State ex rel. Am. Ctr. for Economic Equality v. Jackson

[Cite as State ex rel. Am. Ctr. for Economic Equality v. Jackson, 2015-Ohio-4981.]

Court of Appeals of Ohio
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
No. 102298

S/O EX REL. AMERICAN CENTER FOR ECONOMIC
EQUALITY
PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT

vs.

THE HONORABLE FRANK JACKSON, ET AL.
DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES

JUDGMENT:
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART,
AND REMANDED

Civil Appeal from the
Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CV-13-809917

BEFORE: McCormack, J., E.A. Gallagher, P.J., and Stewart, J.
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: December 3, 2015
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Gilbert W.R. Rucker, III
135 Pine Avenue, S.E.
Suite 203
Warren, OH 44481

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES

For the Honorable Frank Jackson

Barbara A. Langhenry
Law Director
City of Cleveland

By: Jonathan P. Barra
Assistant Law Director
601 Lakeside Ave., Suite 106
Cleveland, OH 44114

For National Economic Research Associates, Inc.

John R. Mitchell
Carolyn M. Cole
Thompson Hine, L.L.P.
3900 Key Center
127 Public Square
Cleveland, OH 44114-1291

Terry W. Posey, Jr.
Thompson Hine, L.L.P.
10050 Innovation Dr.
Suite 400
Miamisburg, OH 45342
TIM McCORMACK, J.:

{¶1} Relator-appellant, American Center for Economic Equality (“ACEE”),

appeals from the trial court’s judgment denying its petition for writ of mandamus. For

the following reasons, we affirm in part and reverse in part.

Procedural History and Substantive Facts

{¶2} In August 2010, the city of Cleveland (“City”) entered into a contract with

National Economic Research Associates, Inc. (“NERA”) to “develop, conduct, and

interpret a current disparity study, including recommending and implementing accepted

improvements to the City Office of Equal Opportunity’s business enterprise program.”

The purpose of the disparity study was to determine whether there was sufficient evidence

of discrimination to include race-conscious and gender-conscious goals in the City’s

procurement, construction, and other contracts, and if so, to assist the City in

implementing such goals in its business enterprise program. NERA is a private,

for-profit company that is incorporated in California, doing business in Texas, maintains

its main office in New York, and provides services for clients in North America, Asia

Pacific, and Europe. It provides professional consulting services in economics, finance,

and quantitative principles.

{¶3} On April 2, 2013, pursuant to R.C. 149.43, the Ohio Public Records Act,

ACEE requested from the City the production of any and all public records pertaining to

certain members of Mayor Frank G. Jackson’s staff and records generated or created from

January 1, 2008, through April 2, 2013, pertaining to NERA and the disparity study
prepared by NERA. On July 1, 2013, ACEE filed a petition for writ of mandamus. On

July 2, 2013, the City produced approximately 20,000 pages of documents in response to

ACEE’s public records request. On December 27, 2013, NERA filed a motion to

intervene, which the trial court granted.

{¶4} NERA opposed ACEE’s petition for a writ, stating that the City produced

all documents in its possession that were responsive to ACEE’s public records request

and not subject to privilege. It further stated that, with the exception of one confidential

document it provided to the City, the remaining documents were protected from

disclosure because NERA, a private entity, possessed the documents and because the

requested documents were trade secrets exempt from disclosure. The City also opposed

ACEE’s petition for writ, stating that it produced all documents in its possession that

were responsive to ACEE’s public records request and not subject to privilege. The City

stated that the one document in its possession was withheld pursuant to NERA’s

instructions.

{¶5} In March 2014, ACEE filed a motion for in camera inspection of documents

in NERA’s possession or documents NERA claimed were protected trade secrets. The

documents requested for in camera inspection included the following:

Any and all records pertaining to the studies and surveys referenced
on pages 266-267 of the document titled The State of Minority- and
Women-Owned Business Enterprise: Evidence from Cleveland Prepared for
the City of Cleveland that was issued on December 24, 2012, * * *
[including] but [ ] not limited to:

— the survey questionnaire mailed to 9,094 businesses;
— the 685 responses received;
 — the list of businesses that received the questionnaire;
— the list of 685 respondents;
— the study or discussion guide prepared for use in the group
interviews described on page 283 of the NERA report;
— a list of the 110 minority and female business owners who
participated in the group interviews; and
— any transcripts, video and/or audio tapes of the group

interviews.

{¶6} The trial court granted, in part, ACEE’s motion for in camera inspection.

The court ordered the City to produce the one document withheld from its July 2013

disclosure, based upon NERA’s instructions, for an in camera inspection.1

{¶7} Following a review of this document, which was a list of names with email

addresses, the court denied ACEE’s writ. The trial court determined that the single

document — the list of names — is a trade secret as defined in R.C. 1333.61 and is not

subject to disclosure. The court further found that the City has fulfilled its obligations

regarding ACEE’s public records request, having produced all other documents in its

possession relating to the records request. Finally, the trial court found that NERA is

not a public office pursuant to R.C. 149.43, nor is it a functional equivalent, agent, or

quasi-agent of the City. The court therefore held that the records retained by NERA are

not public records under R.C. 149.43 and ACEE is not entitled to their disclosure.

The October 2014 order also granted NERA’s motion for protective order regarding the
1

deposition of its senior vice president, Jon Wainwright, and the City’s motion for protective order
regarding the deposition of Natoya Walker-Minor. The court’s order with respect to the individual
depositions is not addressed on appeal.
 {¶8} ACEE appealed the trial court’s denial of the writ, raising two assignments

of error.

Assignments of Error

I. The trial court erred in finding the documents held by the third-party
contractor NERA were “trade secrets” and not subject to disclosure under
R.C. 149.43, the Public Records Act, [and] was contrary to law and against
the manifest weight of the evidence and constituted an abuse of discretion.

II. The trial court erred in its finding that the records requested were not

subject to the Public Records Act when the court limited its cursory analysis

to whether NERA was a “functional equivalent” of the City of Cleveland

and [in its] failing to consider the ramifications of the contractual

obligations between the City and NERA, which constituted an abuse of

discretion and a judgment contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence.

Standard of Review

{¶9} The proper remedy to enforce a public records request is an original action

in mandamus. R.C. 149.43(C); Salemi v. Cleveland Metroparks, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 100761, 2014-Ohio-3914, ¶ 10; State ex rel. Physicians Commt. for Responsible

Medicine v. Ohio State Univ. Bd. of Trustees, 108 Ohio St.3d 288, 2006-Ohio-903, 843

N.E.2d 174. In order to obtain relief, ACEE must demonstrate that it possesses a clear,

legal right to the requested records and that the respondent possesses a clear, legal duty to

provide the requested records. Id.

{¶10} The purpose of R.C. 149.43, Ohio’s Public Records Act, “is to expose

government activity to public scrutiny, which is absolutely essential to the proper working
of a democracy.” State ex rel. Gannett Satellite Info. Network, Inc. v. Petro, 80 Ohio

St.3d 261, 264, 685 N.E.2d 1223 (1997). R.C. 149.43 is therefore intended to be

liberally construed “to ensure that governmental records be open and made available to

the public * * * subject to only a few very limited and narrow exceptions.” State ex rel.

Williams v. Cleveland, 64 Ohio St.3d 544, 549, 597 N.E.2d 147 (1992). The relator,

however, must establish its entitlement to mandamus by clear and convincing evidence.

Salemi at ¶ 11. Clear and convincing evidence is “that measure or degree of proof

which is more than a mere ‘preponderance of the evidence,’ but not to the extent of such

certainty as is required ‘beyond a reasonable doubt’ in criminal cases, and which will

produce in the mind of the trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought

to be established.” Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469, 120 N.E.2d 118 (1954),

paragraph three of the syllabus.

{¶11} We review a trial court’s denial of a writ of mandamus for an abuse of

discretion. Cleveland v. Highland Hills, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 64605, 1993 Ohio App.

LEXIS 3187, * 6 (June 24, 1993), citing State, ex rel. Ney v. Niehaus, 33 Ohio St.3d 118,

515 N.E.2d 914 (1987); Ogle v. Hocking Cty. Sheriff, 4th Dist. Hocking No. 11AP13,

2012-Ohio-1768, ¶ 14.

Public Records Act

{¶12} In its second assignment of error,2 ACEE claims that the trial court erred in

denying the writ regarding the documents that are in NERA’s possession, where the court

We address appellant’s assignments of error out of order.
2
found that NERA was not a functional equivalent of a public office and therefore not

subject to the Public Records Act. ACEE essentially argues that the trial court erred in

applying the functional-equivalency analysis because NERA contracted with the City to

perform a public purpose and, therefore, the records requested concerning the contract are

public records. ACEE also argues that, under the functional-equivalency analysis, the

trial court failed to accord the proper weight to the City’s contract with NERA.

{¶13} Under the Public Records Act, R.C. 149.43, public offices must release

public records upon request. A public record is defined as “any record that is kept by

any public office, including, but not limited to, state, county, city, village, township, and

school district units.” R.C. 149.43(A)(1). For purposes of the Public Records Act, a

public office is defined as “any state agency, public institution, political subdivision, or

any other organized body, office, agency, institution, or entity established by the laws of

this state for the exercise of any function of government.” R.C. 149.011(A).

{¶14} In some instances, a private entity may qualify as a “public institution”

under R.C. 149.011(A), and thus, a “public office,” for purposes of R.C. 149.43. The

Ohio Supreme Court has held that a private entity may be the “functional equivalent” of a

public office where the court analyzes the following factors: (1) whether the entity

performs a governmental function; (2) the level of government funding; (3) the extent of

government involvement or regulation; and (4) whether the entity was created by the

government or to avoid the requirements of the Public Records Act. State ex rel. Oriana

House, Inc. v. Montgomery, 110 Ohio St.3d 456, 2006-Ohio-4854, 854 N.E.2d 193,
paragraph two of the syllabus. This functional-equivalency analysis “begins with the

presumption that private entities are not subject to the Public Records Act absent a

showing by clear and convincing evidence that the private entity is the functional

equivalent of a public office.” Id. at ¶ 26. Courts must apply the

functional-equivalency analysis on a case-by-case basis, “examining all pertinent factors

with no single factor being dispositive.” Id. at ¶ 23, citing Ry. Labor Executives Assn. v.

Consol. Rail Corp., 580 F.Supp. 777, 778 (D.C. 1984) (“All relevant factors are to be

considered cumulatively, with no single factor being essential or conclusive.”).

{¶15} Ohio courts have also held that when a public office contracts with a private

entity to perform government work, the private entity can be a “person responsible for

public records” sufficient to compel compliance with the Public Records Act, even if not

a “public office.” State ex rel. Toledo Blade Co. v. Bur. of Workers’ Comp., 106 Ohio

St.3d 113, 2005-Ohio-3549, 832 N.E.2d 711, ¶ 20; R.C. 149.43(C). Accordingly, under

this “quasi-agency” theory, the private entity may be subject to R.C. 149.43 where (1) the

private entity prepares records in order to carry out a public office’s responsibilities; (2)

the public office is able to monitor the private entity’s performance; and (3) the public

office has access to the records for this purpose. State ex rel. Carr v. Akron, 112 Ohio

St.3d 351, 2006-Ohio-6714, 859 N.E.2d 948, ¶ 36, citing State ex rel. Mazzaro v.

Ferguson, 49 Ohio St.3d 37, 39, 550 N.E.2d 464 (1990); see also State ex rel. ACLU of

Ohio v. Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. of Commrs., 128 Ohio St.3d 256, 2011-Ohio-625, 943 N.E.2d

553.
 {¶16} In permitting mandamus against “either the governmental unit or the person

responsible for a public record * * * [, the statute] manifests an intent to afford access to

public records, even when a private entity is responsible for the records.” Mazzaro at

39. The public’s right of access to public records, includes “any material on which a

public office could or did rely, * * * regardless of where they are physically located, or in

whose possession they may be.” Mazzaro at 40.

{¶17} A public office, therefore, cannot escape its responsibility for public records

simply by contracting with a private entity. See State ex rel. Gannett Satellite Info.

Network v. Shirey, 78 Ohio St.3d 400, 403, 678 N.E.2d 557 (1997). Thus, even without

a finding that the private entity is a public office, or a functional equivalent, its records

might be subject to disclosure under R.C. 149.43. State ex rel. Toledo Blade Co. v.

Univ. of Toledo Found., 65 Ohio St.3d 258, 263, 602 N.E.2d 1159 (1992).

{¶18} Here, ACEE contends, in part, that the trial court erred in only applying the

functional-equivalency test. We find, however, that the court analyzed and rejected both

the functional-equivalency test espoused in Oriana House, 110 Ohio St.3d 456,

2006-Ohio-4854, 854 N.E.2d 193, and the quasi-agency theory espoused in Mazzaro, 49

Ohio St.3d 37, 550 N.E.2d 464, stating that “NERA is not a public office pursuant to R.C.

149.43. Further, it is not the functional equivalent of a governmental agency, nor is it an

agent or quasi-agent of respondent * * *.” Accordingly, we will review ACEE’s

assignment of error under both analyses.

A. Functional Equivalent
 {¶19} As previously stated, the applicable test for determining when a private

entity is a public office subject to the Public Records Act is the functional-equivalency

analysis. See State ex rel. Bell v. Brooks, 130 Ohio St.3d 87, 2011-Ohio-4897, 955

N.E.2d 987, ¶ 18, citing Oriana House, 110 Ohio St.3d 456, 2006-Ohio-4854, 854 N.E.2d

193. “By homing in on the functional realities of a particular contractual arrangement,

the functional-equivalency test provides greater protection against unintended public

disclosures while affording a more suitable framework for determining the extent to

which an entity has actually assumed the role of a governmental body.” State ex rel.

Repository v. Nova Behavioral Health, Inc., 112 Ohio St.3d 338, 2006-Ohio-6713, 859

N.E.2d 936, ¶ 24.

{¶20} In applying the factors of the functional-equivalency test, we find that

ACEE has not established by clear and convincing evidence that NERA is the functional

equivalent of a public office for purposes of the Public Records Act. First, NERA has

not performed a historically governmental function. A “governmental function”

traditionally includes such tasks as providing police, fire, and emergency services, public

education, and a free public library system, preserving the peace, regulating the use and

maintenance of roads, operating jails, regulating traffic, and collecting refuse. See R.C.

2744.01(C)(2). NERA, however, is a private consulting firm that was contracted to

conduct a disparity study. Disparity studies are typically performed by private

consultants. DynaLantic Corp. v. United States DOD, 885 F.Supp.2d 237, 261 (D.D.C.

2012). And where a private entity is performing a function that is traditionally
performed by private entities, it is not performing a “historically governmental function.”

Brooks at ¶ 22 (concluding that providing insurance is traditionally the role of a private

entity and therefore not a government function).

{¶21} Second, the extent of government involvement or regulation is minimal.

ACEE claims that certain provisions of the contract between the parties establish NERA

as a functional equivalent of the City: (1) the City shall “supplement its regularly

employed staff” in order to develop and conduct the disparity study; (2) NERA shall

submit monthly reports to the City; and (3) all “records, documents, materials, and

working papers prepared as part of the work under this agreement” shall become the

property of the City. These provisions, however, do not establish that the City made

decisions for, controlled, or supervised the day-to-day operations of NERA. Nova

Behavioral Health, Inc. at ¶ 34 (contractual provisions and monitoring requirements

constituted only the control necessary to ensure government funds were properly used and

did not exhibit control of day-to-day operations sufficient to establish functional

equivalency). Moreover, NERA maintains its own facilities and staff, who are not City

employees. NERA is therefore an independent, private entity, and the City’s limited

involvement with NERA by virtue of its contract does not change NERA’s status. Id. at

¶ 35, 36.

{¶22} Third, we find that there is no evidence that NERA was created by the City

or created as a means to avoid the requirements of the Public Records Act. NERA is a

private, for-profit California corporation, doing business in Texas, that provides
consulting services in economics, finance, and quantitative principles nationwide.

According to NERA, the organization was established in 1961, decades before its

contract with the City.

{¶23} Finally, the level of government funding obtained by NERA for this

disparity study is minimal. Jon Wainwright, Senior Vice President of NERA, provided

that NERA generates approximately $125 million in annual revenue, the large majority of

which is obtained from private entities. According to the City’s contract with NERA,

the City agreed to pay an amount not to exceed $757,602. The revenue generated from

its contract with the City was therefore less than 1 percent of its total revenue.

{¶24} Considering the totality of the above factors, we find that NERA is not a

functional equivalent of a public office sufficient to compel compliance with the Public

Records Act.

B. Person Responsible for Public Records

{¶25} Having found that NERA is not the functional equivalent of a public office,

we must now determine whether NERA is the “person responsible for public records”

under R.C. 149.43(C). ACEE argues that it is entitled to the records requested under

this “quasi-agency” theory.

{¶26} As previously stated, under this theory, the private entity may be subject to

R.C. 149.43 where (1) the private entity prepares records in order to carry out a public

office’s responsibilities; (2) the public office is able to monitor the private entity’s

performance; and (3) the public office has access to the records for this purpose. Carr,
112 Ohio St.3d 351, 2006-Ohio-6714, 859 N.E.2d 948, at ¶ 36, citing Mazzaro, 49 Ohio

St.3d at 39, 550 N.E.2d 464.

{¶27} Moreover, the Ohio Supreme Court has also determined that regardless of

whether the relator has established that the private consultant acted as the City’s agent or

that the relationship between the City and the consultant satisfied the three-prong test in

Mazzaro, supra, where a public official contracted with a private entity for a public

purpose, the records are public records subject to disclosure under R.C. 149.43. Shirey,

78 Ohio St.3d at 403, 678 N.E.2d 557.

{¶28} In Shirey, the city of Cincinnati contracted with a private consultant to assist

the city in hiring a safety director. The private consultant agreed to provide the city

manager with a list of final applicants, but all applications and resumes would become the

sole property of the private consultant and would not be subject to public review. In

response to a reporter’s public records request for all records regarding the applicants for

safety director, the city denied the request based upon the fact that the records were in the

possession of the private contractor.

{¶29} The Ohio Supreme Court determined that the requested documents (which

included applicant resumes and supporting documents of the safety director applicants)

were subject to disclosure under R.C. 149.43. Shirey at 403-404. The court noted that

had the city undertaken the task without hiring the private consultant, the records at issue

would have been subject to disclosure. Id., quoting Forum Publishing Co. v. Fargo, 391

N.W.2d 169, 172 (N.D.1986). In concluding that the city could not attempt to
circumvent R.C. 149.43 by contracting with a private company, the court stated that “to

hold otherwise, governmental entities could conceal information concerning the hiring of

important public officials from the public by merely delegating this uniquely public duty

to a private entity.” Id. at 404; State ex rel. Plain Dealer Publishing Co. v. Cleveland,

75 Ohio St.3d 31, 661 N.E.2d 187 (1996) (where a public official contracted with a

private entity for a public purpose — to assist in the filling of a municipal position — the

documents in the private entity’s possession are no less a public record simply because

they were in the possession of the private entity, regardless of whether an agency

relationship had been established or the entity had been established as the “person

responsible for public records”).

{¶30} Here, the City hired NERA to conduct a disparity study and recommend and

implement “accepted improvements to the City Office of Equal Opportunity’s business

enterprise program.” The purpose of the disparity study was to determine whether there

was sufficient evidence of discrimination to include race-conscious and gender-conscious

goals in the City’s procurement, construction, and other contracts.

{¶31} Without question, the task of ensuring the equal opportunities of all women

and minorities in government contracts serves an important public purpose. The

eradication of discrimination in public procurement and construction contracts benefits

the community as a whole and is directly related to the functions of the government. To

that end, NERA has prepared its records in order to carry out the City’s public

responsibilities.
 {¶32} Additionally, according to the terms of the contract, NERA agreed to submit

monthly reports to the City on its progress, and the City agreed to assist NERA by

providing office and working facilities. Article V of the contract also provided that

upon cancellation, “all records, documents, materials and working papers prepared as part

of the work under [the] agreement shall become the property of the City,” as well as any

additional materials that “would be necessary * * * to maintain continuity in progress of

the work by another consultant.”

{¶33} In light of the above, it is evident that the City was able to monitor NERA’s

performance and it had access to the records for this purpose. Indeed, the record shows

that the City had produced approximately 20,000 pages of documents in its possession in

response to ACEE’s public records request. Accordingly, the requested records are

subject to disclosure under the Public Records Act insofar as R.C. 149.43 is applicable to

these records. See Carr, 112 Ohio St.3d 351, 2006-Ohio-6714, 859 N.E.2d 948, at ¶ 39

(the fact that the parties are subject to the Public Records Act does not prevent a party

from raising an exception to R.C. 149.43).

{¶34} The trial court’s determination that NERA is not an agent or quasi-agent of

the City is reversed. ACEE’s second assignment of error is sustained in part.
 Trade Secrets

{¶35} Having found that NERA is a “person responsible for public records,” we

must determine whether any exceptions to the required release of public records apply.

Both NERA and the City claim that the requested documents are “trade secrets” and

therefore not subject to disclosure.

{¶36} The Ohio Public Records Act provides several exceptions to the required

release of public records. One such exception includes the disclosure of “[r]ecords the

release of which is prohibited by state or federal law.” R.C. 149.43(A)(1)(v). The

Ohio Supreme Court has determined that “a public office’s own trade secret, in its

possession, is a record ‘the release of which is prohibited by state or federal law.’” State

ex rel. Luken v. Corp. for Findlay Mkt. of Cincinnati, 135 Ohio St.3d 416,

2013-Ohio-1532, 988 N.E.2d 546, ¶ 17, citing State ex rel. Besser v. Ohio State Univ., 87

Ohio St.3d 535, 721 N.E.2d 1044, (2000).

{¶37} “Trade secret” is defined as

information, including * * * any business information or plans, financial
information, or listing of names, addresses, or telephone numbers, that
satisfies both of the following:

(1) It derives independent economic value, actual or potential, from not
being generally known to, and not being readily ascertainable by proper
means by, other persons who can obtain economic value from its disclosure
or use.

(2) It is the subject of efforts that are reasonable under the circumstances to

maintain its secrecy.

R.C. 1333.61(D) (The Ohio Uniform Trade Secrets Act).
 {¶38} In adopting this court’s analysis of a trade secret claim, the Ohio Supreme

Court determined that the following factors should be considered in determining whether

a trade secret claim meets the statutory definition as codified in R.C. 1333.61(D):

(1) The extent to which the information is known outside the business; (2)
the extent to which it is known to those inside the business, i.e., by the
employees; (3) the precautions taken by the holder of the trade secret to
guard the secrecy of the information; (4) the savings effected and the value
to the holder in having the information as against competitors; (5) the
amount of effort or money expended in obtaining and developing the
information, and (6) the amount of time and expense it would take for
others to acquire and duplicate the information.

State ex rel. Plain Dealer v. Ohio Dept. of Ins., 80 Ohio St.3d 513, 524-525, 687 N.E.2d

661 (1997), citing Pyromatics, Inc. v. Petruziello, 7 Ohio App.3d 131, 134-135, 454

N.E.2d 588 (8th Dist.1983).

{¶39} The entity claiming trade-secret status “bears the burden to identify and

demonstrate that the material is included in categories of protected information under the

statute and additionally must take some active steps to maintain its secrecy.” State ex

rel. Besser v. Ohio State Univ., 89 Ohio St.3d 396, 399-400, 732 N.E.2d 373 (2000),

citing Fred Siegel Co., L.P.A. v. Arter & Hadden, 85 Ohio St.3d 171, 181, 707 N.E.2d

853 (1999).

{¶40} In this case, in response to ACEE’s public records request, the City

produced approximately 20,000 documents relating to its contract with NERA. ACEE

claims, however, that a significant number of records from that request that pertain to “the

studies and surveys referenced on pages 266-267 of the document titled The State of

Minority- and Women-Owned Business Enterprise: Evidence from Cleveland Prepared
for the City of Cleveland that was issued on December 24, 2012” were not produced.

According to ACEE, these particular documents include: the survey; the responses

received; the list of businesses that received the questionnaire; the list of respondents; the

study or discussion guide prepared for use in group interviews; a list of the minority and

female business owners who participated in the group interviews; and any transcripts,

video and/or audio tapes of the group interviews. The City stated that the one document

in its possession that had not been produced (a list of names and addresses) was a trade

secret and not subject to disclosure. NERA claimed that the remaining documents still

requested by ACEE are in NERA’s possession, not the City’s, and they are exempt from

disclosure because they are trade secrets.

{¶41} ACEE requested an in camera inspection of the above listed items. The

trial court, however, allowed inspection of only one document — the list of names and

email addresses that the City possessed — and found it to be a trade secret. The trial

court determined that NERA was not a functional equivalent of the City and, therefore,

any documents in its possession were not subject to disclosure under the Public Records

Act. Based upon this finding, the court did not review the documents in NERA’s

possession, and thus, it made no determination regarding the applicability of the trade

secret exemption to R.C. 149.43 to these documents. We therefore review the trial

court’s determination concerning the single list of names and email addresses the court

found to be a trade secret.
 {¶42} NERA identified this list as proprietary information obtained as a result of

the disparity study it was contracted to perform for the City. In support of its contention

that the list constitutes trade secrets, NERA submits the affidavit of Jon Wainwright,

Senior Vice President of NERA. Wainwright provides that the information contained in

this list is confidential and is not generally known or readily ascertainable to others

outside of NERA. He states that he disclosed this information to the City “only for

legitimate business purposes and communicated to the City that the City had to act with

the utmost care to protect [the document’s] confidentiality.” He further provides that

this information “has not been publicly released, published, or patented,” because it is not

published in their studies and is not made available to NERA’s competitors.

{¶43} Wainwright stated this confidential information is available only to him,

with the exception of NERA employees responsible for maintaining the company’s

computer and network infrastructure, three researchers in NERA’s Austin office, and a

secretary in New York. He stated that access to the confidential records “must be

explicitly granted and approved by me.” In addition, Wainwright states that NERA

restricts access to, and disclosure of, NERA’s confidential information by “physically

securing its facilities and documents” and maintaining “password-protect[ed] computers

and networks.”

{¶44} According to Wainwright, NERA requires all employees, including

temporary employees, to execute confidentiality agreements and nondisclosure

agreements. The nondisclosure agreement states as follows:
 [NERA’s] competitive position depends upon its ability to maintain the

confidentiality of the Confidential Information and Trade Secrets which

were developed, compiled and acquired by [NERA] at its great effort and

expense * * * any revealing, or using of any of the Confidential Information

and Trade Secrets, other than in connection with [NERA’s] business * * *

will be highly detrimental to [NERA] and cause it to suffer loss of business

and pecuniary damage * * * I agree that I will not * * * disseminate or

disclose to any other person, organization, or entity Confidential

Information or Trade Secrets [.]

These agreements also prohibit any terminated employee from leaving employment with

any originals or copies of NERA’s records.

{¶45} NERA’s employee handbook describes the nature of its work as “highly

confidential” and defines “confidential information” as

any and all information relating to any client or prospective client of the

company, any and all information * * * relating to the company and the

operation of its business, and/or any information subject to restriction on

disclosure or which an employee knows or should have known is

considered by the company or the company’s client * * * to be confidential,

sensitive, proprietary or a trade secret, or is not readily available to the

public.
 {¶46} Additionally, Wainwright submits that NERA has developed and refined its

business for more than 24 years, invested a substantial amount of time, effort, and

expense in developing its product and in developing an excellent reputation in the

economic consulting industry, particularly with respect to disparity studies. He further

states that it would take a significant amount of time, effort, and expense for others to

duplicate what NERA has developed. He provides that NERA’s reputation “allows it to

successfully obtain contract awards from clients, even when its services sometimes

command a premium compared to NERA’s competitors.”

{¶47} Finally, Wainwright provides that NERA’s proprietary information has

independent economic value, especially to its competitors, stating, “If NERA’s

competitors obtain access to these records, it would significantly reduce, or possibly even

eliminate NERA’s competitive advantage, since its competitors would gain precise

knowledge of how NERA conducts its studies.”

{¶48} In light of the above, we find that the trial court did not err in finding that

the list of names and email addresses reviewed in camera constitutes a trade secret. The

evidence sufficiently establishes that the list contains information that is not generally

known to those outside the business; it derives independent economic value from not

being generally known to the public; NERA expends substantial effort in guarding its

secrecy; NERA has expended substantial time, effort, and expense in obtaining and

developing the information; and the disclosure of this information would give a

competitor a tremendous advantage in not having to expend the time, effort, and expense
to obtain the same information. ACEE is therefore not entitled to disclosure of the

names and email addresses contained in this list, and ACEE’s writ, as it pertains to this

list, was properly denied.

{¶49} To the extent that ACEE’s first assignment of error pertains to the trial

court’s finding that the single document in the City’s possession is a trade secret, the

assignment of error is overruled. Because we find, however, that NERA is, in fact, a

“person responsible for public records” subject to R.C. 149.43, we remand the matter to

the trial court for a determination as to whether the remaining requested documents in

NERA’s possession constitute trade secrets.

{¶50} Judgment affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

It is ordered that appellant and appellee share the costs herein taxed.

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common

pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

______________________________________________
TIM McCORMACK, JUDGE

EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, P.J., and
MELODY J. STEWART, J., CONCUR