December 22 2015
DA 15-0029
Case Number: DA 15-0029
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2015 MT 346
DAVID HASTIE,
Plaintiff, Appellant, and Cross-Appellee,
v.
ALPINE ORTHOPEDICS & SPORTS
MEDICINE and DR. MARK DEIBERT,
Defendants, Appellees, and Cross-Appellants.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Eighteenth Judicial District,
In and For the County of Gallatin, Cause No. DV 12-746A
Honorable Holly Brown, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Geoffrey C. Angel, Angel Law Firm, Bozeman, Montana
For Appellees:
Mark S. Williams, Peter B. Ivins, Williams Law Firm, P.C.,
Missoula, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: November 4, 2015
Decided: December 22, 2015
Filed:
__________________________________________
Clerk
Justice Patricia Cotter delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Plaintiff David Hastie (Hastie) underwent foot surgery in October 2010.
Defendant Dr. Mark Deibert (Deibert) of Alpine Orthopedics & Sports Medicine (Alpine)
in Bozeman performed the surgery. Following the surgery, Dr. Deibert placed Hastie in
an orthotic boot and asked him to return for post-operative care. After two post-operative
appointments, Hastie did not return to Dr. Deibert’s office for a third appointment, but
continued wearing the orthotic boot. Hastie wore the boot for almost three years, which
resulted in foot, leg and back pain and difficulty walking. Hastie sued Dr. Deibert for
medical malpractice and Consumer Protection Act violations, among other things. The
case was tried to a jury in December 2014, and judgment was entered for Defendants.
Hastie now appeals two of the District Court’s pre-trial orders, one excluding testimony
from Hastie’s expert witness, and another granting Defendants’ motion for partial
summary judgment. The Defendants raise two issues on cross-appeal to be addressed
only in the event we reverse and remand for a new trial. We affirm.
ISSUES
¶2 We restate the issues on appeal as follows:
¶3 Did the District Court abuse its discretion by excluding Hastie’s proposed expert
witness, Dr. Hahn, on the grounds that Dr. Hahn is neither a medical doctor nor a doctor
of osteopathy?
¶4 Did the District Court err in granting Dr. Deibert and Alpine summary judgment
on Hastie’s Consumer Protection Act claims?
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FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
¶5 David Hastie was injured in an all-terrain vehicle (ATV) accident on his
girlfriend’s father’s property in late September or early October of 2010. He sustained
fractures to the bones that make up the Lisfranc joint complex on his right foot. Hastie
went to the Bozeman Deaconess Hospital for x-rays of his foot on October 4, 2010. After
viewing the x-rays, Dr. Mary Drake of the Bozeman Deaconess Emergency Department
referred Hastie to Alpine Orthopedics & Sports Medicine for evaluation and treatment of
his foot. On October 4, 2010, Hastie saw Dr. Jeffrey Rasch of Alpine for an initial
evaluation. Dr. Rasch suspected a Lisfranc injury and requested a CT scan of the area for
further evaluation. Advanced Medical Imaging performed a CT scan of Hastie’s right
foot the next day. The CT scan revealed several fractures consistent with a Lisfranc
injury. Hastie then met with Dr. Mark Deibert, an orthopedic surgeon at Alpine, about
possible treatment options. Hastie elected to proceed with a surgical operation called
“open reduction internal fixation of Lisfranc fracture-dislocation,” which took place on
October 7, 2010. Dr. Deibert placed screws in Hastie’s foot during the surgery and was
satisfied that the operation was successful.
¶6 Hastie returned to Dr. Deibert’s office on October 18, 2010, for his first
post-operative appointment. Hastie’s sutures were removed and the incision appeared to
be healing well. X-rays revealed the foot bones were properly aligned. Hastie was given
a removable orthotic boot and instructions to maintain non-weightbearing but continue
range of motion exercises and return for a follow-up appointment in six weeks.
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¶7 Hastie returned for an appointment with Dr. Deibert on November 29, 2010. At
that appointment, Dr. Deibert noted that Hastie’s incisions had healed well, that Hastie
had been able to bear weight on his foot while in the orthotic boot, and that the screws in
his foot remained properly aligned. In his notes about the visit, Dr. Deibert wrote, “I plan
to have [Hastie] continue nonpainful weightbearing in the right lower extremity and
follow up in six weeks for repeat evaluation.”
¶8 What occurred during the next eighteen months is disputed. Hastie had hoped to
obtain insurance coverage for the surgery through his girlfriend’s father’s homeowner’s
insurance policy, but was unsuccessful, leaving him solely responsible for the $9,001 bill.
Hastie maintains that he made multiple attempts to schedule a third post-operative
appointment with Dr. Deibert, but was not allowed an appointment until he paid the bill
for his surgery. Dr. Deibert testified in his deposition that denying a patient
post-operative care because of a billing issue would constitute sub-standard medical care,
and that his office does not employ such practices. He testified at trial that he has never
directed that a patient be turned away for failure to pay his bill.
¶9 Dr. Deibert’s office maintains records of all patient communications, and his
office recorded two phone calls with Hastie in early 2011. According to the call logs,
Hastie inquired about the bill for his surgery, but did not attempt to make an appointment
after November 29, 2010. Hastie never returned to Dr. Deibert’s office for a third
post-operative appointment. Dr. Deibert and another doctor testified at trial that
physicians generally do not track patients down and insist on follow-up care; rather, it is
the responsibility of the patient to schedule appointments.
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¶10 Seventeen months after his last appointment with Dr. Deibert, Hastie went to see
Dr. Jon Robinson of Bridger Orthopedic, complaining of pain in his right foot. Dr.
Robinson examined Hastie on April 3, 2012, confirmed his medical history, and noted
that the alignment of the foot was good and the hardware was still in place and intact.
However, Dr. Robinson was concerned that Hastie was still wearing a boot and was still
using narcotic pain medication 18 months post-surgery. Dr. Robinson discussed
operative and non-operative treatment options with Hastie, and Hastie elected to have
surgery to have the hardware removed from his foot.
¶11 Hastie did not contact Dr. Robinson’s office about scheduling the surgery until
February 28, 2013. The medical record generated on that day says, “[t]he patient had a
previous lis franc injury. [H]e has been wearing a walking boot since last [A]pril. [T]he
patient was scheduled for surgery but for financial reasons decided to hold off. He would
like to have surgery soon and was wondering about coming out of the boot.” Under
“Assessment/Plan,” Dr. Robinson wrote, “[t]he xray shows intact screws. The patient
would like to have them removed and we will do that if he schedules. OK to come out of
the boot. Risk of screw breakage was discussed.”
¶12 Another six months passed before Hastie went in for surgery with Dr. Robinson.
Dr. Robinson removed the screws in Hastie’s foot on August 21, 2013, and performed
follow-up care through October of 2013. On October 7, 2013, Dr. Robinson noted that
Hastie is participating in rehabilitation and “making excellent progress,” is no longer
taking pain medication, and is “full weight bearing.”
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¶13 In the meantime, on October 9, 2012, Hastie filed suit against Dr. Deibert and
Alpine for medical malpractice and Consumer Protection Act (CPA) violations. Hastie
alleged that Dr. Deibert refused to remove the hardware in his foot or the boot until
Hastie paid for his surgery, and that as a result of Dr. Deibert’s breach of the standard of
care, Hastie was forced to wear a boot for the intervening years, which resulted in
degenerative back pain and difficulty walking. Hastie also alleged that Dr. Deibert and
Alpine engaged in unfair and deceptive practices, in violation of the CPA. Hastie now
appeals two of the District Court’s pre-trial orders, one excluding his expert witness, and
one granting summary judgment to the Defendants on the Consumer Protection Act
claims. He does not otherwise appeal from the jury verdict. Additional facts will be
discussed as necessary in the following analysis.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶14 We review a district court’s rulings on the admissibility of expert testimony for
abuse of discretion. McClue v. Safeco Ins. Co., 2015 MT 222, ¶¶ 8-14, 380 Mont. 204,
354 P.3d 604 (citing Beehler v. E. Radiological Assocs., P.C., 2012 MT 260, 367 Mont.
21, 289 P.3d 131; Harris v. Hanson, 2009 MT 13, ¶ 18, 349 Mont. 29, 201 P.3d 151).
¶15 We review a district court’s entry of summary judgment de novo. McClue, ¶ 8
(citing Albert v. City of Billings, 2012 MT 159, ¶ 15, 365 Mont. 454, 282 P.3d 704).
“Summary judgment is appropriate when the moving party demonstrates both the
absence of any genuine issues of material fact and entitlement to judgment as a matter of
law.” Albert, ¶ 15. “A material fact is a fact that involves the elements of the cause of
action or defenses at issue to an extent that necessitates resolution of the issue by a trier
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of fact.” Williams v. Plum Creek Timber Co., 2011 MT 271, ¶ 14, 362 Mont. 368, 264
P.3d 1090 (internal quotation marks omitted) (citing Arnold v. Yellowstone Mountain
Club, LLC, 2004 MT 284, ¶ 15, 323 Mont. 295, 100 P.3d 137).
DISCUSSION
¶16 Did the District Court abuse its discretion by excluding Hastie’s proposed witness,
Dr. Hahn, on the grounds that Dr. Hahn is neither a medical doctor nor a doctor
of osteopathy?
¶17 In support of his medical malpractice claim, Hastie sought standard of care
testimony from Dr. John Hahn, a podiatrist formerly licensed in Oregon. Defendants
filed a motion in limine to exclude testimony from Hastie’s proposed expert witness on
the grounds that Montana law precludes a podiatrist from offering standard of care
testimony in a medical malpractice case against an orthopedic surgeon. The District
Court granted Defendants’ motion, and did not abuse its discretion in so doing.
¶18 The District Court relied on § 26-2-601(2), MCA, to exclude proposed testimony
by Dr. Hahn. This statute, entitled “Medical malpractice expert witness qualifications,”
provides: “If the malpractice claim involves treatment that is recommended or provided
by a physician as defined in 37-3-102, a person may not testify as an expert witness with
respect to issues of negligence or standards of care and practice concerning the treatment
unless the person is also a physician.” Section 26-2-601(2), MCA. A physician is
defined in § 37-3-102(11), MCA, as “a person who holds a degree as a doctor of
medicine or doctor of osteopathy and who has a valid license to practice medicine or
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osteopathic medicine in this state.”1 Under the statutory definition, Dr. Deibert is a
“physician” because he holds the degree of doctor of medicine. Dr. Hahn is not a
“physician” because he is neither a doctor of medicine nor a doctor of osteopathy, but
rather a doctor of podiatric medicine. Thus, Dr. Hahn is statutorily unqualified to offer
negligence or standard of care testimony against Dr. Deibert in this medical malpractice
case. The District Court did not abuse its discretion in excluding Dr. Hahn’s testimony
against Dr. Deibert.
¶19 Did the District Court err in granting Dr. Deibert and Alpine summary judgment
on Hastie’s Consumer Protection Act claims?
¶20 Hastie alleged in his complaint that Defendants violated the CPA and “engaged in
unfair or deceptive acts or practices in the conduct of [their] trade or commerce.”
Defendants moved for summary judgment on the CPA claims on the grounds that
Hastie’s allegations are directed at Dr. Deibert’s practice of medicine, and thus recovery
is unavailable under the CPA. Hastie responded that his CPA claims are based upon
Defendants’ “entrepreneurial dealings” with patients. He alleged that Dr. Deibert failed
to provide him with the information necessary to make a decision regarding the
“purchase” of the surgery and failed to properly instruct him in post-surgery treatment,
and that Alpine engaged in billing practices that barred patients from the office due to an
1
Dr. Hahn is not a medical doctor, so he is unqualified to render expert testimony in this case,
regardless of which state licensed him as a podiatrist. However, we encourage the Legislature to
revisit the distinction between a “physician” for purposes of licensing in Montana and a
“physician” for purposes of qualification to give expert testimony. The cross-referencing of
§ 37-3-102(11), MCA, in § 26-2-601(2), MCA, could be read as imposing upon testifying
experts in medical malpractice cases a requirement that they be licensed to practice medicine in
Montana, which we do not believe was the Legislature’s intent.
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unpaid account. The District Court concluded that Hastie’s theories about how Dr.
Deibert and Alpine violated the Consumer Protection Act are premised upon allegations
of professional negligence and are consequently exempt from the CPA. The District
Court granted Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the CPA claims. We
affirm.
¶21 Montana’s Consumer Protection Act prohibits “[u]nfair methods of competition
and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in the conduct of any trade or commerce.”
Section 30-14-103, MCA. The CPA defines “trade” and “commerce” to mean “the
advertising, offering for sale, sale, or distribution of any services, any property, tangible
or intangible, real, personal, or mixed, or any other article, commodity, or thing of value,
wherever located . . . .” Section 30-14-102(8), MCA.
¶22 Only once have we addressed the availability of CPA claims in a professional
negligence case against a medical provider. In that case, we held that “only those acts or
practices in the conduct of the entrepreneurial, commercial, or business aspects of
running a [medical practice] are actionable under Montana’s CPA.” Brookins v. Mote,
2012 MT 283, ¶ 54, 367 Mont. 193, 292 P.3d 347. We “agree[d] with the near
unanimous line of authority that has exempted from the CPA conduct by health-care
providers in the ‘actual practice’ of the profession,” and we found that “failing to exempt
professional negligence in the course of the ‘actual practice’ of medicine could render
medical malpractice law ‘obsolete.’” Brookins, ¶ 54. In Brookins, we distinguished
between a hospital’s credentialing of a doctor and a hospital’s billing or advertising
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practices, and found that the former was not entrepreneurial, commercial, or
business-related, while the latter were. Brookins, ¶ 55.
¶23 In this case, Hastie’s theories about how Dr. Deibert’s and Alpine’s treatment of
him constituted unfair and deceptive practices stem from alleged acts of professional
negligence. Hastie claims that Dr. Deibert refused him post-operative care, ostensibly
because Hastie had not yet paid his bill. But the alleged refusal of medical care, for
whatever reason, falls squarely within the realm of professional negligence. In fact,
Hastie’s attorney approached this claim as a professional negligence issue during Dr.
Deibert’s deposition. Dr. Deibert was asked “[w]ould it be below the standards of care
for a practitioner to refuse postsurgical followup to a patient because they have an
outstanding bill?” and Dr. Deibert replied, “I believe it would be.” Hastie’s allegation
that Dr. Deibert refused him follow-up medical care is not related to the entrepreneurial,
commercial, or business aspects of running a medical practice, and it is thus exempt
from the CPA. Brookins, ¶ 54.
¶24 As noted, Hastie supported his CPA claim with an allegation that Dr. Deibert
failed to provide him with the information necessary to make an informed decision
regarding the “purchase” of the surgery. But Hastie cannot transform a professional
negligence claim into a Consumer Protection Act claim simply by using the word
“purchase.” Any dispute Hastie has with Dr. Deibert about informed consent regarding
the surgery would fall within the realm of professional negligence, not trade or
commerce. See e.g. Zimmerman v. Robertson, 259 Mont. 105, 112, 854 P.2d 338, 342
(1993) (“We note only that the cases generally support the proposition that a medical
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malpractice claim premised on a theory of lack of informed consent is a separate cause
of action rather than an ‘element’ in an otherwise specifically alleged claim of
professional negligence . . . . [In previous cases, plaintiffs have] sought personal injury
damages based, alternatively, on alleged surgical negligence, alleged negligence in post-
operative care, and an alleged negligent failure by the doctor to disclose the risks
inherent in the operation.”). Hastie’s allegation that Dr. Deibert did not adequately
inform Hastie about the risks of and alternatives to surgery is likewise not related to the
entrepreneurial, commercial, or business aspects of running a medical practice, and it is
thus exempt from the CPA. Brookins, ¶ 54.
¶25 Though there was some dispute about what occurred after Hastie’s final
appointment with Dr. Deibert, these disputed facts do not bear on our resolution of the
CPA cause of action and therefore do not require resolution by the trier of fact.
Williams, ¶ 14. Since the disputed facts in this case are not material to the CPA cause of
action and Defendants are entitled to judgment on the CPA claims as a matter of law, the
District Court did not err in granting Defendants’ motion for partial summary judgment.
CONCLUSION
¶26 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the District Court’s November 7, 2014 Order
granting Defendants’ motion in limine to exclude Plaintiff’s expert, and the District
Court’s July 23, 2014 Order granting Defendants’ motion for partial summary judgment.
/S/ PATRICIA COTTER
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We concur:
/S/ LAURIE McKINNON
/S/ JAMES JEREMIAH SHEA
/S/ MICHAEL E WHEAT
/S/ JIM RICE
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