United States v. Goodwin

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit

December 7, 2015
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,
No. 15-3054
v. (D.C. No. 2:07-CR-20168-JWL-DJW-
24)
FRANKLIN GOODWIN, JR., (D. Kan.)

Defendant - Appellant.

ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before HOLMES, MATHESON, and PHILLIPS, Circuit Judges.

Franklin Goodwin, Jr. appeals from the district court’s denial of his motion

for sentence modification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), wherein he sought a

reduction of his sentence based on Amendment 782 to the United States

Sentencing Guidelines Manual (“U.S.S.G.” or “Guidelines”). Exercising our

*
The parties have not requested oral argument, and upon examining
the briefs and appellate record, this panel has decided that oral argument would
not materially assist the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P.
34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without
oral argument.

This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Federal Rule of Appellate
Procedure 32.1 and Tenth Circuit Rule 32.1.
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and construing Mr. Goodwin’s pro se filings

liberally, see Garza v. Davis, 596 F.3d 1198, 1201 n.2 (10th Cir. 2010), we affirm the

judgment of the district court.

I

In 2009 a jury convicted Mr. Goodwin of conspiring to manufacture, possess with

intent to distribute, and distribute fifty grams or more of cocaine base, in violation of 21

U.S.C. §§ 846, 841(a)(1), and 841(b)(1)(A), and of using a communication device to

facilitate a drug-trafficking offense, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 843(b). The Presentence

Investigation Report (“PSR”) included a finding that Mr. Goodwin’s offense involved

170 grams of cocaine base; it computed an advisory sentencing range of 188 to 235

months’ imprisonment under the Guidelines.1 In calculating this sentencing range, the

PSR applied the appropriate section of the Guidelines for violations of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846

and 843(b)—U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1—added a two-level enhancement for possession of a

dangerous weapon pursuant to § 2D1.1(b)(1), and took into account multiple prior

convictions.

Regarding Mr. Goodwin’s prior convictions, the government filed an information

pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 851(a)(1), alleging that Mr. Goodwin had previously been

convicted of two felony drug offenses. In doing so, the government obliged the district

1
The Probation Office used the 2008 edition of the Guidelines in
preparing the PSR. The parties do not contest the applicability of that edition on
appeal, so we use the 2008 edition in conducting our analysis.

-2-
court—upon a subsequent judicial finding confirming the existence of those

convictions—to sentence Mr. Goodwin “by reason” of them “to increased punishment.”

21 U.S.C. § 851(a)(1); see id. § 851(d)(1) (“If the person files no response to the

information, or if the court determines, after hearing, that the person is subject to

increased punishment by reason of prior convictions, the court shall proceed to impose

sentence upon him as provided by this part.” (emphasis added)). The district court found

that Mr. Goodwin had been convicted of two prior felony drug offenses.

At sentencing, the district court adopted the PSR’s findings applying U.S.S.G.

§ 2D1.1. But, because it found that Mr. Goodwin had been convicted of two prior felony

drug offenses, the court imposed a mandatory-minimum sentence of life imprisonment

pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A). See generally 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A) (2006)

(“In the case of a violation . . . involving . . . 50 grams or more of a mixture or substance

. . . which contains cocaine base . . . . If any person commits a violation of this

subparagraph or of section 849, 859, 860, or 861 of this title after two or more prior

convictions for a felony drug offense have become final, such person shall be sentenced

to a mandatory term of life imprisonment without release . . . .”). A panel of this court

affirmed Mr. Goodwin’s convictions on direct appeal. See United States v. Goodwin, 433

F. App’x 636, 638–40 (10th Cir. 2011) (unpublished).

Mr. Goodwin subsequently filed the instant motion in the district court under 18

U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), seeking a reduction of his sentence pursuant to Amendment 782 of

the Guidelines. The district court denied Mr. Goodwin’s motion for lack of jurisdiction.

-3-
The court explained that it generally lacks jurisdiction to modify a sentence unless

authorized by statute. The statute on which Mr. Goodwin relies, 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2),

authorizes sentence modification for “a defendant who has been sentenced to a term of

imprisonment based on a sentencing range that has subsequently been lowered by the

Sentencing Commission” when the reduction is “consistent with applicable policy

statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.” 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). The district

court found that Mr. Goodwin’s sentence was not “based on a sentencing range that has

subsequently been lowered by the Sentencing Commission” because he was sentenced

pursuant to a mandatory minimum prescribed by Congress in the Controlled Substances

Act, 21 U.S.C. § 801–904. Because Mr. Goodwin remained subject to that mandatory

statutory minimum regardless of the application of Amendment 782, the court found that

it lacked jurisdiction to reduce his sentence.

This appeal followed.

II

We review the district court’s denial of a sentence reduction under 18 U.S.C.

§ 3582(c)(2) for abuse of discretion. See, e.g., United States v. Osborn, 679 F.3d 1193,

1195 (10th Cir. 2012). In doing so, we review de novo the district court’s interpretation

of a statute or the Guidelines. See, e.g., United States v. Rhodes, 549 F.3d 833, 837 (10th

Cir. 2008).

-4-
 A

Under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), a district court may reduce a defendant’s sentence

when the Guidelines range has been lowered after sentencing by the U.S. Sentencing

Commission. See United States v. Price, 438 F.3d 1005, 1006–07 (10th Cir. 2006). Mr.

Goodwin argues that the district court abused its discretion when it concluded that

Amendment 782 does not authorize a reduction of his sentence pursuant to § 3582(c)(2).

However, we conclude that the district court correctly explained why Amendment 782

does not affect Mr. Goodwin’s sentence and properly denied his § 3582(c)(2) motion.

Mr. Goodwin is correct that Amendment 782 lowered his ordinarily applicable

advisory Guidelines range of 188 to 235 months. Amendment 782 reduced the base

offense levels assigned to drug quantities in U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1, effectively lowering the

Guidelines minimum sentences for drug offenses. See U.S.S.G., suppl. to app. C, amend.

782 (2014). The Amendment became effective on November 1, 2014, and applies

retroactively.

However, we conclude that Mr. Goodwin’s motion was properly dismissed

because his sentence was a function of a statutorily-prescribed mandatory minimum, not

his otherwise applicable advisory Guidelines range. Specifically, after the district court

found that Mr. Goodwin had been convicted of two prior felony drug offenses, based on

the government’s filing of an information pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 851(a)(1), the court

was required to impose a sentence of life pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A) (2006).

See, e.g., United States v. Payton, 405 F.3d 1168, 1173 (10th Cir. 2005) (“Based on the

-5-
admitted facts in [the defendant’s] guilty plea, the district court had no discretion under

the statute to do other than impose the mandatory minimum sentence.”). And under

U.S.S.G. § 5G1.1(b), because the “statutorily required minimum sentence [was] greater

than the maximum of the applicable guideline range,” the mandatory statutory minimum

effectively constituted Mr. Goodwin’s Guidelines sentence. U.S.S.G. § 5G1.1(b); see

also, e.g., United States v. Wheeler, 230 F.3d 1194, 1196 (10th Cir. 2000) (“If the upper

limit of the guidelines range is less than seven years, [the defendant] must be sentenced to

the mandatory minimum seven-year sentence.”).

In short, because the district court held Mr. Goodwin accountable for two prior

felony drug offenses, his actual sentence was controlled by the statutory mandatory

minimum, and his Guidelines range of 188 to 235 months did not provide even the

advisory parameters of his sentence. Consequently, the fact that Amendment 782 had the

effect of lowering Mr. Goodwin’s advisory Guidelines range was irrelevant and could not

avail Mr. Goodwin under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). See, e.g., United States v. Smartt, 129

F.3d 539, 542 (10th Cir. 1997) (“Mr. Smartt was not sentenced pursuant to the guidelines.

Rather, he was sentenced to a statutory mandatory minimum . . . . Mr. Smartt was thus

ineligible for a reduction of sentence under section 3582(c)(2).” (citations omitted)).

B

Mr. Goodwin also appeals other aspects of his sentence. For example, he

challenges whether he was a career offender, whether the use of his prior felony drug

convictions to increase his sentence was appropriate, and whether the district court’s drug

-6-
quantity findings attributable to him were correct. We conclude that Mr. Goodwin cannot

prevail on these claims.

The district court correctly found that it lacks jurisdiction to reach the merits of

these claims because Ҥ 3582(c)(2) does not authorize a resentencing. Instead, it permits

a sentence reduction within the narrow bounds established by the Commission. . . .

Because the aspects of his sentence that [Mr. Goodwin] seeks to correct were not affected

by the Commission’s amendment to § 2D1.1, they are outside the scope of the proceeding

authorized by § 3582(c)(2), and the District Court properly declined to address them.”

Dillon v. United States, 560 U.S. 817, 831 (2010) (citation omitted).

C

In addition, for the first time in his reply brief,2 Mr. Goodwin argues that United

States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), nullified the mandatory effect of statutory

minimum sentences. In Booker, the Supreme Court held that the Guidelines are not

mandatory but merely advisory. Booker, 543 U.S. at 245. We find Mr. Goodwin’s

argument predicated on Booker unavailing.

Booker held that the sentencing ranges of the Guidelines are not mandatory, but

did nothing to negate the mandatory effect of the statutory sentences prescribed by

Congress in the Controlled Substances Act. See, e.g., United States v. Cornelius, 696

2
“[W]e routinely have declined to consider arguments that are not
raised, or are inadequately presented, in an appellant’s opening brief.” Bronson v.
Swensen, 500 F.3d 1099, 1104 (10th Cir. 2007). However, we exercise our
discretion to consider this late-blooming argument.

-7-
F.3d 1307, 1326 (10th Cir. 2012) (“[A] district court has no discretion to depart from a

statutorily mandated minimum sentence under 21 U.S.C. § 841, since statutory minima

were not rendered merely advisory by United States v. Booker . . . .”); accord United

States v. Cherry, 433 F.3d 698, 702 (10th Cir. 2005); Payton, 405 F.3d at 1173.

Furthermore, Booker had no impact on the sentence-modification vehicle prescribed by

§ 3582, and is inapposite in this context. See, e.g., United States v. Pedraza, 550 F.3d

1218, 1220 (10th Cir. 2008) (noting that “Booker [did] not touch[] § 3582(c)(2)”); accord

Price, 438 F.3d at 1007. At bottom, because Booker did nothing to nullify the mandatory

effect of statutory minimum sentences, Mr. Goodwin’s reliance on Booker is

fundamentally misguided.

III

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of Mr.

Goodwin’s motion for sentence modification.

ENTERED FOR THE COURT

Jerome A. Holmes
Circuit Judge

-8-