Hurtado v. Ishinabe CA4/1

Filed 12/2/15 Hurtado v. Ishinabe CA4/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

JAIME HURTADO, D066573

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v. (Super. Ct. No. D548584)

MASAKO ANNE ISHINABE,

Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of San Diego County, David L.

Berry, Judge. Affirmed.

Law Offices of Beatrice L. Snider and Edward Castro for Defendant and

Appellant.

Arizmendi Law Firm and Ruben F. Arizmendi for Plaintiff and Respondent.

Appellant Anne Ishinabe appeals an order denying her request for a domestic

violence restraining order against respondent Jaime Hurtado. Ishinabe and Hurtado lived

together for about 14 years. They had two children together, twins, born in April 2010.
Before Ishinabe filed her request for a restraining order, Hurtado had filed a petition for

dissolution of marriage, which he later dismissed in lieu of a petition to establish parental

relationship. In the latter petition, Hurtado sought visitation, physical custody and joint

legal custody of the twins and requested mediation to establish a parenting plan.

According to Ishinabe, a day or two after Hurtado moved out of the family home

he began stalking her and the children over about a two-week period. Ishinabe alleged

Hurtado unexpectedly showed up both at the twins' preschool, when she was dropping

them off, and at church. Ishinabe on May 16, 2014 filed a request for a restraining order

under the Domestic Violence Prevention Act (DVPA; Fam. Code, § 6200 et seq.).1

The trial court, after hearing the testimony of the parties, considering their

declarations in support of and in opposition to the request for restraining order and the

argument of counsel, denied Ishinabe's request for a permanent restraining order. In so

doing, the court found among things that Ishinabe was "less than credible" and that she

sought the restraining order for a "strategic purpose other than seeking immediate

protection of the court." Affirmed.

OVERVIEW

As noted, Hurtado and Ishinabe lived together for 14 about years. They were

"married" in 2006 in Japan and, as also noted, had twins together. Hurtado and Ishinabe

are both admitted to practice law in California.

1 All further statutory references are to the Family Code.

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 Hurtado in February 2014 filed a petition for dissolution of marriage. As noted, he

subsequently dismissed that petition without prejudice and filed a petition to establish

parental relationship, ostensibly because their marriage was not recognized in California.

The record shows Hurtado filed a written request on April 25, 2014 seeking

among other relief an order that the twins attend preschool in English; that the twins not

be taken outside California; that the twins' Japanese passports be given to Ishinabe's

attorney pending further court order; that mediation through family court services be

expedited; and that he be allowed custodial parenting time with the twins.

Hurtado's declaration in support of his April 25 request stated that he intended to

move out of the family home, which was Ishinabe's separate property, by April 28, 2014;

that he agreed to move voluntarily after Ishinabe had filed an unlawful detainer action

against him; that he was a "stay-at-home dad taking care of [the] children, nurturing

them, loving them, and insuring they have a clean [and] healthy living environment"; that

his moving out would be "painful and confusing" for the twins; and that it was in the best

interest of the twins for him to remain in close contact, but that Ishinabe had refused to

even discuss the issue of visitation, had thwarted his efforts to reach some sort of

settlement with her on the issue, including failing to show up at a family court services

mediation (made in connection with his dissolution petition), and had made it clear that

absent a court order, he could not visit the twins.

The record shows Hurtado and Ishinabe on April 25 entered into a stipulation

approved by the court (stipulated order). It provided Hurtado would have visitation with

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the twins from 3:00 to 7:00 p.m. twice during the week with "48 hours notice, subject to a

20[-]minute grace period for pick up," and from 3:00 to 7:00 p.m. on Saturday or Sunday

under the same conditions. The stipulated order also required that the parties turn over

the twins' passports to their respective attorneys, who would retain them pending further

court order; and that all communications between the parties related to "sharing" of the

twins would be by email. The stipulated order did not address whether Hurtado could

also see the children in public.

As noted, Ishinabe on May 16, 2014 sought a temporary restraining order under

the DVPA. She requested Hurtado stay 100 yards away from her, her home and the

twins' school. In connection with her request for a restraining order, Ishinabe also sought

an order that Hurtado attend a 52-week "Batterer Intervention Program" among other

relief. Although Ishinabe requested the issuance of a restraining order, it appears she

continued to abide by the stipulated order concerning Hurtado's visitation of the twins.

In any event, Ishinabe in her declaration in support of her request for a restraining

order stated that Hurtado began "stalking" her on May 1, 2014, just after he had moved

from the family home, when he showed up unannounced at the twins' preschool.

Ishinabe went on to describe six other incidents, including one on Sunday, May 4, 2014

when Hurtado showed up at church at 7:30 a.m. Because she typically sang at the 7:30

a.m. service, but because she was sick that morning, Ishinabe stated she and the twins

attended the 9:30 a.m. service. A church usher told Ishinabe that Hurtado had attended

the earlier service. Because Hurtado had not attended that particular church in a year, his

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decision to attend services that particular morning left Ishinabe feeling "puzzled and

strange."

The May 4 day was also "visitation day." Ishinabe stated in her declaration that

Hurtado arrived 10 minutes late with the twins and that instead of leaving after the drop

off, he "lingered, causing the children to get nervous." Ishinabe stated that Hurtado then

drove his car next to hers, making it unsafe for her to leave, and that she was "terrified"

for her safety and for the safety of the twins.

Ishinabe in her declaration also described an incident that took place on May 11,

2014 when Hurtado again showed up announced at the 7:30 a.m. church service. On this

occasion, Ishinabe was singing during the service. According to Ishinabe, Hurtado

entered the church through a door typically not used by the public, sat down with the

twins while she sang, and then walked the twins to her car after the service, where he

proceeded to put the twins in their car seats after Ishinabe unlocked the car door.

Ishinabe stated she was so "shaken" by this incident that she merely stood there, "frozen

and could not say anything."

Ishinabe described incidents on May 13 and 14, 2014, when Hurtado showed up at

the twins' preschool. During the May 13 incident, Hurtado walked the children to the

preschool. During the May 14 incident, Ishinabe stated Hurtado parked his car in front of

hers, leaving her no room to move her car. As a result of the May 14 incident, and as a

result of Hurtado also showing up at the twins' school on May 152 and May 16, 2014,

2 Ishinabe noted the twins' school was closed on May 15 due to wildfires, and she
was informed by the school that Hurtado had been at the school that morning.
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Ishinabe filed the request for a restraining order. The record shows the court granted a

temporary restraining order and set a hearing for a permanent restraining order.

The trial court heard testimony on June 27 and July 14, 2014 in connection with

Ishinabe's request for a permanent restraining order. Ishinabe argued Hurtado had

violated the temporary restraining order on two separate occasions, once in a grocery

store parking lot on an "exchange day"3 and another time in a downtown parking lot

shortly before a court hearing involving this case.

During cross-examination, Hurtado testified that he showed up at the twins'

preschool on May 1, 2014 out of concern for the twins, noting the day before (ostensibly

during his visitation) the twins had cried for as much as two hours before, and when it

was time for, their drop off with Ishinabe, as they wanted to remain with him. Hurtado

stated he therefore went to the twins' school on May 1 to make sure the twins were "all

right." Because he wanted to avoid causing them any additional trauma, Hurtado testified

he stayed in his car that morning with the windows rolled up so the twins would not see

him.

Regarding the May 4 incident, Hurtado testified that he went to the 7:30 a.m.

church service to see the twins; that he attended that particular church for over 10 years

until he took about a six-month absence and began attending another church each week;

and that before attending the 7:30 a.m. service on May 4, he sought the advice of counsel.

3 Although Ishinabe was seeking a permanent restraining order against Hurtado, the
record clearly shows she nonetheless continued to comply with the stipulated order
concerning Hurtado's visitation with the twins, which required her to meet Hurtado at
least six times a week (i.e., for drop off and pick up three days per week).
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 Hurtado was next questioned about the May 11 incident, which again took place at

the church. Hurtado testified it was "Mother's Day" and he went to the church with

flowers, which he then gave to the twins for them to present to Ishinabe. Hurtado also

testified he went to the twins' preschool on May 13 only to see the twins and not

Ishinabe. Hurtado noted that Ishinabe looked "upset" when he approached her car that

day, but that she was "always" upset with him.

Hurtado denied receiving from his attorney an email sent by Ishinabe's attorney on

May 13 stating that if Hurtado's "conduct" continued, Ishinabe would seek a domestic

violence restraining order. Hurtado testified he later learned his attorney had in fact

received such an email but that his attorney had forwarded it to the wrong email address.

During closing argument, Hurtado's attorney confirmed that he had in fact forwarded the

email to the wrong email address.

Hurtado testified on May 14 he again showed up at the twins' school. This time

Ishinabe told him he was not supposed to be at the school. Hurtado testified he told

Ishinabe in response it was "neutral territory" and thus he had a right to be at their school,

as his attorney advised, even though it was not during his scheduled visitation time.

Hurtado testified it was important for him to see his children off in the morning, before

school, and "wish them a good day," and to see them in church, as he wanted them to

understand the teachings of the church. Hurtado testified after they dropped the children

off at school on May 14, he took photographs of his car and of Ishinabe's car because she

had parked her car outside the school parking lot, which made him "suspicious." Hurtado

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also admitted to showing up at the school on May 16, again to see the children and walk

them to school.

Hurtado was also questioned about the two incidents after the temporary

restraining order issued. Regarding the first incident that allegedly took place on May 27,

2014, Hurtado testified that he may have been at a shopping center in Tierrasanta; that the

shopping center was close to his new home; that he and Ishinabe used to frequent that

shopping center together; and that after he moved out of the family home he continued to

shop there for groceries and frequent other businesses in the center, including a popular

coffee shop and his bank. If in fact he was there at the same time as Ishinabe, as she

contended, Hurtado testified it was purely a coincidence.

Regarding the second incident, Hurtado testified on June 3, 2014 he parked in a

garage in a building in downtown San Diego and went to see his attorney in preparation

for a court hearing that same day. Hurtado testified he was not aware that he had parked

a few spaces away from where Ishinabe had parked her car, nor was he aware that she

was still in her car at the time.

Ishinabe testified at the continued hearing that Hurtado began following or

"stalking" her on May 1, 2014; that she first told Hurtado on May 11 when she saw him

at church that he "shouldn't be there," although she admitted she "didn't say much" then

to Hurtado because she did not want to get him upset; and that before he moved out of the

family home, Hurtado frequently would use his telephone to record or "tape" her and the

children, even after she asked him to stop.

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 Regarding the May 27 incident at the shopping center, Ishinabe testified that it was

a "visitation day"; that Hurtado arrived about 10 minutes late; and that about 10 or 15

minutes after the drop off, she saw Hurtado slowly drive by in his car, which she stated

left her "stunned." According to Ishinabe, she became "very scared" when Hurtado drove

by and "stared" at her. Regarding the June 3 incident, Ishinabe stated she was "shocked"

when Hurtado parked his car a few spots away from her car, even though there were

plenty of other parking spaces. Ishinabe stated she parked in the garage in this particular

building because she had an office there and because there was a court hearing that day

regarding this case.

As a result of these two incidents and the incidents between May 1 and May 16,

2014, described ante, Ishinabe testified she feared for her safety because Hurtado was

"harass[ing]" and "stalk[ing]" her.

On cross-examination, Ishinabe admitted (albeit reluctantly, as discussed post)

Hurtado in the past used his cell phone to record her when she was speaking in Japanese

to the twins because Hurtado could not understand what she was saying. Ishinabe also

admitted Hurtado told her he was recording the children crying because Ishinabe was

making them cry, although Ishinabe stated Hurtado was "making that up."

Regarding the incidents at the twins' preschool, Ishinabe testified that Hurtado

used to drop them off at the school; that regarding the May 4 incident at the church, she

was "puzzled" and "troubled" when she heard he was at the church for the 7:30 service

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because he allegedly had not been going to that church for a year; and that on May 4,

Hurtado had a right to visit with the children but not at 7:30 a.m.

Regarding the visitation later that same day, Ishinabe admitted that the parties

stipulated to a "15-minute window" for drop offs, and that Hurtado was only 10 minutes

"late"; that this was only the twins' second visit after Hurtado had moved from the family

home; and that it was very difficult to get them from his car to her car because the twins

were resisting and crying. When asked in connection with the May 4 afternoon incident

if the twins were having difficulty adjusting to the fact that they had to leave one parent

to go to another parent, Ishinabe stated, "On that day the children were doing fine. . . .

Doing just fine. I don't know what happened during the visitation." When again

confronted with the fact the twins may have been experiencing some difficulties in

leaving their father after a visit, Ishinabe stated, "I suppose they were confused as to the

situation," but later added "[t]hey seem to have understood they have to go to their

father's place and come back to my place and so forth."

Regarding the May 11 incident, Ishinabe admitted it was Mother's Day and

Hurtado showed up at the 7:30 a.m. service with flowers. However, she testified she

could not "recall' whether Hurtado gave the flowers to the twins and when asked if the

twins gave her the flowers, she stated, "[t]hey were holding flowers." Ishinabe also

stated just Hurtado's presence made her "uncomfortable."

Regarding the May 13 incident at the twins' preschool, Ishinabe testified she

feared for her "physical safety." When asked if Hurtado had ever struck or pushed her,

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Ishinabe said "yes," but then added it "wasn't like he left a bruise or things like that." On

further questioning, Ishinabe admitted that she did not call the police for "just one

pushing" and that she did not include this incident in her declaration in support of the

restraining order because it took place "a long time ago."

The record shows Ishinabe then quickly changed her testimony and stated the

"pushing" incident was "not a long time ago," but instead was about a "month before he

[i.e., Hurtado] moved out." Because it did not leave a bruise, Ishinabe testified she did

not think to mention it in her declaration. Ishinabe then testified the one incident

involved Hurtado "squeeze[ing her] wrist very hard," as opposed to "just one pushing,"

and that this incident allegedly took place when Hurtado tried to stop her from taking the

twins to their preschool, or "something like that." Ishinabe testified she feared for her

physical safety as a result of the May 13 incident (but not because of the pushing or

squeezing) because she felt Hurtado was following her.

The record shows Ishinabe was cross-examined regarding her statement that

Hurtado on May 14 parked his car in front of hers in such a way that she was unable to

leave in her car. When shown photographs taken by Hurtado that day, Ishinabe testified

that she could identify her car, but remarkably not Hurtado's, and that she could "not

remember" whether a car was parked behind her that prevented her from moving. When

one of the photographs showed Ishinabe had ample room to leave in her car, she testified

Hurtado actually parked much closer to her car than shown in the photograph.

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 When asked about the May 15 incident, Ishinabe admitted the school was closed

because of wildfires. After providing further testimony, the record shows the court sua

sponte interjected with the following observation:

"The Court: I would like to note for the record it appears that Ms. Ishinable [sic]

is reading from her declaration. Ms. Ishinable, [sic] I ask you to take the declaration, turn

it face down and try to answer the questions [that] are being asked as opposed to reading

from the declaration. Thank you."

Later during her cross-examination, Ishinabe testified that when Hurtado moved

out of the family home he never expressed any intent to move back into the home or to

start dating Ishinabe. In addition, she testified Hurtado never left any messages for her,

including at her home or on her car. In fact, Ishinabe admitted that Hurtado never

expressed any intent to see her in "some way."

Also during cross-examination, Ishinabe was asked if Hurtado expressed his view

that 12 hours per week was insufficient to spend with the twins and that he wanted to

spend more time with them. Initially Ishinabe testified, "I don't know if he said that," and

when asked, "Did he [i.e., Hurtado] tell you that he felt that 12 hours was too little a time

to be with his children?" Ishinabe stated, "What was the question?" When again asked

the same question, she next responded, "Okay. Sorry. Ask me the question again." The

record shows when asked this same question yet again, Ishinabe said, "Yes," but then

when asked whether she and Hurtado tried to work something out to address his

concerns, she responded, "I don't understand what you mean by that."

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 On redirect, Ishinabe testified Hurtado's presence at the twins' preschool made her

apprehensive and fear for her physical safety because it was "not his visitation date. It

made me worried. I felt he was desperate. That he could show up anywhere. He could

show up at my house. I was very afraid."

Finally, the record shows Hurtado on direct examination testified that when he

showed up at the twins' preschool, he was not looking for or following Ishinabe but

instead was there for the twins; that Ishinabe did not tell him not to come nor did she tell

him to leave; that in fact at one point he specifically asked Ishinabe if she thought it was

" 'wrong' " for him to be at the school, but that she said nothing in response; that he

believed he had an absolute right to go the preschool because that is where his children

went to school; and that he had a similar right to attend the church services on May 4 and

May 11.

Hurtado also denied ever squeezing Ishinabe's wrist and testified he never

threatened to hurt or harm Ishinabe. He also testified that during the May 14 incident at

the school, he parked his car approximately three to four car lengths away from where

Ishinabe's car was parked, and that there was no car parked behind her. As such, he

testified Ishinabe had "plenty of space" to move her car that day, despite her declaration

and testimony otherwise, a fact which the photographs that were admitted into evidence

seemed to confirm.

Later on cross-examination, Hurtado was asked if he had any understanding as to

why Ishinabe was made to feel "uncomfortable" by his conduct. In response, Hurtado

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testified, "No, sir, I don't. I know what she is claiming here. I don't believe that is true. I

believe that what she is doing is trying to control the situation so she can keep me from

having my fair share of custody with the babies. That's what she is doing."

After hearing argument of counsel, the court denied the permanent restraining

order. In so doing, the court found in part as follows:

"I note that when the domestic violence temporary restraining order was requested,

there was a declaration filed [by] Ms. Ishinable [sic]. Her declaration was filed. In that

declaration she refers to the May 14 incident as being [in] a near constant state of anxiety

and filing the restraining order to protect herself.

"She refers to the May 13th incident as fear [for] her physical safety because Mr.

Hurtado's conduct escalated over the past two weeks. She refers to the May 11th incident

as shaken, stood frozen, could not talk. She refers to the May 4th incident as terrified

[for] her safety and [the] safety of the children.

"She again [in] . . . her declaration says she is in a near constant state of anxiety

and fear when he might appear unexpected and accost her. I know during the same

period of time there was a stipulated child custody and visitation agreement between the

parties and she was dong regular exchanges with [Hurtado] six times per week

unsupervised and did not express such fears she [was] unable to be in his presence for

exchanges.

"I note there's no prior history of abuse, physical, mental or emotional in this case

except for today for the first time ever . . . apparently for the first time her lawyer ever

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heard about it she begins to say there was a hard wrist grab. At first begins to say it

happened a long time ago. Then she changed to . . . say it happened relatively soon

within a month of him moving out. It's interesting the manner in which she filled that

fact in today.

"Other than that, there has been no prior mention or even alluding to prior history

of abuse, physical or mental or emotional, verbal abuse of any kind which would then lay

the basis for her to have a fear. There's a recent separation. Short period of time

transition been going on here.

"She points to seven incidents but in fact only three of those incidents had any

actual contact between the two of them. One is the May 11th at the church. One is the

May 13th at the school. The other is the May 14th at the school. The other four incidents

were not contact incidents.

"She learns through hearsay that he was at the church on May 4th and at the

school on May 15th and 16th. She saw his car in the area of the school on May 1st. I

would note that this is a short period of time, less than two weeks. It has not repeated.

This is looking into a pattern now not requiring continued behavior. This is over [a] two-

week period.

"I would note over two months now in the past and no incident. They have been

without incident. All the incidents related to [Hurtado] seeing the children in a public

place either at school or at church. At no time has there been any evidence presented

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there were any threat at any time toward her safety and the focus was always on the

children.

"I also note that on April 25th, 2014, there's the stipulation regarding the child

custody and visitation order which I believe [Ishinabe's attorney] had the court take

judicial notice of. The child custody and visitation order stipulated is not a domestic

violence restraining order. Nowhere in there did it specifically prohibit the father from

seeing the kid[s] at school, the children at school or church. These are open public

places. If the children [were] involved in T-ball games or school plays, certainly the

father could have attended. Nothing in that child custody visitation order prohibited

father from going to a T-ball game that these children [were] involved in or school plays

whether or not it was during his custody time.

"He had no reason to think he is prohibited from being in those public places. He

showed up at the school three times when the children were with the mother and

interacted with the children two times. It is clear from the testimony, even the testimony

of Ms. Ishinable, [sic] the focus was on the children, not the mother. He showed up twice

when no one was present and the school was closed. He showed up at the church two

times. One time when the mother was there with the children. The focus again was on

the children. The interaction was with the kids.

"The only exception of that and the only thing even begins to rise as the focus on

the mother is that he brought the children flowers to give to their mother on Mother's

Day. There was no threats, verbal or situational threats in any of these situations.

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 "Mother, based on these incidents as described by the father, files a domestic

violence temporary restraining order and a declaration under oath claiming that she's

terrified. Terrified is what she claims under oath. But even though she is claiming she

was terrified, she also at the same time admits she gave notice that if his conduct doesn't

stop, then she will file a DV/TRO.

"This is interesting because it's conditional. She on the one hand wants the court

to believe she is terrified. She needs the court's protection from Mr. Hurtado. But at the

same time also saying, 'I let him know that if he didn't stop, then I [will] be seeking the

TRO.' That's not how domestic violence restraining order represents.

"DV/TRO is when someone is truly terrified. As she claimed under oath to be if

she needs protection of the court and she seeks the protection of the court. Instead, what

she did in this case and what is clear to the court what she did in this case is she decided

to file domestic violence temporary restraining orders for a strategic purpose other than

seeking immediate protection of the court.

"He was engaging in conduct that she didn't want him engaging in and that she

indicated, that 'if you don't stop, then I will file the DV/TRO.' That's a conditional. It

shows at best conditional fear. But it actually shows other than that. It shows an

improper use of the DV/TRO. If she was afraid, she would have gotten the DV/TRO.

She would have her attorney file it and wouldn't have waited until after notice to the other

party.

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 "She contacted her attorney to give notice to the other party's attorney. If it does

not stop [she will] file the DV/TRO. Again this is an attempt to use the DV as a strategy

and a legal device, not for someone who is . . . terrified as she claims she was.

"For all the reasons stated above, the mother's claim of fear is not reasonable based

on the facts. And the circumstances and the history of this case as presented, the court

does not find the mother credible in her declaration. She is less than forth[]coming with

the court as to her level of fear in [her] declaration and DV/TRO." (Italics added.)

Next, the court addressed whether Ishinabe established a violation such that a

restraining order was proper for "disturbing her peace," although the court noted Ishinabe

in her declaration relied on fear, not disturbing the peace, as the basis for such an order.

The court noted it was again back to its "concern regarding her credibility." The court

ruled the facts did not support such a claim, finding in part on this issue as follows:

"Clearly the mother was annoyed the father was doing things that she didn't want

him doing. But is there a credible reasonable and offensive conduct that rise to the level

of her peace being disturbed to support the issuance of a restraining order[?] The court

does not feel it does.

"The conduct as discussed was not designed to be offensive towards the mother

such it was reasonable to her peace being disturbed. This is short term very minor, very

minimal contacts. Again, three contacts over a period of less than -- in fact, actual

contacts occurred over a period of four days. Total stated basis occurred over a period of

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two weeks with seven incidents, three of which had contact and then stopped. This is the

transitional period. The court needs to keep that in mind too in looking what is going on.

"There is a transitional period. The parties separated. Father moved out. They

reached an agreement for child custody visitation. The father selfishly acknowledges as

the court realizes selfishly wants to see the children. He is going through a period of

withdrawal, is not seeing his children as often as he wants to and [as] often as he had so

he finds places he can see them in public. Going by the school in the morning. Going by

church.

"This does not rise -- these minimal few incidents focused on the children

conducted in public locations does not rise to the level of her peace disturbed with

offensive conduct that give the basis for the court to issue a restraining order even for that

fact.

"The court does not find the conduct such that it rises to the level that it would

disturb her peace within the meaning of [section] 6320. And as such, Ms. Ishinable [sic]

has not met her burden of proof to satisfy the issuance of a restraining order.

"I want to note the two claims of violations of the [temporary] restraining order

since it was issued and served on Mr. Hurtado on May 21st. The May 27th inciden[t]

was murky and presented in different ways and times. The allegations he drove slowly

. . . in the parking lot, shopping center, which is in the father's neighborhood he regularly

shops and exchanges occurred.

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 "Today the information included it was 10 to 15 minutes after exchange. No

contact. No threat. And frankly, the court doesn't find such an incidental occurrence to

be a violation of the restraining order.

"The court is more concerned about the June 3rd incident. They both happened to

park in the [same] building. Her because she claims her office is [there]. Him because

that's where his attorney's office is. On their way to court for [a] court hearing on June

3rd, there's inadvertent close parking. No contact. No verbal exchanges. No threats. It

didn't directly relate to an appearance. [¶] . . . [¶]

"[Hurtado's lawyer] claims that Mr. Hurtado believes she no longer had an office

there and [was] getting only mail there. The court find[s] it as such an insignificant event

not to rise to [the] level of [a] restraining order. Not finding she sustained her burden of

proof, the court den[ies] the restraining order."

The record shows the parties and the court next discussed a modification to the

child custody and visitation order between Ishinabe and Hurtado to clarify Hurtado could

go to the preschool for a "special event," such as a "school play" or a "teacher meeting,"

as opposed to making an "unexpected appearance at the start and stop of school." The

record shows counsel for Ishinabe and Hurtado agreed on behalf of their clients to such a

modification.

DISCUSSION

A. Guiding Principles

At the time Ishinabe sought a restraining order, the DVPA authorized a trial court

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"to restrain any person for the purpose of preventing a recurrence of domestic violence

and ensuring a period of separation of the persons involved" if evidence showed

"reasonable proof of a past act or acts of abuse." (Former § 6300.)4 A court may issue

an order enjoining specific acts of "abuse" (§ 6218, subd. (a)), which are defined as,

among other things, behavior that could be enjoined under section 6320. (Former § 6203,

subd. (d).) Section 6320, in turn, permits a court to enjoin a party from engaging in

various types of behavior, including "disturbing the peace of the other party." (§ 6320,

subd. (a).) "[T]he plain meaning of the phrase 'disturbing the peace of the other party' in

section 6320 may be properly understood as conduct that destroys the mental or

emotional calm of the other party." (In re Marriage of Nadkarni (2009) 173 Cal.App.4th

1483, 1497.)

We review an order granting or denying a protective order under the DVPA for

abuse of discretion. (See In re Marriage of Nadkarni, supra, 173 Cal.App.4th at

p. 1495.) In considering the evidence supporting such an order, "the reviewing court

must apply the 'substantial evidence standard of review,' meaning ' "whether, on the

entire record, there is any substantial evidence, contradicted or uncontradicted,"

supporting the trial court's finding. [Citation.] "We must accept as true all evidence . . .

tending to establish the correctness of the trial court's findings . . . , resolving every

4 We note portions of the DVPA were amended effective January 1, 2015. (Stats.
2014, ch. 635, § 4.) Some provisions remain unchanged, and the changes that did go into
effect do not alter our analysis of the issues in this case. But in the interest of clarity, our
citation to sections of the DVPA are to the version in effect during proceedings in the
trial court, except when otherwise noted.

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conflict in favor of the judgment." ' [Citation.]" (Burquet v. Brumbaugh (2014) 223

Cal.App.4th 1140, 1143.) However, the weight to give the evidence and the power to

judge the credibility of witnesses are matters exclusively reserved to the trial court as trier

of fact. (In re Arturo D. (2002) 27 Cal.4th 60, 77.)

B. Analysis

As noted, Ishinabe contends the trial court erred because rather than determining

whether she had shown reasonable proof of past acts of abuse as defined under the

DVPA, the court instead based its denial on factors not required by the DVPA, including

inter alia: (1) she did not demonstrate fear of future physical abuse; (2) Hurtado's focus

was on the children and thus he did not intend to disturb her peace; and (3) the lack of

any history of domestic violence between Ishinabe and Hurtado and the lack of any

reoccurrence of any of the acts (after May 16, 2014) alleged by Ishinabe to constitute

"abuse" for purposes of the DVPA.

We disagree with Ishinabe's basic premise that in denying her request for a

permanent restraining order the court applied various requirements or factors not required

under the DVPA—including the three mentioned above. Instead, the record shows the

court looked to the evidence, or lack thereof, in connection with these and other factors

when it found her less than credible as a witness and found she filed the request for

restraining order for "strategic" reasons and as a "legal device." That is, the record shows

the court found the evidence Ishinabe proffered—both by way of declaration and by her

testimony—insufficient to sustain her burden to show "reasonable proof of a past act or

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acts of abuse" (see § 6300), as defined under former sections 6203 and 6320. We

conclude that the record amply supports the trial court's findings and thus, that it did not

abuse its discretion when it denied her request for a permanent restraining order.

As summarized ante—at the same time Ishinabe was claiming in her declaration

that she was "terrified" for her safety and for the safety of the twins after the May 4

exchange of the twins in which she claimed Hurtado "lingered" in the shopping center

parking lot; or that she was "shaken" and stood "frozen" and speechless on May 11 after

Hurtado appeared at the 7:30 church service and afterwards, walked the twins to her car

and had the audacity to put them in their car seats; or that she "feared for [her] physical

safety" on May 13, after Hurtado approached her car in the morning when Ishinabe was

dropping off the twins at their preschool—Ishinabe nonetheless was not so "terrified,"

"shaken" or "fear[ful]" that she was unable to meet Hurtado at least six times each

week—over about a two-month period5—in order to drop off and pick up the twins per

the stipulated order concerning Hurtado's visitation with the twins.

What's more, the record shows Ishinabe in her request for protective order

requested that Hurtado attend a 52-week batterer intervention program, but, for whatever

reason, she failed to include in her declaration in support of the restraining order that

5 The record shows the parties were complying with the April 25 child custody and
visitation order at least by May 1, when Hurtado testified he went to the school to check
on the twins because they had cried the day before when it was time to leave. In addition,
there is no evidence in the record the parties were not complying with the order at the
time of the July 14, 2014 hearing, when the court denied Ishinabe's request for a
permanent protective order.
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Hurtado allegedly had pushed her once, as she initially testified, which testimony she

immediately changed when she claimed Hurtado instead had squeezed her wrist hard.

The record also shows Ishinabe provided inconsistent testimony regarding when

this one incident of physical abuse allegedly occurred. She initially testified it occurred a

long time ago and left no bruises, which, she explained, was why she did not include this

incident in her detailed declaration in support of the restraining order. Yet, the record

shows Ishinabe again changed her testimony and said the incident occurred about a

month before Hurtado moved out (i.e., March 2014). In either case, it appears entirely

inconsistent for Ishinabe to omit this evidence from her declaration while at the same

time seeking a court order restraining Hurtado and requesting he undergo a year-long

batterer intervention program.

That there also is evidence in the record that, if credited, may have supported the

issuance of a restraining order is not the test, as Ishinabe appears to contend on appeal.

(See Burquet v. Brumbaugh, supra, 223 Cal.App.4th at p. 1143.) As noted, we review an

order granting or denying a protective order under the DVPA for abuse of discretion (see

In re Marriage of Nadkarni, supra, 173 Cal.App.4th at p. 1495) and in considering the

evidence supporting such an order, we apply a substantial evidence standard of review

(see Burquet v. Brumbaugh, supra, at p. 1143). Under the latter standard of review, we

must look to the entire record and determine whether there is any substantial evidence,

contradicted or uncontradicted, to support the court's finding. (Ibid.)

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 We conclude the court properly exercised its discretion when it found Ishinabe did

not file her restraining order request for protection from "abuse" by Hurtado (see former

§§ 6203 & 6320), as she contended, but rather for strategic reasons. (See, e.g., § 3044,

subd. (a) [creating a presumption against awarding sole or joint physical custody to a

party who the court has found "perpetuated domestic violence against the other party

seeking custody of the child . . . within the previous five years"].)6 We further conclude

that these findings are supported by substantial evidence in the record7 and that the court

therefore properly denied her request for a permanent restraining order.

6 The full text of subdivision (a) of section 3044 provides: "Upon a finding by the
court that a party seeking custody of a child has perpetrated domestic violence against the
other party seeking custody of the child or against the child or the child's siblings within
the previous five years, there is a rebuttable presumption that an award of sole or joint
physical or legal custody of a child to a person who has perpetrated domestic violence is
detrimental to the best interest of the child, pursuant to Section 3011. This presumption
may only be rebutted by a preponderance of the evidence."

7 Although our review here is for abuse of discretion and substantial evidence, we
note from our own review of the record there are multiple instances where Ishinabe
claimed she did not understand, or was unable to respond to, even simple questions posed
by counsel. By way of example only, when Ishinabe claimed she did not report the one
instance of physical abuse allegedly committed by Hurtado because it did not leave a
bruise, Hurtado's counsel asked, "You [i.e., Ishinabe] understand that he [i.e., Hurtado]
doesn't have to leave a bruise for you to report to the police physical injury?" After her
counsel's objection was overruled, Hurtado's counsel again asked the same question.
Ishinabe in response stated, "Do I understand?" When Hurtado's counsel confirmed this
was the question pending, Ishinabe then stated, "I don't think I understand the question.
Can you rephrase that, please?" When Hurtado's counsel again asked the same question,
Ishinabe finally responded, "I wouldn't call the police for just one pushing." We note
there are several other similar instances in the record bearing on Ishinabe's credibility, or
lack thereof, including when the court sua sponte instructed her to stop reading from her
declaration in support of the restraining order.
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 DISPOSITION

The order denying Ishinabe's request for a permanent restraining order is affirmed.

Hurtado to recover his costs of appeal.

BENKE, Acting P. J.

WE CONCUR:

HALLER, J.

O'ROURKE, J.

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