Com. v. Mbewe, C.

J-S62010-15

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee

v.

CHRISTOPHER FRED MBEWE,

Appellant No. 93 WDA 2015

Appeal from the PCRA Order December 18, 2014
in the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County
Criminal Division at No.: CP-02-CR-0000592-2006

BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., JENKINS, J., and PLATT, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY PLATT, J.: FILED DECEMBER 16, 2015

Appellant, Christopher Fred Mbewe, appeals from the order denying,

after a hearing, his counseled first petition for relief under the Post

Conviction Relief Act (PCRA), 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9541–9546. Appellant claims

after-discovered evidence, and the ineffective assistance of counsel. We

affirm.

On July 15, 2009, a jury convicted Appellant of first degree murder for

the shooting death of Carol Tollan, his mother-in-law, on December 15,

2005. This Court affirmed the judgment of sentence. (See

Commonwealth v. Mbewe, 37 A.3d 1246 (Pa. Super. 2011) (unpublished

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*
Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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memorandum)). Our Supreme Court denied allowance of appeal on October

5, 2012. (See Commonwealth v. Mbewe, 54 A.3d 348 (Pa. 2012)).

On November 27, 2012, Appellant timely filed a pro-se petition for

PCRA relief. The court appointed counsel, who filed two amended petitions.

Appellant claimed “after-discovered evidence” in the form of purported

alibi testimony from his sister, Margaret Kasuba, and from his mother, Hilda

Mbewe. He asserts that Ms. Kasuba is now ready to testify that she was in

telephone contact with him around the time of the murder. Appellant

further maintains that the preliminary hearing testimony of his mother, if

entered at trial, would have confirmed that after his telephone conversation

with her, she gave him a ride to pick up his daughter from a head start

program.1

His sister was apparently present at trial but did not testify, allegedly

for fear that she would be deported. She now offers an affidavit of her

proposed testimony. His mother, Hilda Mbewe, did testify at his preliminary

hearing, and was cross-examined. (See N.T. Preliminary Hearing, 1/13/06,

at 38-43). By the time of trial she had been deported, after her visitor’s visa

had expired. Appellant maintains that his sister is now willing to testify and

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1
Independent testimony established that the victim was alive at noon, and
discovered dead at 12:15 p.m. (See Trial Court Opinion, 6/03/15, at 11).

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that trial counsel should have presented his mother’s testimony from the

preliminary hearing at trial. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 15, 21).

Further, Appellant claims that trial counsel was ineffective for not

informing him of his rights to assistance from the Zambian consulate, under

the Vienna Convention.2 (See id. at 5). Appellant testified that he is a

citizen of Zambia. (See N.T. PCRA Hearing, 12/17/14, at 39).

Finally, Appellant claimed trial counsel was ineffective for not

producing telephone records of his call to the Public Defender’s Office on the

morning after his first interview by the police. He maintains, in effect, that

the phone record would have supported his claim that the police violated his

right to counsel under Miranda v. Arizona.3

The PCRA court denied relief, after a hearing, on December 18, 2014.

This timely appeal followed.4

Appellant presents four questions for our review:

I. Did the PCRA court err in denying Appellant’s request
for a new trial where a previously unavailable alibi witness is
now willing and able to testify on Appellant’s behalf to provide

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2
More precisely, Appellant’s claim refers to the Vienna Convention on
Consular Relations & Optional Protocol on Disputes, April 24, 1963, TIAS
(United States Treaties and Other International Agreements), No. 6820
(Dec. 14, 1969).
3
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
4
Appellant filed a timely statement of errors on February 17, 2015. The
PCRA court filed an opinion on June 3, 2015. See Pa.R.A.P 1925.

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testimony in support of Appellant’s alibi for the time of the
murder?

II. Did the PCRA court err in denying Appellant’s request
for a new trial where trial counsel provided ineffective assistance
of counsel by failing to obtain and review the transcript of
Appellant’s preliminary hearing and introduce at Appellant’s trial
the preliminary hearing transcript of the testimony of an
unavailable witness, Hilda Mbewe, which would have provided
Appellant with an alibi for the time of the murder?

III. Did the PCRA court err in denying Appellant’s request
for a new trial where Appellant was prejudiced by the violation of
his rights under the Vienna Convention and trial counsel and
appellate counsel provided ineffective assistance of counsel by
failing to preserve and/or raise this issue before, during or after
trial, or on appeal?

IV. Did the PCRA court err in denying Appellant’s request
for a new trial where trial counsel provided ineffective assistance
of counsel by failing to investigate and introduce Appellant’s
phone records at his suppression hearing to support Appellant’s
testimony that he was denied his right to counsel when he was
repeatedly questioned by investigating police officers?

(Appellant’s Brief, at 5).

[A]n appellate court reviews the PCRA court’s findings of fact to
determine whether they are supported by the record, and
reviews its conclusions of law to determine whether they are free
from legal error. The scope of review is limited to the findings of
the PCRA court and the evidence of record, viewed in the light
most favorable to the prevailing party at the trial level.

Commonwealth v. Spotz, 84 A.3d 294, 311 (Pa. 2014) (citations omitted).

Here, in his first issue, Appellant claims that the current willingness of

his sister to present “alibi” evidence constitutes after-discovered facts

requiring a new trial. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 15-18). He maintains that

the PCRA court erred in not granting him a new trial. We disagree.

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In pertinent part, the PCRA provides for relief if a petitioner pleads and

proves by a preponderance of the evidence that his conviction resulted from

“[t]he unavailability at the time of trial of exculpatory evidence that has

subsequently become available and would have changed the outcome of the

trial if it had been introduced.” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9543(a)(2)(vi).

After-discovered evidence can be the basis for a new trial if
it: 1) has been discovered after the trial and could not have been
obtained at or prior to the conclusion of the trial by the exercise
of reasonable diligence; 2) is not merely corroborative or
cumulative; 3) will not be used solely to impeach the credibility
of a witness; and 4) is of such nature and character that a
different verdict will likely result if a new trial is granted.

Commonwealth v. McCracken, 659 A.2d 541, 545 (Pa. 1995) (quoting

Commonwealth v. Wilson, 649 A.2d 435, 448 (Pa. 1994)).

Our Supreme Court has defined alibi as “a defense that places the

defendant at the relevant time in a different place than the scene

involved and so removed therefrom as to render it impossible for him to

be the guilty party.” Commonwealth v. Kolenda, 676 A.2d 1187, 1190

(Pa. 1996) (citations omitted) (emphases added)).

Here, Appellant’s first claim fails to meet any of the PCRA

requirements. The purported evidence was not unavailable at the time of

trial. To the contrary, Appellant concededly knew at the time of trial that he

had been in telephone conversations with his mother and his sister. (See

Second Amended [PCRA] Petition, 7/08/14, at 6). Indeed, he would have

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known all along, because his testimony is that he was a participant in the

cell phone conversations.

Next, the purported alibi testimony was not exculpatory. Telephone

conversations after the murder, particularly cell phone conversations, do

not refute Appellant’s presence at the crime scene at the time of the murder,

as Appellant suggests. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 22).

Additionally, Appellant knew of his sister’s projected testimony at the

time of trial. He concedes that his sister “refused” to testify at trial because

of her fear of deportation, after her visa had expired. (Appellant’s Brief, at

16) (emphasis added). Appellant offers no pertinent authority whatsoever in

support of his claim that the refusal to testify for personal reasons (absent

invocation of Fifth Amendment rights) constitutes “unavailability” for PCRA

purposes. Controlling caselaw contradicts Appellant’s legal premise.

For [ ] testimony to be considered previously “unavailable,”
however, the witness must have actually invoked his right to
remain silent; if the witness simply refused to testify or the
defendant did not question the witness about the incriminating
topic, then the defendant cannot claim a witness’ later self-
incriminating statement is “after-discovered.” See Stanley v.
Shannon, 2007 WL 2345284, *4 n.6 (E.D. Pa. Aug. 16, 2007)
(observing witness in [Commonwealth v.] Fiore[, 780 A.2d
704 (Pa. Super. 2001)] was unavailable to testify at trial
because he had invoked his Fifth Amendment right not to testify;
therefore, witness’ testimony in Fiore constituted after-
discovered evidence; but testimony of witness who simply
refuses or is unwilling to testify does not constitute after-
discovered evidence).

Commonwealth v. Padillas, 997 A.2d 356, 363 (Pa. Super. 2010).

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Finally, Appellant fails to prove his assertion that if his sister’s

testimony were now admitted, it “would have provided the jury with

reasonable doubt” such that he would be acquitted. (Appellant’s Brief, at

17). Appellant now claims the evidence against him was sparse and

circumstantial. (See id.). This bald assertion is speculative and

unsupported.5

To the contrary, the weight to be accorded Ms. Kasuba’s testimony

would have been for the jury as fact finder. See Commonwealth v.

Housman, 986 A.2d 822, 831 (Pa. 2009), cert. denied, 562 U.S. 881

(2010) (noting that “trier of fact is free to believe all, part, or none of the

evidence. . . .”) (citation omitted). And it is beyond dispute that

circumstantial evidence is sufficient for conviction. See id. (“In evaluating

whether the evidence is sufficient to support the conviction, the

Commonwealth may sustain its burden by means of wholly circumstantial

evidence; the entire trial record is evaluated and all evidence received

against the defendant considered[.]”) (citation and internal quotation marks

omitted).

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5
In the interest of brevity, we decline to review in detail Appellant’s
representations to the police that he was having an affair with his mother-in-
law, or that she was last seen not with him, but with a friend of his from
Africa named Ben Adams, whose existence could not be confirmed by the
police.

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Moreover, Appellant ignores significant inconsistencies in the

statements he gave to the police, often voluntarily and at his initiative,

including his steadfast (six time) denial that he owned a camouflage jacket

(which witnesses-including his mother-saw him wear on the day of the

murder). (See Trial Ct. Op., at 6). Afterward, he gave the police a

camouflage jacket, despite the numerous prior denials. The police later

determined that Appellant had purchased the jacket at a thrift store fourteen

days after the murder.6

“[T]he Commonwealth need not establish guilt to a mathematical

certainty, and may sustain its burden by means of wholly circumstantial

evidence. Significantly, we may not substitute our judgment for that of the

factfinder; if the record contains support for the convictions they may not be

disturbed.” Commonwealth v. Brewer, 876 A.2d 1029, 1032 (Pa. Super.

2005), appeal denied, 887 A.2d 1239 (Pa. 2005) (citations and internal

quotation marks omitted). Any doubt about the defendant’s guilt is to be

resolved by the factfinder unless the evidence is so weak and inconclusive

that, as a matter of law, no probability of fact can be drawn from the
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6
It was later determined by the police that the army camouflage jacket
handed over by Appellant, which bore the name “McConagy,” had been
donated to a thrift store by Gary McConagy, formerly in the Army Reserves,
and later an agent with Homeland Security. A receipt confirmed that
Appellant purchased McConagy’s jacket at the thrift store on December 29,
200[5], fourteen days after the murder. (See Trial Ct. Op., at 7). (The
trial court’s reference to December 29, 2006 is an apparent typographical
error).

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combined circumstances. See Commonwealth v. DiStefano, 782 A.2d

574, 582 (Pa. Super. 2001), appeal denied, 806 A.2d 858 (Pa. 2002).

The claim of a different result because of testimony from his sister and

mother is sheer unsupported speculation. See Commonwealth v.

Padillas, 997 A.2d 356, 367 (Pa. Super. 2010), appeal denied, 14 A.3d 826

(Pa. 2010) (rejecting assertion that outcome would have been different

based on defendant’s brother’s confession, noting close sibling relationship

gave brother strong reason to fabricate confession exculpating defendant).

Appellant’s first claim does not merit relief.

Appellant’s second, third, and fourth questions challenge the

effectiveness of counsel.

To establish trial counsel’s ineffectiveness, a petitioner must
demonstrate: (1) the underlying claim has arguable merit; (2)
counsel had no reasonable basis for the course of action or
inaction chosen; and (3) counsel’s action or inaction prejudiced
the petitioner. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,
104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984); Commonwealth v.
Pierce, 515 Pa. 153, 527 A.2d 973 (1987).

Commonwealth v. Freeland, 106 A.3d 768, 775 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citing

Spotz, supra at 303 n.3).

Furthermore,

[A] PCRA petitioner will be granted relief only when he proves,
by a preponderance of the evidence, that his conviction or
sentence resulted from the ineffective assistance of counsel
which, in the circumstances of the particular case, so
undermined the truth-determining process that no reliable
adjudication of guilt or innocence could have taken place. 42
Pa.C.S. § 9543(a)(2)(ii). Counsel is presumed effective, and to
rebut that presumption, the PCRA petitioner must demonstrate

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that counsel’s performance was deficient and that such
deficiency prejudiced him.

Spotz, supra at 311 (case citations, internal quotation marks and other

punctuation omitted). Under the Pierce prejudice standard, to overcome

the presumption of effectiveness a petitioner must show that counsel’s

conduct had an actual adverse effect on the outcome of the proceedings.

See id. at 315. Furthermore,

“Counsel’s assistance is deemed constitutionally effective
once this Court determines that the defendant has not
established any one of the prongs of the ineffectiveness test.”
Commonwealth v. Rolan, 964 A.2d 398, 406 (Pa. Super.
2008) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted)
(emphasis in original).

Freeland, supra at 775. “As a general and practical matter, it is more

difficult for a defendant to prevail on a claim litigated through the lens of

counsel ineffectiveness, rather than as a preserved claim of trial court error.”

Spotz, supra at 315 (citation omitted).

Here, preliminarily, we note that except for repeated conclusory

insistence on prejudice, Appellant fails generally to establish ineffectiveness

by application of the three-prong Pierce standard to the facts of this case.

On that basis alone all three of Appellant’s ineffectiveness claims fail. See

Freeland, supra at 775. Nevertheless, in the interest of judicial economy,

we will review Appellant’s issues on the merits as well as waiver.

In Appellant’s second question, he asserts counsel was ineffective for

not introducing the preliminary hearing testimony of his mother at the trial.

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(See Appellant’s Brief, at 5). However, Appellant fails to establish that this

testimony would have provided an alibi for the time the murder was

committed, a half hour earlier than the initial phone conversation with her.

(See id. at 18-22).

An alibi is “a defense that places the defendant at the relevant time in

a different place than the scene involved and so removed therefrom as

to render it impossible for him to be the guilty party.” Kolenda, supra at

1190 (citations omitted) (emphases added)). Here, Hilda Mbewe’s

testimony about a telephone conversation over a cellphone at 12:40 p.m.

would not have precluded Appellant’s commission of the murder a half hour

or more earlier (between noon and 12:15). Moreover, her testimony about

her son’s wearing a camouflage jacket on the day of the murder (which he

repeatedly denied), would not have been helpful to him.

Appellant fails to show that the outcome would have been different if

his mother’s testimony had been presented at trial. He fails to show counsel

was ineffective. Appellant’s second issue does not merit relief.

In his third issue Appellant claims trial counsel was ineffective for not

invoking his rights under the Vienna Convention.7, 8
(See Appellant’s Brief,

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7
This Court has previously explained:

The Vienna Convention is a 79 article, multilateral treaty to
which approximately 160 countries, including the United States
. . . are signatories. The treaty was negotiated in 1963 and
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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_______________________
(Footnote Continued)

ratified by the United States in 1969. U.S. v. Lombera-
Camorlinga, 206 F.3d 882 (9th Cir. 2000). As a ratified treaty,
the Vienna Convention has the status of federal law. “[T]reaties
are recognized by our Constitution as the supreme law of the
land.” Breard v. Greene, 523 U.S. 371, 118 S. Ct. 1352, 140
L. Ed. 2d 529 (1998). U.S. Constitution, Article VI, clause 2 (all
treaties shall be supreme law of the land).

Article 36(1)(b) of the Convention provides:

[I]f he so requests, the competent authorities of the
receiving State shall, without delay, inform the consular
post of the sending State, if within its consular district, a
national of that State is arrested or committed to prison or
to custody pending trial or is detained in any other
manner. Any communication addressed to the consular
post by the person arrested, in prison, custody or
detention shall also be forwarded by the said authority
without delay. The said authorities shall inform the person
concerned without delay of his rights under this
subparagraph:

21 U.S.T. 77, 101 (emphasis added). Article 36(1)(c) gives
consular officers the right to visit and correspond with the
detained foreign national and to arrange for the foreign
national’s legal representation. Id. In a number of instances,
bilateral agreements direct that “ ‘mandatory notification’ must
be made to the nearest consulate or embassy ‘without delay,’
‘immediately,’ or within the time specified in a bilateral
agreement between the United States and a foreign national’s
country, regardless of whether the foreign national requests
such notification.” U.S. Depart. of State, Consular Notification
and Access 14 (1998). . . .

“Treaties do not generally create rights that are privately
enforceable in the federal courts.” United States v. Li, 206
F.3d 56, 60 (1st Cir. 2000) (whether or not Vienna Convention
creates individual rights, suppression of evidence or dismissal of
indictment not appropriate remedies). In regard to the Vienna
Convention, the U.S. Supreme Court has found that “neither the
text nor the history of the Vienna Convention clearly provides a
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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at 23-26). He also claims that both trial and appellate counsel were

ineffective for failing to raise and preserve the claim. (See id. at 24).

Appellant’s claim does not merit relief.

“The claims that Appellant raises in this issue focus on his individual

rights under the Vienna Convention. Addressing such claims involves

interpretation of the treaty, a question of law, for which our standard of

review is de novo and our scope is plenary.” Commonwealth v. Padilla,

80 A.3d 1238, 1259 (Pa. 2013), cert. denied, 134 S. Ct. 2725 (2014)

(citation omitted).

_______________________
(Footnote Continued)

. . . right of action in United States’ courts to set aside a criminal
conviction and sentence for violation of consular notification
provisions.” Breard v. Greene, 523 U.S. 371, 118 S. Ct. 1352,
140 L.Ed.2d 529 (1998); U.S. v. Ademaj, 170 F.3d 58 (1st Cir.
1999) (Vienna Convention prescribes no judicial remedy or other
recourse for its violation); Murphy v. Netherland, 116 F.3d 97
(4th Cir. 1997) (Vienna Convention sets out rights between
signatory nations and does not create rights under U.S.
Constitution); U.S. v. Lombera-Camorlinga, 206 F.3d 882 (9th
Cir. 2000) (violation of Vienna Convention does not require
suppression of subsequently obtained evidence).

Commonwealth v. Quaranibal, 763 A.2d 941, 943-44 (Pa. Super. 2000).
8
For the sake of completeness, we note that Robert L. Foreman, Esq., who
represented Appellant after the preliminary hearing but prior to trial,
testified at the PCRA hearing that he did contact the Zambian consulate,
seeking assistance for Appellant. (See N.T. PCRA Hearing, 12/17/14, at 54-
55). The result was apparently inconclusive. (See id. at 55). Counsel did
not follow up. (See id. at 56). We find no mention of this testimony in the
trial court’s opinion, or in either brief.

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There is a substantial body of caselaw which holds, in effect, that the

Vienna Convention does not create a privately enforceable body of rights for

individual defendants. (See n.7 supra; see also Commonwealth’s Brief, at

24 n.4 (citing cases)).

However, we need not reach or resolve that issue to decide Appellant’s

third question. Appellant fails to prove prejudice. Therefore, even if we

were to assume for the sake of argument that Appellant had an otherwise

viable claim under Article 36 of the Vienna Convention on Consular

Relations, his ineffectiveness claims under the PCRA would fail. See

Freeland, supra at 775.

Additionally, to overcome the presumption of effectiveness Appellant

had the burden to demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that any

omission under the Convention “in the circumstances of the particular case,

so undermined the truth-determining process that no reliable adjudication of

guilt or innocence could have taken place.” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9543(a)(2)(ii);

see also Spotz, supra at 311. He fails to do so.

To the contrary, Appellant concedes that he speaks and understands

English and has resided in the United States “for several years.”

(Appellant’s Brief, at 25). At the PCRA hearing, Appellant testified that he

had been living in the United States since 1999. (See N.T. PCRA Hearing,

12/17/14, at 48). Nevertheless, he speculates that without Zambian

consular assistance he may have missed (“lost”) nuances of the English

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language and American culture, preventing full participation in his defense

“and in the integral decision-making required of a murder trial[.]” (See

Appellant’s Brief, at 25-26).

To prove prejudice, Appellant had the burden to show an “actual

adverse effect” on the outcome of the proceedings. Spotz, supra at 315

(emphasis added). Notably, Appellant does not dispute that he was

represented by counsel at every critical stage of his criminal proceedings.

Nebulous speculation on the loss of nuance does not prove actual, adverse

effect. See Padilla, supra at 1263 (concluding general assertion of

prejudice from deprivation of consular assistance was, inter alia, speculative

and meritless). Appellant fails to prove prejudice. His third claim does not

merit relief.

Finally, in Appellant’s fourth claim, he alleges that counsel’s failure to

investigate and introduce phone records at his suppression hearing

constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 5).

He maintains that the phone records would have supported his claim that

the police deprived him of this right to counsel. (See id. at 27-31).

Appellant’s issue is waived, and would not merit relief.

Preliminarily, we note that even though Appellant’s argument alludes

to various aspects of the suppression hearing, he has not ensured that the

certified record included the transcript of that hearing. Therefore, all claims

dependent on reference to the suppression hearing are waived. See

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Commonwealth v. Preston, 904 A.2d 1, 7 (Pa. Super. 2006), appeal

denied, 916 A.2d 632 (Pa. 2007) (“In the absence of an adequate certified

record, there is no support for an appellant’s arguments and, thus, there is

no basis on which relief could be granted.”).

Moreover, on the available record, Appellant’s claim would not merit

relief. Even if properly established, the mere existence of a record of a

telephone call to the Public Defender’s Office, without more, does not show

an attorney-client relationship, or the attempt to obtain one. Much less does

it show that Appellant attempted to invoke Miranda rights with the police.

Quite simply, it proves nothing other than a phone call.

Although we do not have the transcript of the suppression hearing, at

the PCRA hearing Appellant testified that, at the suppression hearing, he had

raised a claim that he was denied his right to counsel during police

interrogation. (See N.T. PCRA Hearing, 12/17/14, at 33-35). At the same

PCRA Hearing, Detective James McGee testified that, at the suppression

hearing, he had testified that Appellant understood his Miranda rights, and

that he (Detective McGee) had never denied Appellant an attorney. (See id.

at 57-61). Appellant candidly concedes that at the end of the hearing, the

PCRA court credited the testimony of Detective McGee, and did not credit his

own testimony. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 29). We defer to the credibility

determinations of the PCRA court.

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Accordingly, Appellant has failed to prove that he was deprived of his

Miranda rights. Records of a telephone call to the Public Defender’s Office,

without more, would fail to support his claim that the police did not advise

him of his Miranda rights. Counsel cannot be ineffective for failure to raise

a meritless claim. Appellant was not prejudiced. His fourth claim lacks

merit.

None of Appellant’s claims merit relief.

Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 12/16/2015

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