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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 14-12389
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D.C. Docket No. 1:11-cv-00571-WBH
GREGORY LAWLER,
Petitioner - Appellant,
versus
WARDEN,
Respondent - Appellee.
__________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Georgia
_________________________
(December 10, 2015)
Before TJOFLAT, WILSON and MARTIN, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Gregory Lawler appeals the district court’s denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2254
habeas petition. He raises claims under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,
104 S. Ct. 2052 (1984) and Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150, 92 S. Ct. 763
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(1972).1 Lawler argues his trial counsel were ineffective because they failed to (1)
adequately investigate his mental health, (2) retain a forensic pathologist, and (3)
adequately interview and cross-examine Jabus Steed, a witness for the prosecution.
Lawler also asserts the prosecution knowingly offered false testimony. Upon
review of the record, consideration of the parties’ briefs, and after the benefit of oral
argument, we affirm the district court.
I. BACKGROUND
In October 1997, Atlanta police officers John Sowa and Patricia Cocciolone
escorted Lawler’s intoxicated girlfriend, Donna Rodgers, to her and Lawler’s
apartment. Lawler was in the apartment at such time. Upon the officers’ arrival,
Lawler placed an AR-15 rifle next to the front door. He then opened the door,
allowed Rodgers to enter, and attempted to shut the door on the officers. Sowa put
his hand up to hold the door open and asked Lawler to confirm that Rodgers lived in
the apartment. In response, Lawler grabbed the AR-15 and began shooting at the
officers, who immediately fled. Lawler followed the officers, firing 15 shots. He
shot Sowa five times in the back, buttocks, and chest, and shot Cocciolone three
times in the arm, head, and buttocks. Sowa died immediately; Cocciolone survived
with severe injuries. Both officers were found with their pistols snapped in their
1
The State of Georgia (State) previously rejected Lawler’s Strickland claims on the merits
and held Lawler’s Giglio claim is procedurally barred.
2
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holsters.
A. Trial Preparation.
Trial counsel’s strategy for the guilt phase of trial was to argue that Lawler
believed the officers were invading his home and, therefore, his actions were in
self-defense or, alternatively, in the “heat of passion.” To prepare, trial counsel,
inter alia: interviewed Lawler’s neighbors, Rodgers, and Cocciolone; discussed the
crime with the prosecution’s firearms expert; unsuccessfully sought to obtain a
ballistics expert;2 and interviewed Lawler’s co-worker Steed.3 Trial counsel spoke
to Steed in order to rebut his potential testimony that Lawler dislikes police.
Trial counsel’s mitigation strategy was to humanize Lawler and show that he
has significant mental health issues. Prior to trial, trial counsel interviewed Lawler,
his mother, and his brother about Lawler’s mental health and background. Through
these interviews, trial counsel learned that Lawler has experienced depression and
anxiety. But, Lawler, his brother, and his mother did not mention any other mental
health issues. They also did not report any family history of mental illness.
Lawler’s brother and mother did note, however, that Lawler had a “normal,”
middle-class childhood. In addition to these interviews, trial counsel retained a
psychiatrist, Dr. Michael Hilton, to evaluate Lawler. Hilton met with Lawler twice,
2
According to trial counsel, no such experts were willing to assist with the case.
3
Lawler disputes that trial counsel spoke to Steed, but during the State habeas
proceedings, trial counsel testified to speaking with Steed.
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briefly met with Rodgers and Lawler’s mother and brother, and reviewed the police
reports related to Lawler’s arrest. Hilton obtained family, personal, legal, present
living situation, substance abuse, medical, psychiatric, and present offense
“histories” from Lawler. Ultimately, Hilton diagnosed Lawler with paranoid
personality disorder.
B. Trial.
At the guilt phase, the prosecution attempted to paint Lawler as a malicious
person who has a vendetta against the police. In support thereof, the prosecution
offered testimony from Steed suggesting Lawler dislikes police. It also elicited
testimony from Cocciolone that Lawler shot her, walked over to her, and then shot
her again “execution-style.” During opening statements, trial counsel told the jury
that “the doctors” would refute this account of the crime, yet they did not offer an
expert to rebut the account. At the same time, they did obtain testimony from
Cocciolone’s emergency room surgeon that he did not find gun residue on
Cocciolone even though residue is typically found on a victim shot at close range.
At the penalty phase, Rodgers, Hilton, and Lawler’s mother and brother
testified. Hilton discussed Lawler’s paranoid personality disorder and Lawler’s
history of depression and anxiety. Hilton also testified that he felt confident in his
evaluation and did not believe it was necessary to further investigate Lawler’s
mental health. The jury found Lawler guilty of murdering Sowa and sentenced him
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to death, relying on two aggravating circumstances: murder of a police officer and
murder during the commission of a battery (against Cocciolone).
C. State Habeas Proceedings.
Lawler’s habeas counsel proffered testimony from a psychiatrist, Dr. Pablo
Stewart; additional testimony from Hilton; testimony from a forensic pathologist,
Dr. Jonathan Arden; testimony from a clinical neuropsychologist, Dr. Dale Watson;
and testimony or affidavits from Lawler’s extended family members, a former
college professor, a past girlfriend, neighbors, co-workers, Steed, and others. Some
of the family affidavits stated Lawler has a family history of bipolar disorder, and
the neighbor affidavits suggested that one of the prosecution’s eyewitnesses did not
like Lawler. Relying on these affidavits, a record review, and a meeting with
Lawler, Stewart concluded Lawler is bipolar. Likewise, after reviewing the
affidavits, Hilton revised his diagnosis of Lawler to include bipolar. Watson
conducted a neuropsychological evaluation of Lawler and testified, among other
things, that Lawler had impairment in the right hemisphere of his brain that is
associated with bipolar disorder. The remaining forensic expert, Arden, opined that
Lawler did not walk over to Cocciolone and shoot her after an initial round of shots.
Despite this new evidence, the lower state court denied Lawler’s petition and the
Georgia Supreme Court summarily affirmed.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
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Because Lawler filed his petition after April 24, 1996, this appeal is governed
by 28 U.S.C. § 2254, as amended by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty
Act of 1996 (AEDPA). See Abdul-Kabir v. Quarterman, 550 U.S. 233, 246, 127 S.
Ct. 1654, 1664 (2007). In order to “prevent federal habeas ‘retrials’ and to ensure
that state-court convictions are given effect to the extent possible under law,” Bell v.
Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 693, 122 S. Ct. 1843, 1849 (2002), AEDPA “establishe[d] a
more deferential standard of review of state habeas judgments,” Fugate v. Head, 261
F.3d 1206, 1215 (11th Cir. 2001). See also Woodford v. Visciotti, 537 U.S. 19, 24,
123 S. Ct. 357, 360 (2002) (per curiam) (recognizing that the federal habeas court’s
evaluation of state court rulings is “highly deferential” and that state court decisions
must be “given the benefit of the doubt”).
Pursuant to AEDPA, habeas relief may not be granted for a claim adjudicated
on the merits in state court unless the adjudication of the claim:
(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an
unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal
law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United
States; or
(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable
determination of the facts in light of the evidence
presented in the State court proceeding.
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). This standard is “difficult to meet”—the petitioner “must
show that the state court’s ruling on the claim being presented in federal court was so
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lacking in justification that there was an error well understood and comprehended in
existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement.” Harrington v.
Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 102–03, 131 S. Ct. 770, 786–87 (2011).
III. DISCUSSION 4
A. The State Did Not Commit Reversible Error under AEDPA in Denying
Lawler’s Strickland Claims.
In Strickland, the Supreme Court established a two-pronged test for
determining whether a petitioner is entitled to relief on the ground that his counsel
rendered ineffective assistance: (1) whether counsel’s performance was deficient
and (2) whether the deficient performance prejudiced the defense. 466 U.S. at 687–
88, 104 S. Ct. at 2064.
To prove constitutionally deficient performance, “the defendant must show
that counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.”
Id. at 688, 104 S. Ct. at 2064 A court must adhere to “a strong presumption that
counsel’s conduct [fell] within the wide range of reasonable professional
assistance.” Id. at 689, 104 S. Ct. at 2065. “Thus, a court deciding an actual
ineffectiveness claim must judge the reasonableness of counsel’s challenged
4
As an initial matter, given the Georgia Supreme Court summarily affirmed the lower
state court’s denial of Lawler’s habeas petition, this case implicates the issue currently before our
en banc court in Wilson v. Warden, Georgia Diagnostic Prison, 774 F.3d 671 (11th Cir. 2014),
reh’g en banc granted, opinion vacated (July 30, 2015)—whether we “look through” a summary
affirmance to a lower state court opinion when considering a habeas petition. However, the
outcome in Wilson will not affect this decision. Regardless of whether we “look through” the
Georgia Supreme Court’s summary affirmance, Lawler’s claims fail.
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conduct on the facts of the particular case, viewed as of the time of counsel’s
conduct.” Id. at 690, 104 S. Ct. at 2066.
Strickland’s prejudice prong requires a showing “that there is a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding
would have been different. Id. at 694, 104 S. Ct. at 2068. To assess the reasonable
probability of a different sentence, “we consider the totality of the available
mitigation evidence—both that adduced at trial, and the evidence adduced in the
habeas proceeding—and reweigh it against the evidence in aggravation.” Porter v.
McCollum, 558 U.S. 30, 41, 130 S. Ct. 447, 453–54 (2009) (internal quotation marks
omitted and alterations adopted).
Finally, “[t]here is no reason for a court deciding an ineffective claim . . . to
address both components of the [Strickland] inquiry if the [petitioner] makes an
insufficient showing on one.” Id. at 697, 104 S. Ct. at 2069.
Lawler asserts trial counsel were ineffective because they failed to (1)
adequately investigate his mental health, (2) retain a forensic pathologist, and (3)
adequately interview and cross-examine Steed. The lower state court reasonably
concluded—and the Georgia Supreme Court could have reasonably found—that
Lawler’s first claim does not meet Strickland’s deficient performance prong and the
remaining claims do not satisfy the prejudice prong. Therefore, the state courts’
rulings on these claims are not “so lacking in justification” to overcome the
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deference we owe them under AEDPA. See Harrington, 562 U.S. at 103, 131 S.
Ct. at 786.
1. Mental Health Investigation: Deficient Performance.5
Lawler first asserts trial counsel’s mental health investigation was deficient
because: (1) trial counsel only obtained a competency evaluation of Lawler (Hilton’s
evaluation) even though they knew his neighbors “thought he acted crazy” and that
he has a history of depression and anxiety; and (2) trial counsel did not otherwise
investigate Lawler’s mental health, beyond speaking to Lawler himself, his mother,
and his brother. However, these arguments are unavailing.
Lawler has not met his burden under AEDPA because “a reasonable lawyer
could have decided, in the circumstances [faced by trial counsel], not to investigate”
Lawler’s mental health further. See Housel v. Head, 238 F.3d 1289, 1294–95 (11th
Cir. 2001). First, despite Lawler’s contentions, Hilton’s evaluation was not merely
a competency evaluation. Trial counsel asked Hilton to examine Lawler and “offer
opinions about his psychiatric state and in particular to address the issues of criminal
responsibility and competency to stand trial.” To this end, Hilton examined Lawler
twice before trial and reviewed his family history, personal history, educational
background, legal history, present living situation, substance abuse history, medical
5
Given Lawler does not meet Strickland’s deficient performance prong for this claim, we
do not address the prejudice prong. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697, 104 S. Ct. at 2069.
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history, psychiatric history, and circumstances of the offense. Hilton also
conducted a mental status examination. In addition, the record supports the lower
state court’s finding that Hilton interviewed Lawler’s mother, brother and girlfriend
to gather additional evidence about Lawler. Based on his evaluation, Hilton
concluded that Lawler did not have any “major mental illness,” but he did diagnose
Lawler as suffering from paranoid personality disorder, which he told the sentencing
jury involves “misperceptions of hostile intentions from other people.” Lastly,
Hilton testified at trial that he did not need additional assessment or investigation to
render an accurate summary of Lawler’s mental health profile. 6 See id. at 1296
(finding counsel reasonably forwent additional mental health investigation where a
retained expert did not “offer[] any encouragement to proceed further”).
Second, trial counsel specifically asked Lawler, his mother, and his brother
about his mental health. But, they did not report any family history of mental
illness, nor did they mention that Lawler has bipolar or any similar mental disorder.
See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691, 104 S. Ct. at 2066 (“Counsel’s actions are usually
based, quite properly, on informed strategic choices made by the defendant and on
information supplied by the defendant. In particular, what investigation decisions
are reasonable depends critically on such information.”). Given these
6
Hilton testified that he did not do any psychological testing because it would only
confirm what he already knew about Lawler. Significantly, Hilton never told trial counsel that
Lawler needed a neuropsychological evaluation.
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circumstances, we must reject Lawler’s argument that trial counsel’s decision to
forego further mental health investigation was deficient. See DeYoung v. Schofield,
609 F.3d 1260, 1287–89 (11th Cir. 2010) (affirming state court rejection of deficient
performance argument where counsel had mental health experts evaluate the
defendant, the evaluations did not reveal the mental diagnoses alleged during habeas
proceedings, and the defendant never told counsel that his family had a history of
mental illness).
2. Forensic Pathologist: Prejudice.7
Lawler next claims trial counsel were ineffective because they failed to
proffer a forensic pathologist to rebut the prosecution’s theory that Lawler shot
Cocciolone execution-style. Lawler argues there is a reasonable probability that
such testimony would have (1) led to a finding of self-defense or manslaughter, or
(2) a life sentence rather than the death penalty. 8 However, “in light of the
overwhelming evidence” against Lawler, there is no reasonable probability that
testimony from a forensic pathologist would have affected the outcome of trial. See
7
Given Lawler does not meet Strickland’s prejudice prong for this claim, we do not
address the deficient performance prong. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697, 104 S. Ct. at 2069.
8
Relatedly, Lawler asserts the lower state court made an unreasonable determination of
fact in finding that trial counsel’s failure to proffer a forensic pathologist was not prejudicial. He
claims the court erred in determining that Arden’s testimony was cumulative of the testimony
offered by Cocciolone’s emergency room surgeon. Assuming we “looked through” to this
determination and found it to be unreasonable under § 2254(d)(2), we would review the court’s
“prejudice” decision de novo. See Cooper v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Corr., 646 F.3d 1328, 1352–53 (11th
Cir. 2011). But, for the reasons below, Lawler’s prejudice argument would fail even under de
novo review.
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Stephens v. Kemp, 846 F.2d 642, 650 (11th Cir. 1988) (finding that testimony from a
firearms expert would not have “affected the outcome of the trial” given the
“overwhelming evidence” that the defendant did not act in self-defense).
With respect to the guilt phase, Lawler placed the AR-15 next to his door prior
to the officers “provoking” him, and he shot the officers as they ran away from him,
hitting Sowa in the back and both officers in the buttocks. Given these facts, even if
Lawler showed he did not shoot Cocciolone execution-style, there is no reasonable
probability that the jury would have found self-defense or manslaughter. There is
little to no evidence Lawler “acted out of passion resulting from provocation
sufficient to excite such passion in a reasonable person,” as is required to establish
manslaughter under Georgia law. See Hall v. Lewis, 692 S.E. 2d 580, 593 (Ga.
2010). Nor is there any evidence, new or old, indicating that the two police officers
did anything that a reasonable person would perceive as threatening. See Lott v.
State, 636 S.E.2d 102, 105 (Ga. Ct. App. 2006) (noting that “the defense of
justification is based on a ‘reasonable man’ standard of behavior”).
In addition, there is also no reasonable probability that such evidence would
have led to a life sentence rather than the death penalty. Lawler’s jury unanimously
voted for death finding two aggravating circumstances: (1) “the offense of murder
was committed while the defendant was engaged in the commission of aggravated
battery as to Patricia Cocciolone” and (2) “the offense of murder was committed
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against any peace officer while engaged in the performance of official duties.”
Proof that Lawler did not shoot Cocciolone execution-style would not have
diminished either of these statutory aggravating factors. But, this does not end our
prejudice inquiry, which requires us to reweigh the totality of the available
mitigation evidence, old and new, and “reweigh it against the evidence in
aggravation.” Porter, 558 U.S. at 41, 130 S. Ct. at 453–54. As the State conceded
during oral argument, the two most aggravating facts in this case relate to evidence
that (1) Lawler stood over officer Cocciolone and shot her in the head after she had
fallen and (2) Lawler disliked the police and had said “if they ever tried to enter his
residence without proper paperwork that he would be ready for them, whatever the
consequences might come.” Nonetheless, even discounting this nonstatutory
aggravation in our reweighing analysis, we cannot say there is a reasonable
probability of a different sentence given the overwhelming evidence that Lawler
gunned down two police officers, without any reasonable provocation, while the
officers were attempting to flee from him. 9
3. Interview and Cross-examination of Steed: Prejudice.10
9
Lawler also argues trial counsel failed to investigate and adequately cross-examine one
of Lawler’s neighbors whose testimony corroborated the execution-style theory. He asserts trial
counsel were aware the neighbor was biased against him, yet they did not investigate this bias or
impeach the neighbor. Considering the overwhelming evidence against Lawler, he cannot show
this purported deficient performance was prejudicial.
10
Given Lawler does not meet Strickland’s prejudice prong for this claim, we do not
address the deficient performance prong. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697, 104 S. Ct. at 2069.
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Finally, Lawler claims trial counsel were ineffective because they failed to
adequately interview and cross-examine Steed about Lawler’s view of the police.
At trial, the prosecution relied on testimony from Steed indicating Lawler does not
like police to argue that animus against police, rather than mental illness, drove
Lawler’s actions. According to Lawler, if trial counsel adequately interviewed and
cross-examined Steed, Steed’s testimony would not have given rise to this argument.
Instead of painting Lawler as “anti-police,” Steed’s testimony would merely have
reflected that Lawler holds a strong belief in individual rights. However, as with
testimony from a forensic pathologist, there is no reasonable probability that more
favorable testimony from Steed would have affected Lawler’s conviction or
sentence.
B. Lawler’s Giglio Claim Fails.
Lawler asserts the prosecution knowingly presented misleading testimony
through Steed in violation of Giglio. The lower state court held this claim is
procedurally barred under Black v. Hardin, 336 S.E.2d 754 (1985) because Lawler
did not raise it at trial or on direct appeal.11 Such a finding generally bars review by
this court if: (1) the state court plainly stated the finding is based on a state rule; (2)
11
Under binding circuit precedent, the Georgia Supreme Court’s summary denial of
Lawler’s certificate of probable cause does not preclude this court from upholding the state habeas
court’s procedural default ruling. See Lucas v. Warden, Ga. Diag. and Classification Prison, 771
F.3d 785, 801 (11th Cir. 2014).
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the state rule is not arbitrary; and (3) no federal questions are intertwined with the
state rule. Frazier v. Bouchard, 661 F.3d 519, 524–25 (11th Cir. 2011). All these
requirements are met here.12 Nevertheless, Lawler may overcome this bar if he
shows actual innocence or, alternatively, adequate cause for the default and that the
default was prejudicial. Gore v. Crews, 720 F.3d 811, 816 (11th Cir. 2013) (per
curiam). However, he does not meet either of these conditions. He has not proven
actual innocence, and the only potential “adequate cause” that Lawler seems to put
forth is his Strickland claim, which fails. In addition, even assuming this claim is
not barred, it does not satisfy Giglio because, as discussed above, Steed’s testimony
was not material to the outcome of the guilt or penalty phase.13
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.
AFFIRMED.
12
As noted above, the lower state court plainly stated the claim is procedurally barred.
Additionally, we have previously held that the Black procedural default rule is not arbitrary and is
an independent state rule. See Ward v. Hall, 592 F.3d 1144, 1176 (11th Cir. 2010).
13
We recognize that “Giglio’s materiality standard is more defense-friendly than” the
standard put forth in Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S. Ct. 1194 (1963). Guzman v. Sec’y,
Dep’t of Corr., 663 F.3d 1336, 1348 (11th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted).
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