STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, UNPUBLISHED
December 17, 2015
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v No. 322984
Bay Circuit Court
DONALD ROBERT BESON, LC No. 13-010693-FH
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: GADOLA, P.J., and K. F. KELLY and FORT HOOD, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendant was convicted by a jury of one count of second-degree criminal sexual
conduct (CSC II), MCL 750.520c(1)(a) (complainant under the age of 13). He was sentenced to
365 days in jail and five years’ probation, the conditions of which included restrictions on
contact with his two adopted children and a child who was adopted by his former wife. We
affirm.
The charge in this case arose from allegations by complainant that defendant, who is her
uncle, sexually touched her chest and vaginal area during a sleepover with her cousin at
defendant’s house. The offense occurred in 2010.
I. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
Defendant first argues that he was denied effective assistance of counsel. We disagree.
To preserve a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must make a motion for a
new trial or an evidentiary hearing with the trial court. People v Heft, 299 Mich App 69, 80; 829
NW2d 266 (2012). Defendant never moved for a new trial or a Ginther1 hearing in the trial
court. Defendant filed a motion for a Ginther hearing with this Court, which was denied for
failure to persuade the Court of a necessity for a remand.2 When an ineffective assistance of
1
See People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973).
2
People v Beson, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered July 23, 2015 (Docket No.
322984).
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counsel claim is unpreserved, “this Court’s review is limited to mistakes apparent from the
record.” Id.
“To demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show that his or her
attorney’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing
professional norms and that this performance caused him or her prejudice.” People v Nix, 301
Mich App 195, 207; 836 NW2d 224 (2013), citing People v Armstrong, 490 Mich 281, 289-290;
806 NW2d 676 (2011). “To demonstrate prejudice, a defendant must show the probability that,
but for counsel’s errors, the result of the proceedings would have been different.” Nix, 301 Mich
App at 207.
Defendant raises several claims of ineffective assistance of counsel regarding his trial
counsel’s performance in relation to expert witnesses at trial. Defendant claims that his trial
counsel was ineffective for failing to consult or call an expert witness to support defendant’s
case. Defendant also argues that his trial counsel was ineffective in regard to the prosecutor’s
expert witness, specifically because defense counsel failed to conduct adequate pretrial
discovery, failed to object to the expert’s qualification, and inadequately cross-examined the
expert witness.
First, we address defendant’s claims regarding defense counsel’s failure to call or consult
an expert witness in child sexual abuse and forensic examination. To support his claim,
defendant attached an affidavit from Dr. Katherine Okla, who opined that expert testimony and
consultation in the area of child sexual abuse and forensic interviewing would have been very
impactful on defendant’s case. In response, the prosecution attached an affidavit from
defendant’s trial counsel in which trial counsel stated that he discussed hiring an expert with
defendant. According to defendant’s trial counsel, defendant declined to hire an expert witness
due to cost and the belief that his testimony and that of other members of his church would lead
to an acquittal. While our review is limited to the record evidence, Heft, 299 Mich App at 80, we
elect to expand the record to include both parties’ affidavits to facilitate prompt review of this
issue. MCR 7.216(A)(4). In light of trial counsel’s affidavit, which is unchallenged by
defendant, we conclude that defendant is not entitled to reversal on this basis. By refusing to
hire an expert witness, defendant contributed to the error alleged on appeal and has accordingly
waived review. Because error requiring reversal cannot be error to which the aggrieved party
contributed by plan or negligence, defendant has waived appellate review of this issue. People v
Gonzalez, 256 Mich App 212, 224; 663 NW2d 499 (2003).
In regard to the prosecution’s expert witness, defendant raises several claims of
ineffective assistance. First, defendant asserts that trial counsel was ineffective for waiving the
notice requirement in MCR 6.201 in regard to the prosecutor’s expert witness, Detective Daniel
Adams of the Grand Rapids Police Department. MCR 6.201 requires a party, upon request, to
provide the name and address of all lay and expert witnesses no later than 28 days before trial.
In this case, defendant’s trial counsel never requested discovery regarding the expert witness
from the prosecutor, did not receive the name of the expert until one week before trial, and did
not speak with Adams until immediately preceding his testimony at trial. In regard to this claim
of error, even assuming defendant can show that trial counsel’s performance fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness, we are not convinced that the outcome of trial would have
been different but for counsel’s error. Nix, 301 Mich App at 207. Defendant makes no argument
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regarding how knowing Adams’s identity would have impacted trial. Rather, defendant’s
position seems to rely on his claim that his attorney should have consulted an expert witness,
who would have assisted defendant’s trial attorney in discrediting the prosecutor’s expert
witness. For the reasons set forth above, we are unconvinced defendant is entitled to relief on
that basis, and, thus, we are not persuaded that defense counsel’s failure to conduct discovery
impacted defendant’s trial. This is especially true in light of the fact that, after defense counsel
noted on the record that he had not spoken with Adams, the trial court adjourned trial to allow
counsel to speak with him. We conclude that the adjournment, which had no time restriction,
cured any error such that no prejudice resulted. While the interview was brief, trial counsel
indicated that he was satisfied and trial proceeded. Accordingly, defendant is not entitled to
reversal for this reason.
Second, defendant asserts that his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to challenge the
qualifications of the prosecutor’s expert witness because, according to defendant, Adams did not
meet the requirements of an expert witness under MRE 702, which governs the admissibility of
expert testimony:
If the court determines that scientific, technical, or other specialized
knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a
fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience,
training, or education may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise if
(1) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony is the
product of reliable principles and methods, and (3) the witness has applied the
principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case.
In People v Dobek, 274 Mich App 58, 78; 732 NW2d 546 (2007), this Court held that a police
officer may be qualified as an expert on the basis of experience or training in child abuse cases.
See also People v Petri, 279 Mich App 407, 416; 760 NW2d 882 (2008) (holding that the police
detective who testified regarding the “grooming” behavior of child sex abusers would have
qualified as an expert where he testified that he had “15 years of experience with the Livingston
County Sheriff’s Department, and received training in the forensic interviewing of children.”).
Here, we are not convinced that defense counsel was ineffective for failing to object to Adams’s
expert testimony. As in Dobek and Petri, Adams testified at length regarding his training at the
local, state, and national levels. Adams also testified that he has consulted on over 1,200 cases
involving child sexual abuse and at the time of trial had more than 10 years handling that type of
case. Thus, with this background and experience, Adams would have been qualified as an expert
to speak in generalities regarding child sexual abuse. Defense counsel is not ineffective for
failing to raise a meritless argument or futile objection. People v Ericksen, 288 Mich App 192,
201; 793 NW2d 120 (2010).
Finally, defendant claimed that his trial counsel failed to adequately cross examine
Adams. Defendant failed to factually develop an argument regarding this issue and, thus,
abandoned this issue. People v Payne, 285 Mich App 181, 195; 774 NW2d 714 (2009) (“An
appellant may not merely announce his position and leave it to this Court to discover and
rationalize the basis for his claims, nor may he give only cursory treatment with little or no
citation of supporting authority.”). Moreover, our review of the record reveals that defense
counsel’s cross-examination was adequate. Defense counsel elicited testimony that it was
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equally easy for a child who made a false allegation of abuse to continue in his or her activities
in a normal manner as it would be for a child whose allegations are truthful, that Adams had seen
that situation in the 1,200 cases he had been involved in, that false accusations were not
uncommon or unusual, and that he had cases where the alleged victim lied to a friend about
alleged abuse when the friend disclosed her own prior abuse. We further note that Adams spoke
only in generalities, thereby acknowledging the limitations of his experience and knowledge.
II. EVIDENCE ADMITTED PURSUANT TO MCL 768.27A
Defendant next argues that the trial court erred by admitting evidence of another offense
of sexual abuse under MCL 768.27a. We disagree. This Court reviews for an abuse of
discretion a preserved challenge to the admission of evidence. People v Orr, 275 Mich App 587,
588; 739 NW2d 385 (2007). “A trial court abuses its discretion when it chooses an outcome that
is outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes.” Id.
MCL 768.27a(1) provides that “in a criminal case in which the defendant is accused of
committing a listed offense against a minor, evidence that the defendant committed another listed
offense against a minor is admissible and may be considered for its bearing on any matter to
which it is relevant.” Here, the evidence at issue, testimony by the complainant that defendant
had previously molested her while camping, plainly falls within the scope of MCL 768.27a.
However, evidence admissible pursuant to MCL 768.27a may still be excluded under MRE 403
if “its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of
the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless
presentation of cumulative evidence.” People v Watkins, 491 Mich 450, 481, 486; 818 NW2d
296 (2012).
[W]hen applying MRE 403 to evidence admissible under MCL 768.27a, courts
must weigh the propensity inference in favor of the evidence’s probative value
rather than its prejudicial effect. That is, other-acts evidence admissible under
MCL 768.27a may not be excluded under MRE 403 as overly prejudicial merely
because it allows a jury to draw a propensity inference. [Id. at 487.]
The Court further held that “[t]here are several considerations that may lead a court to exclude
such evidence. These considerations include (1) the dissimilarity between the other acts and the
charged crime, (2) the temporal proximity of the other acts to the charged crime, (3) the
infrequency of the other acts, (4) the presence of intervening acts, (5) the lack of reliability of the
evidence supporting the occurrence of the other acts, and (6) the lack of need for evidence
beyond the complainant’s and the defendant’s testimony.” Id. at 487-488.
In this case, although the trial court incorrectly referenced MRE 404(b) when deciding to
admit the evidence, it correctly performed the MRE 403 balancing test. The evidence could not
be excluded simply because it would allow the jury to draw a propensity inference. Watkins, 491
Mich at 487. The allegation of sexual contact at the camp was nearly identical to the charged
offense and the two acts occurred within a one-month period. Finally, because there was no
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physical evidence of the sexual contact, the desire for additional evidence to persuade the jury
was compelling. Thus, the prejudicial effect of the evidence did not outweigh its probative value
and the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the other-acts evidence.3
III. EVIDENCE ADMITTED PURSUANT TO MRE 404(A)(1)
Defendant next argues that the trial court erred by admitting other-acts evidence pursuant
to MRE 404(A)(1). We disagree. The evidence at issue was that defendant was discharged in
2012 from a position at an elementary school for inappropriate contact with a nine-year-old girl.
MRE 404(a)(1) provides in relevant part:
Evidence of a person’s character or a trait of character is not admissible
for the purpose of proving action in conformity therewith on a particular occasion,
except:
(1) Evidence of a pertinent trait of character offered by an accused, or by
the prosecution to rebut the same[.]
“Once a defendant has placed his character in issue, it is proper for the prosecution to introduce
evidence [under MRE 404(a)(1)] that the defendant’s character is not as impeccable as is
claimed.” People v Vasher, 449 Mich 494, 503; 537 NW2d 168 (1995). When a defendant
attempts to establish that he “[is] a loving family man who would not consider molesting young
girls, the prosecution [is] entitled to rebut this.” Id. The admission of such evidence is subject to
the balancing test of MRE 403.
In this case, the trial court correctly determined that defendant placed his character in
issue during his opening statement and during his direct examination. During opening argument,
trial counsel stated that witnesses would tell the jury about defendant’s character, that he was a
family many who was involved with his church, social activities, and children’s groups, and that
there was no “dark side” to defendant. During his testimony, defendant placed his character in
issue by describing himself as a Christian family man, testifying that there was never an
allegation of misconduct as a foster parent, that he had never formally or informally been
accused of molesting a child, and by invoking the name of God to proclaim his innocence.
Taken together, defendant clearly brought his entire character into issue by implying that he
should be believed because he is a good Christian family man who had never been charged with
misconduct related to a child or with molesting a child and that he was trustworthy. The other-
acts evidence related to his discharge for inappropriate contact with a nine-year-old child—the
3
In regard to this issue, defendant appears to rely on case law involving analysis of MRE 404(b)
rather than MCL 768.27a. In Watkins, 491 Mich at 476-477, our Supreme Court concluded that
in cases where MCL 768.27 applies, “it supersedes MRE 404(b)” because the statute was
enacted not “to further the orderly dispatch of judicial business, but to address a substantive
concern about the protection of children and the prosecution of persons who perpetrate certain
enumerated crimes against children and are more likely than others to reoffend.” Therefore,
defendant’s reliance on case law involving MRE 404(b) is misplaced.
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same age as complainant when the alleged acts occurred—was properly admitted as evidence to
rebut defendant’s proclaimed character traits and level of appropriateness with children. Vasher,
449 Mich at 503.
Defendant argues that even if the trial court correctly determined that he placed his
character in issue, evidence of his dismissal in 2012 for inappropriate contact with a child should
not have been admitted because it was unfairly prejudicial pursuant to MRE 403. Unfair
prejudice occurs when the jury gives too much weight to evidence with little probative value.
People v McGhee, 268 Mich App 600, 613; 709 NW2d 595 (2005). In other words, unfair
prejudice exists when proposed evidence “adversely affect[s] the objecting party’s position by
injecting considerations extraneous to the merits of the lawsuit, e.g., the jury’s bias, sympathy,
anger, or shock.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted).
The defense in this case was that defendant never had sexual contact with complainant,
that on the basis of his character he should be believed, and that complainant’s allegations were
false and unbelievable. The other-acts evidence was highly probative on the issue of defendant’s
character as a good Christian family man who had never been accused of misconduct regarding,
or molestation of, a child. Thus, the evidence was very probative of a fact in issue because it
made less probable a fact of consequence—whether defendant’s character was as impeccable as
he claimed—than it would have been without admission of the testimony. Accordingly, the
evidence was not unfairly prejudicial, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting
it.
Defendant also argues that if the other-acts evidence was properly admitted, his trial
counsel was ineffective for opening the door to this character evidence. A defendant must meet
a heavy burden to overcome the presumption that counsel employed effective trial strategy.
Payne, 285 Mich App at 190. We do not agree that defense counsel was ineffective.
Defendant’s theory of the case was that complainant’s allegations were false and that the jury
should believe him. By arguing in his opening statement that defendant was a Christian family
man with no dark side, and eliciting on direct examination that defendant had never been charged
with sexually molesting a child or with misconduct as a foster parent, trial counsel attempted to
bolster his credibility. The decision was a matter of trial strategy, which this Court does not
second guess, People v Russell, 297 Mich App 707, 716; 825 NW2d 623 (2012), and on this
record presumptively reasonable given the he-said, she-said nature of the charges. Because the
admission of other-acts evidence is in the trial court’s discretion, trial counsel may have
determined that the opening statement and the direct testimony were a calculated risk. “The fact
that defense counsel’s strategy may not have worked does not constitute ineffective assistance of
counsel.” People v Stewart (On Remand), 219 Mich App 38, 42; 555 NW2d 715 (1996). On the
record before this Court, trial counsel’s actions were objectively reasonable.
We note that even if trial counsel’s actions were objectively unreasonable, defendant is
unable to establish that “but for counsel’s errors, the result of the proceedings would have been
different.” Nix, 301 Mich App at 207. Defendant testified that he left notes and gifts for the
nine-year-old girl because he was trying to convert her to Christ, which tied in with his portrait
of himself as a Christian family man who was heavily involved with his church. In addition, all
the character witnesses testified that they were aware of the details surrounding his discharge and
that the information did not alter their opinions regarding his character for truthfulness and
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honesty. One witness testified that she believed defendant gave the girl notes because the girl
was saddened. The testimony of defendant’s prior pastor was particularly potent because he was
not surprised defendant left candy and gifts for the child since he looks out for “unfortunate folk
and then helps them.” Further, he testified that inappropriate conduct would not comport with
defendant’s character. Thus, defendant’s testimony and that of his numerous character witnesses
gave an innocent explanation for his behavior with the girl, a reason that tied in with his
Christian beliefs. Under these circumstances, defendant is unable to establish that there is a
reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial would have been different.
IV. TERMS OF PROBATION
Finally, defendant argues that the probation condition of no-contact with his adopted
daughters and the son adopted by his former wife violates his constitutional right to parent his
children. We note that he did not raise this issue below and that unpreserved constitutional
issues are reviewed for plain error. People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 752, 764; 597 NW2d 130
(1999). Moreover, this Court reviews for an abuse of discretion the trial court’s decision to set
terms of probation. People v Zujko, 282 Mich App 520, 521; 765 NW2d 897 (2008). “A trial
court abuses its discretion when it chooses an outcome that is outside the range of reasonable and
principled outcomes.” Orr, 275 Mich App at 588.
In Michigan, “[a] sentencing judge is accorded wide discretion in setting conditions of
probation.” People v Miller, 182 Mich App 711, 713; 452 NW2d 890 (1990). The trial court has
authority to “fix and determine the period and conditions of probation” and “may amend the
form or substance at any time.” MCL 771.2(2). When a trial court sentences a defendant to a
term of probation, certain conditions of probation are required, MCL 771.3(1), while others are
discretionary, MCL 771.3(2), like imposing conditions “reasonably necessary for the protection
of 1 or more named persons,” MCL 771.3(2)(o). The trial court may also “impose other lawful
conditions of probation as the circumstances of the case require or warrant or as in its judgment
are proper.” MCL 771.3(3). A sentencing judge’s determination will be disturbed only if the
conditions are unlawful. People v Graber, 128 Mich App 185, 191; 339 NW2d 866 (1983).
There must be a rational relationship between the restriction and rehabilitation. Miller, 182 Mich
App at 713.
Defendant asserts that the limitations on contact with his adopted children and the son
adopted by his former wife violate his fundamental constitutional right to parent his children,
relying on Troxel v Granville, 530 US 57, 65-66; 120 S Ct 2054; 147 L Ed 2d 49 (2000).
However, when faced with similar challenges to probationary conditions that impact a
defendant’s constitutional rights, this Court has upheld probationary restrictions provided the
term is limited in scope and rationally related to a defendant’s rehabilitation. Miller, 182 Mich
App at 712-714; People v Branson, 138 Mich App 455, 457-461; 360 NW2d 614 (1984);
Graber, 128 Mich App at 191-192.
Here, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by imposing a no-
contact condition on probation. Zujko, 282 Mich App at 521. Protection of one or more named
persons is a lawful condition of probation. MCL 771.3(2)(o). The no-contact provision was for
a limited term (five years). Like in Branson, 138 Mich App at 457-458, where the restrictions
were imposed to protect children from physical abuse, the trial court imposed the no-contact
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order to protect defendant’s adopted daughters. Although the Department of Health and Human
Services (DHHS) apparently investigated the home and found no sign of abuse, defendant was
found guilty of sexual contact with his then nine-year-old niece, who he described as being “like
one of his own children.” In addition, the sexual contact between defendant and the complainant
occurred in situations where other people were present (albeit asleep) but the potential for
discovery was high, making even supervised visits risky. Further, evidence was presented that
defendant was discharged from his position at a school for inappropriate contact with a nine-
year-old girl. Like Miller, where this Court concluded that a no-contact provision until further
order of the court, as opposed to for life, would be appropriate, prohibiting contact with his
adopted daughters for the five-year term bears a rational relationship to the defendant’s
rehabilitation. Miller, 182 Mich App at 714. The probation condition is lawful and is not
“outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes.” Orr, 275 Mich App at 588.
Therefore, there was no plain error.
Affirmed.
/s/ Michael F. Gadola
/s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly
/s/ Karen M. Fort Hood
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