interested Party-Appellant,
JOHN DEMSHECK,
PALMETTO PROPERTIES DEVELOPMENT, LLC,
individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated,
Plaintiffs-Appellees,
versus
GINN DEVELOPMENT COMPANY, LLC,
Defendant-Appellee.
_____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
_______________________
(December 2, 2015)
Before MARTIN and ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judges, and PROCTOR, * District
Judge.
* Honorable R. David Proctor, United States District Judge for the Northern District of
Alabama, sitting by designation.
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PROCTOR, District Judge:
In this appeal, a lone objecting class member challenges the district court’s
approval of a class action settlement. Appellant Christopher Greco argues that the
district court erred in finding that (1) the settlement was “fair, reasonable and
adequate” under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(e), and (2) the class members’
right to due process was not deprived by the manner in which notice of the
proposed settlement was given to the class. After reviewing the record, including
the parties’ briefs and the transcript of the fairness hearing, and with the benefit of
oral argument, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
In his class action complaint, Plaintiff John Demshek, “on behalf of a class
of all persons or entities that purchased real estate in one of Defendants’ residential
or resort developments,” alleged that: Defendants Ginn Development Company,
LLC (“Ginn”) and Lubert-Adler Partners, LP (“Lubert-Adler”) developed,
marketed, and sold residential real estate; Plaintiff and the putative class members
had purchased real estate in Defendants’ developments; and Defendants
circumvented the requirements for the sale of such real estate. Plaintiff also
alleged that these actions resulted in losses for Plaintiff and the putative class
members, and profits to Defendants.
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The class action complaint asserted causes of action under 15 U.S.C. §§
1703 and 1707 (The Interstate Land Sales Full Disclosure Act (“ILSA”)) and 18
U.S.C. §§ 1962(c) and (d) (Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act
(“RICO”)). Both Ginn and Lubert-Adler moved to dismiss the complaint pursuant
to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). The district court granted Lubert-
Adler’s motion, but denied Ginn’s motion. The district court (1) dismissed
Plaintiff’s ILSA claim under 15 U.S.C. § 1707 as to both Lubert-Adler and Ginn,
with prejudice; (2) dismissed the ILSA claim under 15 U.S.C. § 1703 as to Lubert-
Adler, with prejudice; and (3) dismissed the RICO claims pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §
1962(c) and (d) against Lubert-Adler, without prejudice. Because Plaintiff did not
seek to amend the pleadings to reassert any claims against Lubert-Adler, it no
longer remained a party to the case.
The remaining parties engaged in substantial discovery. They served initial
disclosures and interrogatories and requests for production of documents. They
exchanged almost 30,000 pages of documents, coordinated the production of
electronically stored information, worked toward scheduling depositions, and
prepared to disclose expert witnesses.
II. SUMMARY OF RELEVANT FACTS
Settlement negotiations in this matter first occurred during a court-ordered
status conference on March 11, 2010. On April 28, 2010, the district court entered
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an order appointing Jonathan B. Marks, the former Vice-Chairman of J.A.M.S/
Endispute and a member of the International Academy of Mediators and the
American College of Civil Trial Mediators, as mediator. The parties conducted
four in-person mediations over the course of more than two years. Marks
consistently expressed his approval of the parties’ conduct during their
negotiations.
In June 2012, while the Parties continued their mediation efforts, Ginn
moved for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
12(c). Ginn argued that: (1) Plaintiffs had failed to plead sufficient facts (as
opposed to legal conclusions) showing that Ginn engaged in or conspired to
engage in a pattern of racketeering activity; (2) Plaintiffs had failed to plead a
plausible fraud scheme and also had not plead necessary predicate acts with Rule
9(b) particularity; and (3) Plaintiffs had not adequately pled proximate cause.
During the summer of 2012, while that motion was pending, the parties
reached an agreement in principle regarding settlement. However, the parties
continued to negotiate the terms of the settlement until Plaintiff moved for
preliminary approval of the settlement in July 2013.
On September 30, 2013, the district court entered an order preliminarily
approving the proposed settlement. In its order, the district court conditionally
certified a settlement class consisting of “[a]ll entities and natural persons that took
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title to real estate . . . in a development operated or developed by Ginn . . . in
connection with a purchase contract that was fully executed between April 13,
2006 and April 13, 2009 . . . .” The order specified the manner in which the parties
were to provide notice to the members of the settlement class.
Pursuant to the class notice, settlement class members were given an
opportunity to file a claim, request exclusion from the settlement class, and/or
object to the proposed settlement. A joint objection was filed on behalf of
Appellant Christopher Greco, Robert Torr, and J. Scott Simmons. Gary W. Francis
filed an objection on his own behalf. However, all objectors other than Appellant
Greco successfully opted out of the settlement class prior to the fairness hearing.
Greco did not opt out. In fact, he moved to intervene in the action. He was the
lone objector to the settlement to appear at the fairness hearing.
In November 2006, Greco had purchased a lot for $259,000.00 in the Ginn
development named Cobblestone Park, near Columbia, South Carolina. Greco
claimed Defendants fraudulently induced him to pay this amount and that the lot in
reality had a de minimis, artificially inflated value. Greco also asserted that, as a
result of Defendants’ conduct, he lost the purchase price he paid for the property,
he was subjected to foreclosure, and his credit was virtually destroyed.
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The district court denied Greco’s motion to intervene. However, the district
court granted Greco an additional fourteen days after the fairness hearing to opt out
of the settlement class. Greco, unlike the other objectors, declined that invitation.
The district court overruled Greco’s objections, and granted final approval of
the settlement on March 5, 2014. In its Order and Judgment Approving Class-
Action Settlement and Directing Notice of Final Approval, the district court
astutely noted the interesting fact that Greco’s counsel was also counsel in a
competing, parallel action 1 that also asserted class claims, some of which would be
barred by the final certification of the class in this case.
On April 4, 2014, Greco timely filed this appeal.
III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review the approval of a class action settlement for abuse of discretion.
Day v. Persels & Assocs., LLC, 729 F.3d 1309, 1316 (11th Cir. 2013). “A district
court’s decision will be overturned only upon a clear showing of abuse of
discretion.” Holmes v. Cont’l Can Co., 706 F.2d 1144, 1147 (11th Cir. 1983). A
district court abuses its discretion only “if it applies an incorrect legal standard,
1
In that parallel putative class action, Plaintiffs’ counsel was given four opportunities to
state viable claims against Defendants, including Ginn and Lubert-Adler. However, even
Plaintiffs’ Third Amended Complaint was dismissed because it “fail[ed] to adequately allege
causation.” Lawrie v. Ginn Dev. Co., LLC, No. 3:09-CV-446-J-32JBT, 2014 WL 4788067, *3
(M.D. Fla. Sept. 19, 2014). Although Plaintiffs’ initial complaint, and their first and second
amended complaints were dismissed without prejudice, the Third Amended Complaint was
dismissed with prejudice.
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applies the law in an unreasonable or incorrect manner, follows improper
procedures in making a determination, or makes findings of fact that are clearly
erroneous.” Aycock v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 769 F.3d 1063, 1068 (11th Cir.
2014) (quoting Brown v. Ala. Dep’t of Transp., 597 F.3d 1160, 1173 (11th Cir.
2010)). This deferential standard applies not only because settlements are favored,
but also because “[t]rial courts generally have a greater familiarity with the factual
issues and legal arguments in the lawsuit, and therefore can make an evaluation of
the likely outcome were the lawsuit to be fully tried.” United States v. City of
Miami, 614 F.2d 1322, 1334–335 (5th Cir. 1980). 2
IV. DISCUSSION
Greco argues that the district court’s decision approving this class action
settlement should be reversed for two reasons. First, he argues that the district
court erred in finding the settlement to be fair, adequate and reasonable. Second,
he argues that the district court erred in finding that the class notice satisfied due
process requirements. We address each argument in turn.
A. The Settlement was Fair, Adequate and Reasonable and Not the
Product of Collusion
In order to approve a settlement, a district court must find that the settlement
“is fair, adequate and reasonable and is not the product of collusion between the
2
In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), the
Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth
Circuit handed down prior to the close of business on September 30, 1981.
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parties.” Cotton v. Hinton, 559 F.2d 1326, 1330 (5th Cir. 1977). In making this
determination, we have said a district court should consider the following factors:
(1) the likelihood of success at trial; (2) the range of possible
recovery; (3) the point on or below the range of possible recovery at
which a settlement is fair, adequate and reasonable; (4) the
complexity, expense and duration of litigation; (5) the substance and
amount of opposition to the settlement; and (6) the stage of
proceedings at which the settlement was achieved.
Bennett v. Behring Corp., 737 F.2d 982, 986 (11th Cir. 1984). But a district court
may also rely upon the judgment of experienced counsel for the parties. Cotton,
559 F.2d at 1330. Indeed, absent fraud, collusion, or the like, the district court
“should be hesitant to substitute its own judgment for that of counsel.” Id. The
trial court should examine the settlement in light of the objections, and provide a
reasoned response to those objections. Id. at 1331.
Here, the record shows that the district court properly considered all of the
appropriate factors, explained its findings, and addressed Greco’s objections head
on. The district court gave Greco the opportunity to argue his objections at the
fairness hearing and an extension of time to opt out of the settlement. Thereafter,
the district court explained in detail why Greco’s objections were without merit.
First, the district court properly found that there was no evidence of fraud or
collusion in the negotiation of the settlement. Although Greco’s objection argued
that the release of Lubert-Adler demonstrates that the settlement was the result of
collusion between the parties, he abandoned this position at the fairness hearing.
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In fact, at the hearing, Greco’s counsel made this clear: “I’m not alleging
fraudulent collusion. What I’m alleging is inadequate representation.”
After making this finding, the district court then addressed each of the
Bennett factors in evaluating whether the settlement was fair, reasonable and
adequate. We agree with the district court’s well-reasoned application of those
factors.
In assessing the likelihood of success at trial, the district court properly
observed that there were substantial hurdles that affected the class’s likelihood of
succeeding on the merits of its claims. In fact, the district court noted that it was
“unable to find a single instance where [a similar] action [against Ginn] has
survived beyond the dispositive motions stage.” As the district court explained, its
“research evidence[d] a history of dismissed claims based on substantially similar
fraud based claims alleged against Defendant, its subsidiaries and other associated
entities.” In addition, the district court analyzed the challenge Plaintiffs would
face, if their claims did survive on the merits, in proving damages. The district
court properly found that it would be “nearly impossible” for Plaintiffs to prove
that Defendants’ actions were the cause of their damages in light of the
contemporaneous “sharp rise and subsequent crash” of virtually every housing
market in United States.
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The district court also explained that the unlikelihood of success negatively
affected the second Bennett factor — the possible range of recovery. So, too, did
Ginn’s limited resources.3 Ginn was, for all intents and purposes, not an ongoing
business entity. Therefore, the source of any recovery was limited to insurance
policies which may or may not have provided coverage as to any judgment.
Moreover, these insurance policies were being substantially eroded by continuing
defense costs incurred both in this litigation, and in defending other suits. That is,
as the district court correctly observed, the fact that the case is “complex,
expensive and time consuming,” combined with the limited source of recovery,
meant that the “range of possible recovery [continually] decreases.”
As to the substance and volume of the opposition to the settlement, the
district court noted that, although there were originally six objectors to the
settlement, at the time of the fairness hearing, “Greco stands as the lone objector.”
The other initial objectors “successfully opted out of this action prior to the
fairness hearing.” Thus, Greco was the sole individual opposing the settlement.
The district court properly considered that Greco (or his counsel) may have had an
ulterior motive in objecting to the settlement, rather than opting out. See, e.g., In
re Prudential Ins. Litig., 148 F.3d 283, 318 (3d Cir. 1998) (determining that in
assessing the weight of objections to class settlement agreements, the district court
3
At the hearing, Greco addressed Lubert-Adler’s resources. But that discussion was
irrelevant as Lubert-Adler was no longer a defendant in the case.
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may properly consider the fact that the most vociferous objectors were persons
enlisted by counsel seeking control of the litigation). The district court observed,
“Mr. Greco’s counsel is also counsel in Lawrie, a competing action that also
asserts class based claims [against Ginn], some of which will be barred by the final
certification of this Class. Although not initially convinced of an ulterior motive
regarding Mr. Greco’s objections, the Court now has serious concerns.” There was
nothing improper about the district court’s concern about this fact.
Finally, the district court also properly considered the stage of the
proceedings at which settlement was reached. The matter had been proceeding in
the district court for nearly five years. During that time, it had proven to be
“complex, expensive, and time consuming.” Again, as the court noted, “the longer
that Defendant(s) continue to successfully defend against these claims, the further
the range of possible recovery decreases.” Therefore, the district court correctly
found that the stage of the proceedings at which the settlement was achieved
weighed in favor of approval of the settlement.
We find that the district court properly applied the correct legal standard, did
so in an entirely appropriate manner, and made no findings of fact that are clearly
erroneous. Therefore, it did not abuse its discretion by approving the proposed
settlement as fair, adequate, and reasonable.
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B. The Class Notice Satisfied Due Process Requirements.
The standard for the adequacy of a settlement notice in a class action is
measured by reasonableness. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(e). “We have interpreted Rule
23 to require that class members be given ‘information reasonably necessary to
make a decision [whether] to remain a class member and be bound by the final
judgment or opt out of the action,’ though the notice need not include ‘every
material fact’ or be ‘overly detailed.’” Faught v. American Home Shield Corp.,
668 F.3d 1233, 1239 (11th Cir. 2011) (quoting In re Nissan Motor Corp. Antitrust
Litigation, 552 F.2d 1088, 1104–1105 (5th Cir. 1977)). As we have also noted,
“‘an overly detailed notice’ has the potential to ‘confuse class members and
impermissibly encumber their rights to benefit from the action.’” Faught, 668 F.3d
at 1239 (quoting In re Nissan Motor Corp. Antitrust Litigation, 552 F.2d at 1104).
Greco argues that the Notice deprived class members of their right to due
process in the following ways: (1) the Notice failed to apprise class members of the
scope of the release; (2) the deadline for submitting objections was “extremely
short;” and (3) the requirements for objections were “onerous” and too confusing
and complex for pro se litigants.
First, the Notice did not set forth the scope of the release; however, the
content of the notice apprised the class members that the settlement agreements
were available for their review on various websites. As noted above, the Notice
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need not contain “every material fact.” Faught, 668 F.3d at 1239. In this instance,
all material facts were available to class members because a full copy of the
settlement agreement, and the release, were available on a website referenced in
the Notice.
Second, class members were allowed forty-five (45) days from mailing of
the Notice to submit a claim, opt out, or object. “Courts have consistently held that
30 to 60 days between the mailing (or other dissemination) of class notice and the
last date to object or opt out, coupled with a few more weeks between the close of
objections and the settlement hearing, affords class members an adequate
opportunity to evaluate and, if desired, take action concerning a proposed
settlement.” 2 McLaughlin on Class Actions § 6:18 (11th ed.) (citing, inter alia,
DeJulius v. New England Health Care Employees Pension Fund, 429 F.3d 935,
940, 946–47 (10th Cir. 2005) (approving a 32-day opt-out period); Torrisi v.
Tucson Elec. Power Co., 8 F.3d 1370, 1375 (9th Cir. 1993) (approving notice
mailed 31 days before the deadline for written objections and 45 days before the
fairness hearing); Miller v. Republic Nat. Life Ins. Co., 559 F.2d 426, 430 (5th Cir.
1977) (holding a period of “almost four weeks between the mailing of the notices
and the settlement hearing” was adequate); Marshall v. Holiday Magic, Inc., 550
F.2d 1173, 1178 (9th Cir. 1977) (approving notice mailed 26 days before the
deadline for opting out of a settlement); Grunin v. International House of
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Pancakes, 513 F.2d 114, 121 (8th Cir. 1975) (19 days’ notice was enough time to
object); United Founders Life Ins. Co. v. Consumers Nat. Life Ins. Co., 447 F.2d
647, 652 (7th Cir. 1971) (timing of notice was adequate where it was mailed on
May 28 and fairness hearing was held on June 22)). Therefore, we conclude the
forty-five day period to submit a claim, opt out, or object in this case was
reasonable.
Finally, the Notice required certain information from class members seeking
to object to the proposed settlement, including their full name, address and
telephone number, information identifying the lot the objector purchased, and a
written statement explaining the reasons for their objection, together with any legal
support. Greco contends that this “for all practical purposes, requir[ed] [objectors]
to seek out counsel in order to meet the above requirements.” We disagree. The
Notice did not require an objector to file legal or documentary support with their
objections. Rather, the Notice simply required information regarding the basis for
any objection so that it could be considered by the district court. There is nothing
unreasonable about requiring an objector to explain the basis for the objection.
The Notice in this case was sufficient to inform class members of the terms
of the settlement in a manner that allowed them to make their own determination
regarding whether the settlement served their interests before deciding to
participate, opt out, or object. See Int’l Union, United Auto., Aerospace, and
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Agric. Implement Workers of Am. v. Gen. Motors Corp., 497 F.3d 615, 630 (6th
Cir. 2007). Therefore, the Notice in this case was reasonable under the
circumstances and satisfied requirements of due process.
C. The Scope of the Release
Finally, Greco argues that the scope of the release contained in the
settlement is overly broad and grossly unreasonable. We conclude this argument is
without merit. The Notice contains the following summary of the effect of the
release:
Settlement Class members will be barred from pursuing lawsuits
against Ginn or Lubert-Adler based on their purchase of Ginn
Property directly from the Ginn Developers in a development
operated or developed by the Ginn Developers for which the purchase
contract was executed during the aforementioned time frame. Thus, if
you want to bring your own lawsuit against Ginn (or any of its
affiliates) or Lubert-Adler (or any of its affiliates) relating to your
purchase of such Ginn Property, you must exclude yourself from this
settlement.
The Notice also contains a link which permits class members to review the entire
settlement agreement, including the release. The relevant portion of the Settlement
Agreement’s release provides as follows:
Plaintiff and the Settlement Class Members . . . hereby release and
forever discharge Defendants and each of their respective past or . . .
principals, . . . from any and all charges, complaints, claims,
counterclaims, third-party claims, defenses, liabilities, obligations,
promises, agreements, controversies, demands, damages, actions,
causes of action or suits of any kind or nature arising out of or related
to the Litigation [or] . . . arising from or related to any potential claim
of abusive litigation or misconduct arising out of the Litigation . . . .
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(Emphasis added).
The brief summary of the release, together with access to the full text of the
release itself, is sufficient. We do “‘not believe that due process requires further
explanation of the effects of the release provision in addition to the clear meaning
of the words of the release.’” Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Visa U.S.A., Inc., 396 F.3d
96, 116 (2nd Cir. 2005) (quoting O’Brien v. Nat’l Prop. Analysts Partners, 739
F.Supp. 896, 902 (S.D. N.Y. 1990)); see also Bell Atl. Corp. v. Bolger, 2 F.3d
1304, 1317–18 (3d Cir. 1993); Maher v. Zapata Corp., 714 F.2d 436, 452–53 (5th
Cir. 1983)).
Furthermore, Greco’s argument that class members have waived all defenses
to future foreclosures or suits on promissory notes is simply inapposite. The
release properly settles all matters between the class members and released parties
“arising out of or related to the Litigation.” That is, the release covers claims based
on the same factual predicate as the litigation being settled. See In re Corrugated
Container Antitrust Litig., 643 F.2d 195, 221 (5th Cir.1981) (federal court “may
release not only those claims alleged in the complaint and before the court, but also
claims which could have been alleged by reason of or in connection with any
matter or fact set forth or referred to in the complaint”).
The district court properly held that the release “is tailored to prevent the
relitigation of settled questions at the core of this class action.” If Greco was
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displeased with the consideration provided to him under the settlement in exchange
for this release, he was free (as all other original objectors chose to do) to opt out
of the settlement. He chose not to do so; therefore, he is bound by the settlement.
V. CONCLUSION
After carefully reviewing the settlement in this case, we conclude that the
district court did not use the wrong legal standards, apply our precedents
unreasonably or incorrectly, follow improper procedures, or make clearly
erroneous findings of fact in deciding that the settlement was fair, reasonable, and
adequate. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s Final Order and Judgment
Approving the Class Action Settlement.
For all these reasons, the district court’s findings and conclusions, and its
approval of this class action settlement are
AFFIRMED.
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