NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING
MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED
IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL
OF FLORIDA
SECOND DISTRICT
BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., )
)
Appellant, )
)
v. ) Case Nos. 2D14-858
) 2D14-4436
KIPPS COLONY II CONDOMINIUM )
ASSOCIATION, INC., a Florida corporation ) CONSOLIDATED
not for profit; INLAND ASSETS, LLC; )
CHARLES C. KNIGHTON; and MEGAN A. )
KNIGHTON, )
)
Appellees. )
)
Opinion filed December 9, 2015.
Appeals pursuant to Fla. R. App. 9.130
from the Circuit Court for Pinellas County;
Pamela A.M. Campbell, Judge.
Adam M. Topel, J. Randolph Liebler, and
Tricia J. Duthiers of Liebler, Gonzalez &
Portuondo, Miami, for Appellant.
Shawn G. Brown of Redding & Brown,
PLLC, Tampa; and Lang & Raffa, P.A., St.
Petersburg, for Appellee Kipps Colony II
Condominium Association, Inc.
Mark P. Stopa of Stopa Law Firm, Tampa,
for Appellee Inland Assets, LLC.
No appearance for remaining Appellees.
BLACK, Judge.
In these consolidated appeals, Bank of America, N.A., challenges the trial
court's rulings on two motions for relief from judgment. Bank of America raises multiple
claims of error in the appeal from the denial of its Florida Rule of Civil Procedure
1.540(b) motion. Because we find merit in one of those arguments, requiring reversal of
the order denying relief from judgment, we do not address the remaining claims. As to
Bank of America's appeal from the denial of the rule 1.540(a) motion, we affirm without
comment.
I. Background
Kipps Colony II Condominium Association filed a lien foreclosure action
against Charles and Megan Knighton for failure to pay their condominium assessments.
The Association's complaint named Bank of America as a defendant. The complaint
alleged that Megan Knighton "may claim an interest in the Unit by virtue of that certain
Mortgage on the Unit, recorded in O.R. Book 13524, Page 595, and that certain
Mortgage on the Unit, recorded in O.R. Book 14385, Page 1957." The complaint also
alleged that Bank of America "may claim an interest in the Unit by virtue of its mortgage
recorded in O.R. Book 14385, Page 1957, which interest, if any, is inferior and
subordinate to" the Association's lien. The complaint did not otherwise identify the
mortgages on the condominium or expressly state that Bank of America held both the
first and second mortgages on the property, only the second of which was inferior to the
Association's lien. It did, however, allege that the Association was not required to give
Charles Knighton notice of its intention to foreclose the lien because an action to
foreclose a mortgage on the condominium was pending before the trial court. The
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Association requested that "the Defendants and all other persons who have any lien
junior to the lien of [the Association] be barred and forever foreclosed of all right, title,
interest, equity or redemption or lien in or to or against the [condominium unit]."
A default was entered against Bank of America. The Association then
moved for summary judgment, and a final summary judgment of foreclosure was
rendered December 19, 2011. Paragraph five of the uniform final judgment states:
The lien of [the Association] is superior in dignity to any right,
title, interest or claim of the defendants through or under the
defendants and all persons, corporations, or other entities
claiming by, through or under the defendants or any of them
and the property will be sold free and clear of all claims of
the defendant with the exception of any assessments that
are superior pursuant to sections 718.116 or 20.3085,
Florida Statutes.
(Emphasis added.)
The property was sold on January 28, 2013, more than a year after entry
of the final judgment. The parties have not provided an explanation for the delay from
March 2012 to January 2013. Inland Assets, LLC, purchased the property at the
foreclosure sale. A certificate of title was issued in February 2013, and Inland Assets
immediately filed a quiet title action against Bank of America and the Knightons. Bank
of America again failed to appear,1 and Inland Assets obtained a quiet title judgment on
March 18, 2013. That judgment provides, in pertinent part:
[Inland Assets] is the rightful and lawful owner of the
Property, free and clear of any liens or encumbrances by
[Bank of America] (or any persons claiming by, through, or
under [Bank of America]) and to the exclusion of any claims,
liens, or mortgages of [Bank of America], including but not
1
Bank of America filed motions in both the foreclosure lawsuit and the
quiet title action seeking to quash service of process and arguing that the judgments
were void for lack of service on the correct Bank of America entity.
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limited to the mortgages recorded in the Official Records of
Pinellas County, Florida at OR Book 13524, Page 595.
(Emphasis added.)
Notably, although the complaint to quiet title does not specify the
mortgages that may be at issue or give the O.R. Book and page number of any
mortgage, the judgment specifically includes the O.R. book and page number of the first
mortgage held by Bank of America. The appendices provided to this court do not
include a copy of the motion for final judgment in the quiet title action. Thus, it appears
that Inland Assets knew it had received a windfall via the language of the final judgment
of foreclosure.
On the same date that the court issued the quiet title judgment, Bank of
America filed a motion to quash service of process and vacate the clerk's default. Later,
Bank of America filed a rule 1.540(b) motion to set aside the quiet title judgment alleging
that the quiet title judgment was void for lack of service. Both motions were denied
without prejudice.
On August 21, 2013, Bank of America filed a motion to quash service of
process and to vacate default and set aside the summary final judgment of foreclosure
in the foreclosure action. Citing rule 1.540(b)(4), the motion alleged both that the final
judgment is void for lack of service and that it is void and erroneous as a matter of law
insofar as paragraph five purported to foreclose the first mortgage.
The trial court held a hearing on the motion and orally denied it, finding no
issue with service of process. When asked about the ruling as to the paragraph five
issue, the court stated the motion was denied on the same grounds. The trial court's
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written order is boilerplate and provides no findings or conclusions. Bank of America
appealed that order, commencing case number 2D14-858.
During the pendency of the appeal and before it was perfected, the
Association, as an appellee in the case, asked this court to relinquish jurisdiction to
allow the trial court to rule on the Association's motion to amend the final judgment
pursuant to rule 1.540(a), which alleged that the foreclosure judgment contained a
clerical error. This court relinquished jurisdiction. Bank of America joined in the
Association's rule 1.540(a) motion. At the hearing on that motion, the Association
argued that the final judgment failed to delineate which of Bank of America's mortgages
the Association's lien was foreclosing and that this was a clerical error or misnomer,
correctable via a rule 1.540(a) motion. The trial court denied the motion, finding that the
complaint "only alleged the one Bank of America O.R. book and page of the mortgage,"
and "that there was no additional mortgage noted in the initial complaint." Therefore,
the court ruled that it would be a substantive issue to amend the final judgment and not
a clerical change. The court also found that "to the extent [the Assocation] complains
that the Final Judgment improperly purports to eliminate a first mortgage of Bank of
America, the [c]ourt is persuaded that said issue has already been litigated adverse to
Bank of America in [the quiet title action]." However, the only issue before the court in
the quiet title action was whether service on Bank of America was proper. Bank of
America appealed the court's denial of the rule 1.540(a) motion, commencing case
number 2D14-4436.2
2
The Association also appealed the court's denial of the rule 1.540(a)
motion, which is being resolved separately. Kipps Colony II Condo. Ass'n v. Knighton,
No. 2D14-4110.
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II. Discussion
An order denying relief under rule 1.540(b) is reviewed generally for abuse
of discretion. Leach v. Salehpour, 19 So. 3d 342, 344 (Fla. 2d DCA 2009). But "[a]
decision whether or not to vacate a void judgment is not within the ambit of a trial court's
discretion; if a judgment previously entered is void, the trial court must vacate the
judgment." Wiggins v. Tigrent, Inc., 147 So. 3d 76, 81 (Fla. 2d DCA 2014). Here, the
trial court abused its discretion in denying Bank of America's motion as to the judgment
foreclosing its first mortgage on the "same grounds" that it denied the motion based on
lack of service of process. Reversal is warranted on that ground alone. However,
because the court later denied the rule 1.540(a) motion based, in part, on its finding that
the issue of whether the judgment was void had been resolved against Bank of America
in the quiet title action, we address the merits of Bank of America's claim that the
foreclosure judgment is void.
A. Priority of interests
The priority of interests in real estate under Florida
law is generally determined by the operation of three
statutes. Section 28.222(2), Florida Statutes (2004),
requires the clerk of the circuit court to record instruments in
the official records and to "keep a register in which he or she
shall enter at the time of filing the filing number of each
instrument filed for record, the date and hour of filing, the
kind of instrument, and the names of the parties to the
instrument." Section 695.11, Florida Statutes (2004),
provides that "[t]he sequence of [official register numbers
required under section 28.222] shall determine the priority of
recordation" so that "[a]n instrument bearing the lower
number in the then-current series of numbers shall have
priority over any instrument bearing a higher number in the
same series." The legal significance of priority of recordation
comes into play in the context of the rule established in
section 695.01(1), Florida Statutes (2004), which provides as
follows: "No conveyance, transfer, or mortgage of real
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property, or of any interest therein . . . shall be good and
effectual in law or equity against creditors or subsequent
purchasers for a valuable consideration and without notice,
unless the same be recorded according to law."
City of Palm Bay v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 114 So. 3d 924, 927 (Fla. 2013). Thus,
"Florida is . . . a 'notice' jurisdiction, and notice controls the issue of priority." Argent
Mortg. Co., LLC v. Wachovia Bank N.A., 52 So. 3d 796, 799 (Fla. 5th DCA 2010). And
under a notice recording statute, "the subsequent mortgagee cannot be without
constructive notice if the prior mortgage has been recorded as of the time of execution
of the subsequent mortgage." Id.
"The [l]egislature has, however, provided separately for the priority of
certain liens over the priority established under chapter 695." City of Palm Bay, 114 So.
3d at 928. For example, section 718.116(5)(a), Florida Statutes (2011), provides:
The association has a lien on each condominium parcel to
secure the payment of assessments. Except as otherwise
provided in subsection (1) and as set forth below, the lien is
effective from and shall relate back to the recording of the
original declaration of condominium, or, in the case of lien on
a parcel located in a phase condominium, the last to occur of
the recording of the original declaration or amendment
thereto creating the parcel. However, as to first mortgages
of record, the [condominium association's] lien is effective
from and after recording of a claim of lien in the public
records of the county in which the condominium parcel is
located.
(Emphasis added.)
Here, Bank of America's first mortgage was recorded at O.R. Book 13524,
Page 595, on April 23, 2004. The Association's claim of lien was recorded in O.R. Book
17154, Page 711, on February 8, 2011. Therefore, the Association's lien was inferior to
the first mortgage held by Bank of America.
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B. Foreclosure
A foreclosure extinguishes the liens of any junior mortgagees, Abdoney v.
York, 903 So. 2d 981, 983 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005), but it "does not terminate interests in the
foreclosed real estate that are senior to the mortgage being foreclosed," U.S. Bank Nat'l
Ass'n v. Bevans, 138 So. 3d 1185, 1187 (Fla. 3d DCA 2014) (citation omitted). "A prior
mortgagee may elect for himself the time and manner of enforcing his security. He
cannot be compelled to be a party to a suit by a junior encumbrancer foreclosing his
lien." Citimortgage, Inc. v. Henry, 24 So. 3d 641, 643 (Fla. 2d DCA 2009) (quoting
Cone Bros. Constr. Co. v. Moore, 193 So. 288, 290 (Fla. 1940)); accord Futrell Custom
Pools, Inc. v. Sunshine Custom Builders, Inc., 112 So. 3d 653, 653 (Fla. 5th DCA 2013)
(concluding that Cone Brothers is still good law and affirming the trial court's orders
vacating in part the final judgment of foreclosure).
It is on that basis that Bank of America argued the Association's action
could not foreclose Bank of America's first mortgage and that the final judgment
purporting to do so is void.
A void judgment is so defective that it is deemed never to
have had legal force and effect. In contrast, a voidable
judgment is a judgment that has been entered based upon
some error in procedure that allows a party to have the
judgment vacated, but the judgment has legal force and
effect unless and until it is vacated.
Sterling Factors Corp. v. U.S. Bank Nat'l Ass'n, 968 So. 2d 658, 665 (Fla. 2d DCA 2007)
(emphasis added).
Because Bank of America's first mortgage is superior to the Association's
lien as a result of prior recordation of the mortgage, the final judgment of foreclosure is
"ineffectual" as to Bank of America's first mortgage insofar as it states that the
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Association's lien "is superior in dignity to any right, title, interest or claim" of Bank of
America and that "the property will be sold free and clear of all claims of the
defendants." See Citimortgage, 24 So. 3d at 643. The trial court acted in excess of its
jurisdiction when it entered the final judgment purporting to foreclose all claims of Bank
of America. See generally Sterling Factors, 968 So. 2d at 665 ("A trial court's lack of
subject-matter jurisdiction makes its judgment void."); Cole v. State, 714 So. 2d 479,
490 (Fla. 2d DCA 1998); cf. 14302 Marina San Pablo Place SPE, LLC v. VCP-San
Pablo, Ltd., 92 So. 3d 320, 320-21 (Fla. 1st DCA 2012) (Ray, J., concurring) ("Subject
matter jurisdiction is a court's constitutional or statutory power 'to deal with a class of
cases to which a particular case belongs' " (quoting Paulucci v. Gen. Dynamics
Corp., 842 So. 2d 797, 801 n. 3 (Fla. 2003)); "There is no doubt that a circuit court has
subject matter jurisdiction over the type of foreclosure action in this case." (emphasis
added) (citations omitted)). Thus, because paragraph five of the judgment purports to
foreclose Bank of America's first mortgage by stating that the Association's lien is
superior to all rights of the defendants, including Bank of America's rights as the first
mortgage holder, and that the property will be sold free and clear of all claims of the
defendants, the judgment is void.3
3
There is some argument regarding whether it is only paragraph 5 that is
void; however, because paragraph five cannot be severed from the judgment such that
the judgment is effectual, it is the entire judgment that is void. Cf. Gilman Paper Co. v.
Newman, 398 So. 2d 887, 888 (Fla. 1st DCA 1981) ("No error is assigned to this part of
the judgment and it being severable, that portion is affirmed."); State Rd. Dep't v.
Hartsfield, 216 So. 2d 61, 65 (Fla. 1st DCA 1968) ("The law is equally well settled that
where a judgment in favor of a party consists of two or more separate, distinct, and
unrelated parts, the disposition of any one of which will not affect the decision as to any
other, the successful party may appeal from one or more of the severable portions of
the judgment even though he accepts the benefits of the other portions thereof.").
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We recognize that our reversal of the motion for relief from judgment will
directly impact Inland Asset's interest in the property. In that regard, we note that Bank
of America, as a superior lien holder, was not required to litigate its interest in the
Association's foreclosure action. See Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v. Rutledge, 148 So. 3d
533, 534 (Fla. 2d DCA 2014); Bevans, 138 So. 3d at 1187 ("The Association . . . could
not name a superior lienholder like the Bank as a defendant in the Association's suit to
foreclose on its junior lien."). Further, because Bank of America filed its lis pendens and
original foreclosure suit in 2009, in order for the Association to enforce its property
interest—which was unrecorded at the time Bank of America's lis pendens was filed—
the Association was required to intervene in the Bank's foreclosure suit. See U.S. Bank
Nat'l Ass'n v. Quadomain Condo. Ass'n, 103 So. 3d 977, 979 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012)
(citing § 48.23, Fla. Stat. (2010)). "[T]he court presiding over the action which created
the lis pendens has exclusive jurisdiction to adjudicate any encumbrance or interest in
the subject property from the date the lis pendens is recorded to the date it enters final
judgment." Id. at 979-80. "[A]ll other actions are barred," and "the court in the
Association's lien foreclosure action did not have jurisdiction to foreclose the lien." Id.
Moreover, the quiet title judgment did not resolve this issue. Rule
1.540(b)(5) provides that the court may relieve a party from a final judgment where "a
prior judgment or decree upon which [the challenged judgment] is based has been
reversed or otherwise vacated." The rule also "does not limit the power of a court to
entertain an independent action to relieve a party from a judgment, decree, order, or
proceeding or to set aside a judgment or decree for fraud upon the court."
III. Conclusion
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The trial court abused its discretion in denying Bank of America's motion
for relief from judgment. The final judgment of foreclosure entered in favor of the
Association is void because it purported to foreclose Bank of America's superior interest
in the property and ordered the sale of the property free and clear of all claims by Bank
of America. On remand, the trial court is directed to grant Bank of America's motion for
relief from judgment pursuant to rule 1.540(b) and to vacate the final judgment of
foreclosure.
Reversed and remanded with instructions.
CASANUEVA and SALARIO, JJ., Concur.
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