J-A31006-15
J-A31007-15
IN RE: THE ADOPTION OF N.K.J.R. : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
APPEAL OF: A.R., FATHER :
: No. 991 MDA 2015
:
Appeal from the Order entered May 13, 2015
In the Court of Common Pleas of York County
Orphans’ Court Division at No. 2015-0027
CP-67-DP-169-2013
IN RE: THE ADOPTION OF N.K.J.R. : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
APPEAL OF: A.R., FATHER :
: No. 1007 MDA 2015
:
Appeal from the Order entered May 7, 2015
In the Court of Common Pleas of York County
Orphans’ Court Division, at No. 2015-0027
CP-67-DP-000169-2013.
BEFORE: PANELLA, J., LAZARUS, J., and PLATT, J.
MEMORANDUM BY PANELLA, J. FILED DECEMBER 02, 2015
In these related appeals,1 which we have consolidated for disposition,
A.R. (Father) appeals the orders of the Court of Common Pleas of York
County, entered May 13, 2015, and May 7, 2015, that, respectively,
Retired Senior Judge assigned to Superior Court.
1
From our examination of the record, it appears that Father filed his appeal
from the court’s decision to change Child’s goal at 1007 MDA 2015, and from
its decision to terminate his parental rights at 991 MDA 2015. By order of
Court, the parties have each filed a single brief as we ordered the appeals
listed consecutively.
J-A31006-15
J-A31007-15
terminated his parental rights to his daughter, N.K.J.R. (Child), born in July
2013, and changed Child’s permanency goal to adoption. We affirm. 2
York County’s Office of Children, Youth and Families (CYF or the
Agency) filed an application for emergency protective custody of Child on
July 31, 2013, after it received a referral, on June 28, 2013, that Child had
tested positive for drugs at birth and was experiencing symptoms of
withdrawal. Father was incarcerated at the time Child was born and
remained incarcerated at the time of the hearing in this matter. Child’s
mother, S.W. (Mother), admitted to drug use while she was pregnant with
Child.
CYF filed a dependency petition on August 6, 2013. The court
adjudicated Child dependent under section 6302 of the Juvenile Act, on
August 12, 2013, and, with the agreement of Mother and Father, awarded
physical and legal custody of Child to CYF. CYF placed Child in kinship care
with a goal of reunification.
At the time of the combined change of goal and termination hearing,
Child had been dependent and in placement for approximately twenty-one
months and CYF had prepared five Family Service Plans (FSP) for the family.
2
The court also terminated the parental rights of Child’s mother, S.W. She
did not appeal that termination.
-2-
J-A31006-15
J-A31007-15
CYF forwarded all of those FSPs to Father, who never objected to any of the
goals established in those FSPs except for the plan dated May 11, 2014.3
Because of Mother’s cooperation with CYF, the court entered an order
on October 23, 2013, by which Child remained dependent but was returned
to the care and custody of Mother. Father remained incarcerated.
In a permanency review order entered January 7, 2014, the court
found that Father had made progress toward his FSP goals, and that CYF
had made reasonable efforts to finalize the Permanency Plan. The court
awarded legal and physical custody of Child to Mother.
In an order entered April 10, 2014, the court, upon petition from CYF,
removed Child from Mother, and once again awarded legal and physical
custody to CYF. CYF placed Child in foster care. Father remained
incarcerated.
The court entered a permanency review order on June 23, 2014, in
which the court found that Father was not compliant with the permanency
plan, and that he had made no efforts toward alleviating the circumstances
that necessitated the original placement of Child. The court affirmed legal
3
When CYS supervisor, Cathy Lyman, was asked if Father had objected to
any of the FSPs she replied:
Father did return a – the signature page on the – May 11, 2014
[FSP], saying that he wanted to appeal. There are instructions
on how to appeal attached to every family service plan, and we
never received anything from [Father] in that regard.
N.T. 5/17/15, at 40-41.
-3-
J-A31006-15
J-A31007-15
and physical custody with the Agency. The court also found that CYF had
made reasonable efforts to finalize the permanency plan.
In a permanency review order entered December 9, 2014, the court
found minimal compliance by Father with the FSP. According to the court,
Father had made no efforts toward alleviating the circumstances that
necessitated the original placement. Legal and physical custody of Child
remained with CYF.
On March 2, 2015, CYF filed the petition to change Child’s permanency
goal to adoption under section 6351 of the Juvenile Act, and a petition to
involuntarily terminate Father’s parental rights under section 2511 of the
Adoption Act. The court held the hearing on the goal change/termination
petitions on May 7, 2015.
Father has been incarcerated continuously since Child was born. He
was found guilty of the federal crime of possession with intent to deliver on
April 20, 2015. Father was incarcerated at Adams County Prison until
December of 2014, when he was transferred to Perry County Prison, where
he remained at the time of the hearing.
Father expects to be relocated to a federal correctional institution, but
is not sure of the date of his transfer or the location of the facility to which
he will be transferred. See NT 5/7/15, at 46-47, 109. Father testified that
he had not been sentenced, but the guideline minimum sentence is 86 to
120 months and the maximum sentence is life. See id., at 109-111, 117-
-4-
J-A31006-15
J-A31007-15
119. Father testified that he expects a minimum release date on a day in
October 2019. See id., at 111-113. Father’s release in October 2019 is
pure speculation and based upon myriad variables.
Father has been consistent in visitation with Child. The Adams County
Prison permitted Father to have contact visits with Child. At the Perry
County Prison, where Father is now incarcerated, all visits are through glass.
Child currently visits approximately twice a month.
Since the adjudication of dependency, CYF has offered limited services
to Father because of his incarceration. CYF representatives met with Father
in prison to ascertain possible family resources for Child. CYF arranged for
Father to participate at permanency review hearings. There were no
services that Father requested that CYF was unwilling or unable to provide.
See id., at 65-66. CYF’s file does not indicate that Father sent cards or
letters to Child. See id., at 79.
Child is bonded with her foster parents and her extended foster family
including other children in the foster home. See id., at 56, 63. Child
considers her foster parents to be her parents. See id., at 63-65. There
would be no negative impact upon the minor child if Father’s parental rights
were terminated and pre-adoptive resources have been identified for Child.
See id., at 75. Child does not have any special needs and appears to be
developmentally on target. Child is tracked by early intervention, but
receives no specialized services. See id., at 74-75.
-5-
J-A31006-15
J-A31007-15
The court entered its order terminating Father’s parental rights on May
13, 2015, and its order changing Child’s goal to adoption on May 7, 2015.
Father timely filed his notices of appeal and statements of errors complained
of on appeal on June 8, 2015.4
Father raises the following question on appeal.
I. Whether the trial court committed an error of law by
involuntarily terminating [Father’s] parent [sic] rights as they
determined that sufficient evidence of record existed to support
said finding pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. Section 2511 and 2512
when rendering a decision?
Father’s Brief, at 5.
In his statement of question involved, Father does not specifically
challenge the court’s determination pursuant to any particular subsection of
section 2511 of the Adoption Act, nor does he specifically challenge the
court’s change of Child’s permanency goal to adoption under section 6351 of
the Juvenile Act. We could consider Father’s challenges to section 2511(b)
and to the goal change waived. See Krebs v. United Refining Company
of Pennsylvania, 893 A.2d 776, 797 (Pa. Super. 2006) (stating that, a
failure to preserve issues by raising them both in the concise statement of
errors complained of on appeal and statement of questions involved portion
of the brief on appeal results in a waiver of those issues). In In the
Interest of T.L.B., ___ A.3d ___, 2015 WL 6653318 (Pa. Super., Filed
November 2, 2015) this Court declined to find that the appellant had waived
4
See 1 Pa.C.S.A. § 1908 (regarding computation of time).
-6-
J-A31006-15
J-A31007-15
an issue, where it could have been stated with more specificity, and the
court opinion aptly addressed the issue. Id., at *3 (citing Commonwealth
v. Laboy, 936 A.2d 1058, 1060 (Pa. 2007) (declining to find waiver for
failure to adequately develop a sufficiency of the evidence claim)). We too
decline to find waiver.
Our case law provides that we should address section 2511(b) after we
address section 2511(a). See In re C.L.G., 956 A.2d 999, 1004 (Pa. Super.
2008) (en banc) (stating that we should address section 2511(b) only after
determining that the parent’s conduct warrants termination of his parental
rights under section 2511(a)). In its Opinion Pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule
of Appellate Procedure 1925(a), entered on June 12, 2015 (TCO), the court
addressed the sufficiency of the evidence under section 2511(a) and (b) of
the Adoption Act, as well as to change the permanency goal for Child under
section 6351 of the Juvenile Act. Thus, pursuant to our case law, we will
review the court’s ruling as to each of these statutory sections.
Our standard of review for termination is as follows.
In an appeal from an order terminating parental rights, our
scope of review is comprehensive: we consider all the evidence
presented as well as the trial court’s factual findings and legal
conclusions. However, our standard of review is narrow: we will
reverse the trial court’s order only if we conclude that the trial
court abused its discretion, made an error of law, or lacked
competent evidence to support its findings. The trial judge’s
decision is entitled to the same deference as a jury verdict.
In re L.M., 923 A.2d 505, 511 (Pa. Super. 2007) (citations omitted).
Further, we have stated that
-7-
J-A31006-15
J-A31007-15
[w]here the hearing court’s findings are supported by
competent evidence of record, we must affirm the hearing court
even though the record could support an opposite result.
We are bound by the findings of the trial court which have
adequate support in the record so long as the findings do not
evidence capricious disregard for competent and credible
evidence. The trial court is free to believe all, part, or none of
the evidence presented, and is likewise free to make all
credibility determinations and resolve conflicts in the evidence.
Though we are not bound by the trial court’s inferences and
deductions, we may reject its conclusions only if they involve
errors of law or are clearly unreasonable in light of the trial
court’s sustainable findings.
In re M.G., 855 A.2d 68, 73-74 (Pa. Super. 2004) (citations omitted).
We note our standard of review of a change of goal:
When we review a trial court’s order to change the placement
goal for a dependent child to adoption, our standard is abuse of
discretion. In order to conclude that the trial court abused its
discretion, we must determine that the court’s judgment was
manifestly unreasonable, that the court did not apply the law, or
that the court’s action was a result of partiality, prejudice, bias
or ill will, as shown by the record.
In the Interest of S.G., 922 A.2d 943, 946 (Pa. Super. 2007) (citation
omitted).
The court terminated Father’s parental rights pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 2511(a)(1), (2), and (b). In order to affirm the termination of parental
rights, this Court need only agree with any one subsection of Section
2511(a). See In re B.L.W., 843 A.2d 380, 384 (Pa. Super. 2004) (en
banc).
Section 2511(a)(1) and (b) provide, in pertinent part:
§ 2511. Grounds for involuntary termination
-8-
J-A31006-15
J-A31007-15
(a) General rule.--The rights of a parent in regard to a child
may be terminated after a petition filed on any of the following
grounds:
(1) The parent by conduct continuing for a period of at least
six months immediately preceding the filing of the petition
either has evidenced a settled purpose of relinquishing
parental claim to a child or has refused or failed to perform
parental duties.
...
(b) Other considerations.--The court in terminating the rights
of a parent shall give primary consideration to the
developmental, physical and emotional needs and welfare of the
child. The rights of a parent shall not be terminated solely on
the basis of environmental factors such as inadequate housing,
furnishings, income, clothing and medical care if found to be
beyond the control of the parent. With respect to any petition
filed pursuant to subsection (a)(1), (6) or (8), the court shall not
consider any efforts by the parent to remedy the conditions
described therein which are first initiated subsequent to the
giving of notice of the filing of the petition.
23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(1), (b).
A party seeking termination of a parent’s rights bears the burden of
proving the grounds by “clear and convincing evidence,” a standard which
requires evidence that is “so clear, direct, weighty, and convincing as to
enable the trier of fact to come to a clear conviction, without hesitance, of
the truth of the precise facts in issue.” In re T.F., 847 A.2d 738, 742 (Pa.
Super. 2004) (citation omitted). Further,
[a] parent must utilize all available resources to preserve the
parental relationship, and must exercise reasonable firmness in
resisting obstacles placed in the path of maintaining the parent-
child relationship. Parental rights are not preserved by waiting
for a more suitable or convenient time to perform one’s parental
-9-
J-A31006-15
J-A31007-15
responsibilities while others provide the child with his or her
physical and emotional needs.
In the Interest of K.Z.S., 946 A.2d 753, 759 (Pa. Super. 2008) (internal
citations omitted).
To terminate parental rights pursuant to section 2511(a)(1), the
person or agency seeking termination must demonstrate through clear and
convincing evidence that, for a period of at least six months prior to the
filing of the petition, the parent’s conduct demonstrates a settled purpose to
relinquish parental rights or that the parent has refused or failed to perform
parental duties. See In re Adoption of M.E.P., 825 A.2d 1266, 1272 (Pa.
Super. 2003).
With respect to subsection 2511(a)(1), our Supreme Court has
Held that
[o]nce the evidence establishes a failure to perform parental
duties or a settled purpose of relinquishing parental rights, the
court must engage in three lines of inquiry: (1) the parent’s
explanation for his or her conduct; (2) the post-abandonment
contact between parent and child; and (3) consideration of the
effect of termination of parental rights on the child pursuant to
Section 2511(b).
In re Adoption of Charles E.D.M., 708 A.2d 88, 92 (Pa. 1988) (citation
omitted). Further,
the trial court must consider the whole history of a given case
and not mechanically apply the six-month statutory provision.
The court must examine the individual circumstances of each
case and consider all explanations offered by the parent facing
termination of his or her parental rights, to determine if the
evidence, in light of the totality of the circumstances, clearly
warrants the involuntary termination.
- 10 -
J-A31006-15
J-A31007-15
In re N.M.B., 856 A.2d 847, 854-855 (Pa. Super. 2004) (citations omitted).
In regard to incarcerated persons, our Supreme Court has stated that
incarceration is a factor, and indeed can be a
determinative factor, in a court’s conclusion that grounds for
termination exist under § 2511(a)(2) where the repeated and
continued incapacity of a parent due to incarceration has caused
the child to be without essential parental care, control or
subsistence and that [sic] the causes of the incapacity cannot or
will not be remedied.
In re Adoption of S.P., 47 A.3d 817, 828 (Pa. 2012).
...
[W]e now definitively hold that incarceration, while not a
litmus test for termination, can be determinative of the question
of whether a parent is incapable of providing “essential parental
care, control or subsistence” and the length of the remaining
confinement can be considered as highly relevant to whether
“the conditions and causes of the incapacity, abuse, neglect or
refusal cannot or will not be remedied by the parent,” sufficient
to provide grounds for termination pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. §
2511(a)(2). See e.g. Adoption of J.J., [511 Pa. at 605], 515
A.2d at 891 (“[A] parent who is incapable of performing parental
duties is just as parentally unfit as one who refuses to perform
the duties.”); [In re:] E.A.P., [944 A.2d 79, 85 (Pa. Super.
2008)] (holding termination under § 2511(a)(2) supported by
mother’s repeated incarcerations and failure to be present for
child, which caused child to be without essential care and
subsistence for most of her life and which cannot be remedied
despite mother’s compliance with various prison programs). If a
court finds grounds for termination under subsection (a)(2), a
court must determine whether termination is in the best
interests of the child, considering the developmental, physical,
and emotional needs and welfare of the child pursuant to §
2511(b). In this regard, trial courts must carefully review the
individual circumstances for every child to determine, inter alia,
how a parent’s incarceration will factor into an assessment of the
child’s best interest.
- 11 -
J-A31006-15
J-A31007-15
Id., at 830-831.5
The Adoption Act provides that a court “shall give primary
consideration to the developmental, physical and emotional needs and
welfare of the child.” 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(b). The Adoption Act does not
make specific reference to an evaluation of the bond between parent and
child but our case law requires the evaluation of any such bond. See In re
E.M., 620 A.2d 481 (Pa. 1993). However, this Court has held that the court
is not required by statute or precedent to order a formal bonding evaluation
performed by an expert. See In re K.K.R.-S., 958 A.2d 529, 533 (Pa.
Super. 2008).
The court first addressed the question of the change of Child’s goal.
[Father] is admittedly not a resource for [Child] at this
point in time and cannot be available to be a resource until,
optimistically, October of 2019, but possibly never. Reunification
with [Father] cannot be achieved in a reasonable amount of
time. Therefore, a change of the court-ordered goal is necessary
to achieve permanency for [Child]. The feasible goals at this
point, considering the age of [Child] and the circumstances of
this case, are adoption and placement with a fit and willing
relative. The [c]ourt recognizes that [Father] objects to
placement of [Child] with his brother – although [Father] was
the individual who first offered that individual as a resource –
but his brother is not the only relative proposed. In fact,
[Father] himself has recommended placement with his sister
5
In In re Adoption of S.P., 47 A.3d 817, 822 (Pa. 2012), the Court cited
its decision in In re: Adoption of McCray, 331 A.2d 652, 655 (Pa. 1975),
for the proposition that termination may be appropriate for an incarcerated
parent who has failed to perform his parental duties for a six-month period
of time. See id., at 828. S.P. was written in the context of section
2511(a)(2), but applies as well to section 2511 (a)(1).
- 12 -
J-A31006-15
J-A31007-15
who resides in Kentucky and an ICPC[6] has been initiated. The
Adoption and Safe Families Act requires the court to set feasible
goals to establish permanency for [C]hild. This [c]ourt,
therefore, respectfully requests that the Superior Court affirm its
Order changing [Child’s] goal so that placement of [Child] with a
safe, permanent resource can be pursued.
TCO, at 2.
At a permanency hearing, the court must consider the following
factors.
(f) Matters to be determined at permanency hearing.-- At
each permanency hearing, a court shall determine all of the
following:
(1) The continuing necessity for and appropriateness of the
placement.
(2) The appropriateness, feasibility and extent of compliance
with the permanency plan developed for the child.
(3) The extent of progress made toward alleviating the
circumstances which necessitated the original placement.
(4) The appropriateness and feasibility of the current
placement goal for the child.
(5) The likely date by which the placement goal for the child
might be achieved.
(5.1) Whether reasonable efforts were made to finalize the
permanency plan in effect.
...
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6351(f)(1)-(5.1).
The court’s findings make clear that, given Father’s incarceration,
Child’s placement in foster care is entirely appropriate, (1). Father’s
6
ICPC stands for, “Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children”
- 13 -
J-A31006-15
J-A31007-15
incarceration prohibits him from complying with CYF’s permanency plan, (2).
Father has made little, if any progress toward alleviating the circumstances
that necessitated Child’s placement, (3). Child’s goal of reunification was
inappropriate and unfeasible, (4). The likely date by which Child might be
reunited with Father was at some time in October of 2019 and, by Father’s
admission, he may serve a life sentence and never be reunited with Child,
(5). CYF has done all that it could do to assist Father in completing the
permanency plan, (5.1).
To continue to attempt to reunite Child with Father would mean that
Child would remain in foster care for at least the next four years—and
possibly many more. Our examination of the record reveals that the court
did not err or abuse its discretion when it changed Child’s goal to adoption.
Next, Father challenges the termination of his parental rights pursuant
only to section 2511(a)(1), and claims “[T]here was not clear and convincing
evidence that Father showed a settled purpose to relinquish his parental
claim or that in the six months prior to the termination petition or that
Father failed to perform parental duties.” For the reasons that follow, we
disagree. We quote the court’s analysis of section 2511(a)(1), with
approval.
This [c]ourt notes that “[t]he statute permitting the
termination of parental rights outlines certain irreducible
minimum requirements of care that a parent must provide for
their children, and a parent who cannot or will not meet the
requirements within a reasonable time following intervention by
the state may properly be considered unfit and have his parental
- 14 -
J-A31006-15
J-A31007-15
rights terminated.” In re Z.P., 994 A.2d 1108, 1118 (Pa.
Super. 2010) (citing In re B.L.L., 787 A.2d 1007, 1013 (Pa.
Super. 2001)).
This [c]ourt found that [Father] accepting visits from
[Child] is not sufficient to sustain her and [Father] has not
performed sufficient parental duties to overcome that finding in
order to decline to terminate his parental rights pursuant to
Section 2511(a)(1). At the time of the hearing related to the
petitions at issue, [Child] had been alive for approximately 6678
days and had spent only thirty hours cumulatively with [Father]
during that time. Those thirty hours constitute just over one day
of [Child’s] entire existence. [Child] has physical needs that
[Father] has made no attempt to meet since [Child] was
removed from the care of his sister in 2013. Notwithstanding his
reported income, he does not provide for [Child]. Testimony
presented at the termination is that he last provided a gift to
[Child] in July 2014, almost a year prior to the termination
proceedings, and a Christmas card at some point in [Child’s] life.
Despite [Father’s] position that he has somehow aided in
[Child’s] development, the evidence does not support his claim.
TCO, at 2-4.
Father has never cared for or provided for Child in any meaningful
way. The court did not err or abuse its discretion in terminating Father’s
parental rights pursuant to section 2511(a)(1).
Next, proceeding to analyze section 2511(b) under In re C.L.G., we
also approve of the court’s analysis of Child’s best interest and welfare
pursuant to section 2511(b).
Although [Father] does not state explicitly an objection to
thet [c]ourt’s determination regarding 23 Pa.C.S.A. §2511(b),
[Father] does note that [Child] refers to him as “daddy” and
maintains contact with [Child] through visits, currently through
glass. However, [Father] has never served as a parental figure
to [Child]; he has never tucked [Child] into bed at night; he has
never attended a medical appointment; and he has never bathed
her. He has not provided for [Child’s] well-being. It is in
- 15 -
J-A31006-15
J-A31007-15
[Child’s] best interest to find her a safe, stable permanent home
with a parental figure who can provide for her. It cannot be that
[Child] is supposed to wait in limbo until [Father] finishes
serving his sentence, which, according to [Father], although it
could be as little as seven years, could potentially be a life
sentence. The [c]ourt will not ignore the uncertainty of
[Father’s] incarceration simply because [Child] refers to him as
“Daddy” and offers him some affection.
As sufficient, clear and convincing evidence exists on the record
to support its determination, this [c]ourt respectfully requests
that its determinations pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. §[§]2511(a)(1),
(a)(2), and (b) be affirmed.
Id., at 5.
There is no evidence in the record of a bond between Father and Child.
Where there is no evidence of a bond between a parent and child, it is
reasonable to infer that no bond exists. See In re Adoption of J.M., 991
A.2d 321 (Pa. Super. 2010). The court did not abuse its discretion when it
determined that it was in Child’s best interests to terminate Father’s parental
rights.
Accordingly, for the reasons stated, we affirm the orders of the Court
of Common Pleas of York County that terminated Father’s parental rights
pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(1) and (b), and changed Child’s goal to
adoption.7
Orders affirmed.
7
As we have affirmed the termination of Father’s parental rights, we need
not address his challenge to section 2512 of the Adoption Act.
- 16 -
J-A31006-15
J-A31007-15
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 12/2/2015