Barry B. Eskanos and Ami B. Eskanos v. Washinton Mutual Bank, FA and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (mem. dec.)

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
Dec 17 2015, 7:51 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of establishing
the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.

APPELLANTS PRO SE ATTORNEYS FOR INTERVENOR
Barry B. Eskanos JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A.
Ami B. Eskanos David J. Jurkiewicz
Miami Beach, Florida Nathan T. Danielson
Bose McKinney & Evans LLP
Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Barry B.Eskanos and Ami B. December 17, 2015
Eskanos, Court of Appeals Case No.
Appellants-Plaintiffs, 41A01-1410-MI-427
Appeal from the
v. Johnson Superior Court
The Honorable
Washington Mutual Bank, FA, Kevin M. Barton, Judge
Appellee-Defendant, Trial Court Cause No.
41D01-1405-MI-90
and

JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.,

Intervenor.

Kirsch, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 41A01-1410-MI-427 | December 17, 2015 Page 1 of 11
[1] Barry B. Eskanos and Ami B. Eskanos (collectively, “the Eskanoses”) appeal

the trial court’s order that found them in contempt. They raise several issues

that we consolidate and restate as: whether the trial court abused its discretion

when it held the Eskanoses in contempt for attempting to enforce a vacated

Florida judgment and for failing to appear for a show cause hearing.

[2] We affirm.

Facts and Procedural History
[3] On November 12, 2013, a Miami-Dade County, Florida Circuit court (“the

Florida court”) issued a default judgment (“the Judgment”) in favor of the

Eskanoses and against Washington Mutual Bank, FA (“the Bank”) in the

amount of approximately $264,000,000. On February 23, 2014, the Florida

court issued an order that vacated the Judgment, declared the Judgment void ab

initio, and dismissed the Eskanoses’ case against the Bank with prejudice. The

Eskanoses filed a motion for rehearing and reconsideration in March 2014; the

Florida court did not rule on their motion.

[4] In April 2014, the Eskanoses filed in the Johnson County, Indiana Superior

court (“the Indiana trial court”) a pro-se Ex-Parte Application for Issuance of

Writ of Execution of the Judgment(“the Application”). The Application sought

to enforce the Judgment against property formerly owned by the Bank that was

then being held by the Office of the Indiana Attorney General, Unclaimed

Property Division. The Eskanoses represented in the Application that, with

costs and interest, the Bank “has an unpaid balance of $1,056,000,439.75” that

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 41A01-1410-MI-427 | December 17, 2015 Page 2 of 11
 was “due and owing” to the Eskanoses. Chase App. at 5. Initially, the Indiana

trial court issued an order on May 22, 2014 granting the Application and

issuing a Writ of Execution to the Indiana Attorney General.

[5] JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (“Chase”), an intervening or interested party in

the Florida action, filed a Notice with the Indiana trial court, advising that the

Florida court had vacated the Judgment on February 23, 2014.1 On May 31,

the Indiana trial court entered an order vacating its May 22 order that had

issued the Writ of Execution. Finding that the Eskanoses “knew, or should

have known, that the Default Judgment that they sought to enforce had been

vacated,” the Indiana trial court ordered the Eskanoses to appear to show cause

why they should not be found in contempt. Id. at 23-24.

[6] Thereafter, the Eskanoses filed a “Response to the Order to Show Cause” and a

“Motion to Strike” the filing of the Florida court’s February 23 order that

vacated the Judgment.2 Id. at 25. The Eskanoses also filed a motion to

continue the show cause hearing. The Indiana trial court denied the Eskanoses’

Motion to Strike, but it granted their request for a continuance, setting the

1
The Florida court vacated the Judgment upon Chase’s motion to vacate the Judgment or stay execution of
it. Chase provided a certified copy of the Florida court’s order that vacated the Judgment, declared the
Judgment void ab initio, and dismissed the Eskanoses’ case against the Bank. Later, Chase also submitted to
the Indiana trial court a copy of the transcript from the hearing on their motion to vacate, at the conclusion of
which the Florida court declared the Judgment to be void.
2
The Eskanoses asserted, among other things, that the Florida court’s February 23 order, which vacated the
Judgment, was void because (1) it was issued on a Sunday, (2) there was “a federal 180-day stay” in place in
that action, which precluded the Florida court from acting, and (3) they had filed a motion for
reconsideration in the Florida court. Chase App. at 25-34.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 41A01-1410-MI-427 | December 17, 2015 Page 3 of 11
 hearing for September 4, 2014. The Eskanoses failed to appear for the

September 4 show cause hearing. Thereafter, the Indiana trial court entered its

Order of Contempt, holding the Eskanoses in contempt for their failure to

appear and for seeking to enforce the Judgment. The Eskanoses now appeal.

Discussion and Decision
[7] Initially, we observe that the Eskanoses filed their appeal pro se. “An appellant

who proceeds pro se “is held to the same established rules of procedure that a

trained legal counsel is bound to follow and, therefore, must be prepared to

accept the consequences of his or her action.” Thacker v. Wentzel, 797 N.E.2d

342, 345 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). In this case, the Eskanoses’ appellate brief

included multiple and pervasive failures to comply with our appellate rules,

which presented obstacles to our review of the issues. Their Statement of the

Case is defective in a number of respects. It is not limited to a brief description

of the nature of the case and relevant proceedings, as is required by Indiana

Appellate Rule 46(A)(5); rather, it is a lengthy discussion primarily devoted to

proceedings in the Florida court (and, it seems, other ancillary actions in other

Florida or federal courts). Moreover, the Statement of the Case contains

argument, which is inappropriate, and it almost completely fails to provide

citation to the record. The Eskanoses’ Statement of Facts likewise fails to

comply with our appellate rules. Indiana Appellate Rule 46(A)(6)(a) requires

that an appellant’s statement of the facts be supported by page references to the

appendix; the Eskanoses’ Statement of Facts makes no citation to the record

whatsoever, and it contains argument, which is not appropriate in that section.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 41A01-1410-MI-427 | December 17, 2015 Page 4 of 11
 We also note that the Eskanoses’ brief does not include the applicable standard

of review of a contempt order. See Ind. Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(b) (“The

argument must include for each issue a concise statement of the applicable

standard of review; this statement may appear in the discussion of each issue or

under a separate heading placed before the discussion of the issues.”). The

Eskanoses also fail to present any argument as to why their absence at the show

cause hearing should be excused. This court has discretion to dismiss an appeal

for the appellant’s failure to comply with the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

Miller v. Hague Ins. Agency, Inc., 871 N.E.2d 406, 407 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007).

However, we prefer to dispose of cases on their merits, and we do so here.

[8] “[A]mong the inherent powers of a court is that of maintaining its dignity,

securing obedience to its process and rules, rebuking interference with the

conduct of business, and punishing unseemly behavior.” City of Gary v. Major,

822 N.E.2d 165, 169 (Ind. 2005) (citing State v. Shumaker, 200 Ind. 623, 157

N.E. 769, 775 (1927)). Indirect contempt is the willful disobedience of any

lawfully entered court order of which the offender has notice, and it “arises

from conduct not occurring in the presence of the court, such as a failure of a

party to obey a court order or process.” Riggin v. Rea Riggin & Sons, Inc., 738

N.E.2d 292, 310 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000). In general, contempt of court involves

disobedience that undermines the court’s authority, justice, and dignity. Major,

822 N.E.2d at 169. Our legislature has recognized our court’s inherent power

to cite and punish for contempt in Indiana Code section 34-47-3-1, which

provides in relevant part: “A person who is guilty of any willful disobedience of

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 41A01-1410-MI-427 | December 17, 2015 Page 5 of 11
 any process, or any order lawfully issued . . . by any court of record . . . is guilty

of an indirect contempt of the court that issued the process or order.”

[9] In order to be held in contempt for failure to follow the court’s order, a party

must have willfully disobeyed the court order. Ind. High Sch. Athletic Ass’n v.

Martin, 765 N.E.2d 1238, 1241 (Ind. 2002). The order must have been so clear

and certain that there could be no question as to what the party must do, or not

do, and so there could be no question regarding whether the order is violated.

Major, 822 N.E.2d at 170. The determination of whether a party is in contempt

of court is a matter left to the discretion of the trial court. Id. at 171. When

reviewing a contempt order, this court neither reweighs the evidence nor judges

the credibility of the witnesses. Mitchell v. Mitchell, 785 N.E.2d 1194, 1198 (Ind.

Ct. App. 2003). We will reverse a trial court’s finding of contempt only if there

is no evidence or inference therefrom to support the finding. Major, 822 N.E.2d

at 171.

[10] Here, the Eskanoses failed to appear at the show cause hearing, and there is no

indication or argument that they did not receive notice of it. They have offered

no explanation or justification as to why their absence at the show cause

hearing should be excused.3 Accordingly, the Eskanoses have failed to show

3
The chronological case summary, Appellants’ App. at 6, reflects that the Eskanoses filed a motion to continue
on September 9, which was five days after the show cause hearing occurred. The trial court denied the
motion, noting it was untimely. Id.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 41A01-1410-MI-427 | December 17, 2015 Page 6 of 11
 that the trial court abused its discretion when it found them in contempt for

their failure to appear.

[11] Although the trial court acted within its discretion to enter the order of

contempt based solely upon their failure to appear at the show cause hearing,

the trial court also held the Eskanoses in contempt for their lack of candor with

the trial court. It found,

By their verified Ex-Parte Application For Issuance of Writ of
Execution and Affidavit of Service . . . the [Eskanoses] falsely
represented to the Court that they possessed a valid judgment
when in fact [they] knew or should have known that the
[J]udgment that they sought to enforce was void.

Appellants’ App. at 11. Based upon such “misrepresentations,” the trial court

found each of them in contempt of court. Id.

[12] On appeal, the Eskanoses contend that they “are being held in contempt for

failing to disclose a void, non-final, un-rendered order issued on a Sunday by a

Judge who no longer had jurisdiction to make any further rulings in the

matter.” Appellants’ Br. at 19. The Eskanoses arguments about whether the

order was void, non-final, or issued without jurisdiction, while lengthy, are not

well-organized, focused on the current proceedings in Indiana and the resulting

issues, or supported by citation to relevant case law.4 Therefore, their claims

4
The Eskanoses brief and two appendices include significant discussion, pleadings, and documentation
related to proceedings including mortgage foreclosure, claims of fraudulent transfer asserted against the
Bank, rescission of assignments, removal to federal court, discovery, bankruptcy, and other matters not

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 41A01-1410-MI-427 | December 17, 2015 Page 7 of 11
 are waived for failure to present cogent argument. App. R. 46(a)(8)(a); Perry v.

Anonymous Physician 1, 25 N.E.3d 103, 105 n.1 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014) (citing

Thacker, 797 N.E.2d at 345), trans. denied, cert. denied, 136 S. Ct. 227 (2015)).

[13] To the extent that the Eskanoses claim the Florida court’s February 23 decision

to vacate the Judgment was void because it was entered on a Sunday, and

thereby was in violation of Florida Statute section 48.20, that statute is entitled

“Service of process on Sunday.”5 The Eskanoses have provided no authority

for the proposition that the Florida court’s order was automatically void

because it was entered on a Sunday. Furthermore, they have not shown, or

even argued, that they were in some way prejudiced by the order’s issuance or

email service of it to counsel on Sunday. We thus reject the claim that the

Florida court’s February 23 order was void. See Loehrke v. State, 722 N.E.2d

867, 870 (Fl. App. Ct. 1998) (rejecting defendant’s claim that service and

execution of search warrant was void because it was executed on Sunday where

defendant neither argued nor established prejudice).

related to this appeal. This required us to sift through a blizzard of unnecessary and often unrelated
materials, which impeded our appellate review.
5
Florida Statute section 48.20 reads: Service or execution on Sunday of any writ, process, warrant, order, or
judgment is void and the person serving or executing, or causing it to be served or executed, is liable to the
party aggrieved for damages for so doing as if he or she had done it without any process, writ, warrant, order,
or judgment. If affidavit is made by the person requesting service or execution that he or she has good reason
to believe that any person liable to have any such writ, process, warrant, order, or judgment served on him or
her intends to escape from this state under protection of Sunday, any officer furnished with an order
authorizing service or execution by the trial court judge may serve or execute such writ, process, warrant,
order, or judgment on Sunday, and it is as valid as if it had been done on any other day.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 41A01-1410-MI-427 | December 17, 2015 Page 8 of 11
[14] The Eskanoses also argue that the Florida court did not have subject matter

jurisdiction to enter the February 23 order, which vacated the Judgment that

they sought to enforce by writ in Indiana. While their argument is not entirely

clear, it appears that their position is that the Florida court lost subject matter

jurisdiction because Chase “asserted FIRREA6 on behalf of the FDIC” and the

Eskanoses filed a notice of 180-day stay. Appellants’ Br. at 21, 25. In support of

their position, the Eskanoses cite to 12 U.S.C. § 1821(d)(13)(D).7 Section 13

outlines “[a]dditional rights and duties” of the FDIC as a conservator or

receiver, here presumably of the Bank’s assets that the Eskanoses were

attempting to obtain through litigation in Florida. Subsection (D) concerns

“limitation of judicial review” and by its language appears to limit a court’s

jurisdiction over actions “for payment from, or action seeking a determination

of rights with respect to” the assets of any depository institution for which the

FDIC was appointed receiver. Assuming without deciding that the statute

might preclude the Florida court from determining any issues regarding the

6
FIRREA stands for the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery & Enforcement Act of 1989.
7
Title 12 of the United States Code section 1821(d)(13)(D) reads:

Limitation on judicial review
Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, no court shall have jurisdiction over--
(i) any claim or action for payment from, or any action seeking a determination of rights with respect to, the
assets of any depository institution for which the Corporation has been appointed receiver, including assets
which the Corporation may acquire from itself as such receiver; or
(ii) any claim relating to any act or omission of such institution or the Corporation as receiver.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 41A01-1410-MI-427 | December 17, 2015 Page 9 of 11
 Eskanoses’ specific rights with respect to the Bank’s assets, the Eskanoses have

not provided us with any authority that the Florida court could not vacate and

find void its own previously-issued default judgment. “[W]e will not become

an advocate for a party, nor will we address arguments which are either

inappropriate, too poorly developed or improperly expressed to be understood.”

Thacker, 797 N.E.2d at 345 (citations and internal quotations omitted).

[15] The Eskanoses also appear to argue that the Florida court’s order (vacating the

Judgment) was “not final” because the Eskanoses filed in March 2014 a motion

for reconsideration or rehearing8 under Florida Rule of Civil Procedure

1.530(a), and because a motion to reconsider was pending, the Indiana trial

court could not issue the contempt order. Appellants’ Br. at 19, 27-28. They

assert that “[the Florida court’s] jurisdiction continues until the motion is

disposed of[.]” Id. at 28. Again, we are unpersuaded. First, we note, this

position of continuing jurisdiction is entirely contrary to their position,

discussed above, that the Florida court did not have jurisdiction. Second, even

assuming that they are correct that the Florida court’s jurisdiction “continues”

as alleged, they have not cited to any authority for the proposition that the

Indiana trial court could not issue an order finding them in contempt. To the

extent that they claim their filing of the motion to reconsider “supend[ed]

rendition of a final order,” Appellants’ Br. at 27, we reject that as well. Under

8
We note that the Eskanoses’ Motion for Rehearing or Reconsideration is sixty-six pages in length.
Appellants’ App. at 74-140.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 41A01-1410-MI-427 | December 17, 2015 Page 10 of 11
 Florida Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.020(g), an order is “rendered” when a

signed, written order is filed with the clerk of the lower tribunal. Sumner v. Bd.

of Trs., City of Pensacola Firefighters’ Relief & Pension Fund, 78 So.3d 124, 124 (Fl.

Ct. App. 2012). Here, the record reflects that the Florida court submitted

signed copies of the February 23 order vacating Judgment “to the Clerk of

Courts for filing in the Court file.” Appellants’ App. at 237.

[16] The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it found the Eskanoses to be in

contempt for their failure to appear at the show cause hearing or for their lack

of candor with regard to a prior Florida court order vacating and holding void

the Judgment that they sought to enforce in Indiana.

[17] Affirmed.

Najam, J., and Barnes, J., concur.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 41A01-1410-MI-427 | December 17, 2015 Page 11 of 11