Birch v. Polaris Industries, Inc.

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
PUBLISH Tenth Circuit

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS December 23, 2015

Elisabeth A. Shumaker
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court
_________________________________

JUSTIN HARRISON BIRCH, individually
and as personal representative of the estate
of Virl Lane Birch; JOY FINLAYSON
BIRCH; JORDAN DOUGLASS BIRCH;
COLTON BENNION BIRCH,

Plaintiffs - Appellants,

v. No. 15-4066

POLARIS INDUSTRIES, INC.,

Defendant - Appellee.
_________________________________

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF UTAH
(D.C. No. 2:13-CV-00633-RJS)
_________________________________

Richard Leon Denney, Denney & Barrett, P.C., Norman, Oklahoma (Lydia JoAnn
Barrett, Denney & Barrett, P.C., Norman, Oklahoma; Bradley H. Bearnson and Aaron K.
Bergman, Bearnson & Caldwell, P.C., Logan, Utah, with him on the briefs), appearing
for Appellants.

Ryan L. Nilsen, Bowman and Brooke, LLP, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Nathan J.
Marcusen, Bowman and Brooke, LLP, Minneapolis, Minnesota, and Paul G. Cereghini,
Bowman and Brooke, LLP, Phoenix, Arizona, with him on the brief), appearing for
Appellee.
_________________________________

Before MATHESON, EBEL, and McHUGH, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________

MATHESON, Circuit Judge.
_________________________________
 Virl Lane Birch died when the off-road vehicle in which he was riding flipped

over and pinned him to the ground. His surviving family members sued Polaris

Industries, the vehicle manufacturer, for strict products liability, negligence, and breach

of warranty, invoking the district court’s diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332.

Arguing there was no evidence Mr. Birch’s vehicle was defective at the time of sale,

Polaris moved for summary judgment. Well after the deadlines for amending the

pleadings and for discovery had passed, Mr. Birch’s survivors filed motions (1) to add

new theories to their complaint, and (2) for additional discovery. A magistrate judge

denied both motions as untimely, and the district court affirmed the magistrate’s ruling.

Based on the allegations in the unamended complaint, the district court then granted

summary judgment to Polaris on all claims.

Mr. Birch’s survivors now appeal the district court’s denial of their two motions

and the grant of summary judgment. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we

affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Factual History

On April 22, 2011, the Polaris Victory dealership in St. George, Utah, sold a 2011

Polaris RZR 800 (“2011 RZR”) to Mr. Birch. He and his son, Jordan Birch, took the

2011 RZR—an off-road vehicle—for a ride on May 4, 2011. While they were driving

over a road bump, the 2011 RZR tilted over onto its passenger side, face down, injuring

Mr. Birch’s hand, which was trapped beneath the vehicle.

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 The crash destroyed the 2011 RZR’s roll-over protection structure (“ROPS”), a

frame of steel tubes and bars that sits atop the vehicle’s passenger cabin. The ROPS,

which the parties refer to alternatively as a “roll cage” or “cab frame,” is intended to

protect passengers “in the event of a pitchover accident.” Aplt. App., Vol. 4 at 847.

Moto Zoo Powersports in St. George estimated that repairing the ROPS and other

damage to Mr. Birch’s 2011 RZR would cost $6,008.69.

Unhappy with that figure, Mr. Birch asked Skylar Damron, the Moto Zoo

technician who had provided the estimate, to repair the 2011 RZR off book, in Mr.

Damron’s own garage. Because Mr. Birch was the friend of a friend, Mr. Damron agreed

to repair the vehicle for a lower fee. Though he was not a Polaris employee, Polaris had

certified Mr. Damron as a master service dealer technician. On June 30, 2011, Mr. Birch

sent Mr. Damron an email indicating he would “like to price out” various pieces of

equipment, including “[r]oll cage bars.” Aplt. App., Vol. 1 at 82. Mr. Damron

responded two weeks later with a list of parts he would need to install, one of which was

a “2pc roll cage.” Id. at 83.

Mr. Damron ordered a new, unused ROPS from a seller on Craigslist.com, whose

name Mr. Damron could not remember. The ROPS had been manufactured for use with

a 2008 Polaris RZR. Between the 2008 and 2011 model years, Polaris had made several

changes to the design of its ROPS. As relevant here, the couplers on the 2011 ROPS—

that is, the components that attach the ROPS to the vehicle’s main frame—employ a

system of indents and raised tabs that interlock with one another. By contrast, the

“mating surfaces” on the 2008 ROPS had “flat faces,” with no tabs or indents. Aplt.

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App., Vol. 4 at 818. To fit the new 2008 ROPS onto Mr. Birch’s 2011 main frame, Mr.

Damron ground off the tabs on the main frame’s couplers. Without this modification, the

two structures could not have fit together.

On June 4, 2012, Mr. Birch and a friend drove the modified 2011 RZR through

Sand Hollow State Park in Washington County, Utah. As they were ascending a sand

dune, the vehicle “went airborne a short distance” and pitched forward onto the

“downsloping dune face.” Aplt. App., Vol. 4 at 814. The ROPS, which buckled on

impact, pinned Mr. Birch to the ground. He died shortly thereafter.

B. Background Law

Appellants’ claims sounded in strict products liability, negligence, and breach of

warranty. Under Utah law, all three claims require proof that a product’s injury-causing

defect existed at the time the product was sold.

The Utah Court of Appeals has held that to prevail on a strict products liability

claim, the “plaintiff must show (1) that the product was unreasonably dangerous due to a

defect or defective condition, (2) that the defect existed at the time the product was sold,

and (3) that the defective condition was a cause of the plaintiff’s injuries.” Burns v.

Cannondale Bicycle Co., 876 P.2d 415, 418 (Utah Ct. App. 1994) (emphasis added)

(quotation omitted).

It does not appear Utah courts have explicitly applied this requirement to a

products liability negligence claim. But the case law indicates no claim for products

liability negligence will lie if the defect in question did not exist at the time the product

was sold. See Slisze v. Stanley-Bostitch, 979 P.2d 317, 319-20 (Utah 1999) (recognizing

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negligence action arises out of state statute providing that “[n]o product shall be

considered to have a defect or to be in a defective condition, unless at the time the

product was sold by the manufacturer or other initial seller, there was a defect or

defective condition in the product which made the product unreasonably dangerous to the

user or consumer” (quoting Utah Code Ann. § 78-15-6)).

Similarly, Utah statutory law brings breach-of-warranty claims within the defect-

at-time-of-sale rule. The Utah Product Liability Act instructs that

In any action for damages for personal injury, death, or property damage
allegedly caused by a defect in a product, a product may not be considered
to have a defect or to be in a defective condition, unless at the time the
product was sold by the manufacturer or other initial seller, there was a
defect or defective condition in the product which made the product
unreasonably dangerous to the user or consumer.

Utah Code Ann. § 78B-6-703(1). Because an “action for damages resulting from a

defective product can be based on claims of . . . breach of warranty,” Utah Local Gov’t

Tr. v. Wheeler Mach. Co., 199 P.3d 949, 951 (Utah 2008), a breach-of-warranty claim

fails if the plaintiff cannot show the defect existed when the product was sold.

At oral argument, Appellants conceded Utah law requires a plaintiff to identify an

injury-causing defect that existed at the time the product left the defendant’s control.

C. Procedural History

1. The Complaint

Justin Harrison Birch, Mr. Birch’s son and the personal representative of his

estate, together with Mr. Birch’s wife and two other sons (collectively, “Appellants”),

filed suit against Polaris in the District of Utah on July 3, 2013, seeking damages for

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strict products liability, negligence, and breach of express and implied warranties. Their

complaint defines the product at issue as “a 2011 Razor, Model Ranger RZR 800,

VIN# 4XAVY76AXZBB075066 . . . which was manufactured by Defendant POLARIS,

and purchased by [Mr. Birch] from an authorized Polaris dealer, Polaris Victory of St.

George, located in St. George, Washington County, Utah.” Aplt. App., Vol. 1 at 27.

Throughout the complaint, Appellants allege Polaris “was and is engaged in the business

of manufacturing, fabricating, designing, assembling, distributing, selling, inspecting,

servicing, warranting, promoting, marketing, modifying and advertising the Model

Ranger RZR 800 and each and every component part thereof.” E.g., Aplt. App., Vol. 1 at

28.

2. Parties’ Discovery of a Modified ROPS

The last day for Appellants to amend their pleadings was December 16, 2013.

After two extensions, the district court set a June 6, 2014 deadline for fact discovery.

Appellants’ expert Dr. David Renfroe testified he learned in October of 2013 that

the ROPS on Mr. Birch’s 2011 RZR had been replaced with a ROPS from a different

model year, though he could not recall how he learned that fact. Nor could he remember

whether he realized at that time that the replacement ROPS was a 2008 model

specifically.

Sometime in December 2013, Polaris produced to Appellants the Birch-Damron

email correspondence from June and July of 2011.

Polaris deposed Mr. Damron on March 20, 2014. He testified he had purchased

the replacement ROPS from an unknown seller on Craigslist.com and that “it was brand-

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new, it was in the package.” Aplt. App., Vol. 1 at 87. Two weeks later, on April 4, 2014,

Polaris filed a Notice of Non-Party at Fault, which alleged that “Mr. Damron is at fault

and liable to [Appellants] due to his negligent and improper repairs, modifications, and

alterations to the subject RZR, specifically the rollover protection structure (‘ROPS’).”

Id. at 90-91. The Notice indicated that Mr. Damron had installed a replacement ROPS on

Mr. Birch’s 2011 RZR, in addition to making various other repairs. Polaris asserted in

the Notice that “Mr. Damron’s negligence caused and/or significantly contributed to

[Appellants’] and [Mr. Birch’s] alleged injuries and damages.” Id. 1 at 90.

On May 1, 2014, Polaris’s corporate representative, Aaron Deckard, sat for a

deposition. He testified that “[i]f you try to order a 2008 or ’9 or ’10 cab frame and put it

on a 2011 RZR, they won’t fit and they’re not designed to go together.” Aplt. App., Vol.

2 at 291.

3. Inspection of Mr. Birch’s Vehicle

On November 5, 2013, Appellants’ counsel emailed counsel for Polaris to say she

“would like to do a joint inspection (your guys and mine) to drill a hole in the cage tubing

to measure the wall thickness of the tubing.” Id. at 520. She also wrote that Appellants

“would . . . want to cut out a medallion to test the hardness of material and get a chemical

analysis.” Id. at 520.

On April 22, 2014, Jeffrey Croteau, an expert witness hired by Polaris, inspected

Mr. Birch’s vehicle at a storage warehouse in St. George. He determined during that

inspection that the ROPS on the vehicle at the time it crashed was made for a 2008 RZR

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model, rather than a 2011 model. On June 26, 2014, representatives from both sides

jointly disassembled the modified vehicle.

4. Polaris’s Motion for Summary Judgment

Polaris moved for summary judgment on all of Appellants’ claims on October 3,

2014. Polaris’s motion argued that Appellants could not “show that an injury-causing

defect existed in the 2011 RZR vehicle as sold by Polaris.” Aplt. App., Vol. 1 at 104,

108 (emphasis in original). Mr. Damron’s modification of the 2011 RZR, in Polaris’s

view, had introduced into Mr. Birch’s vehicle a defect that had not previously existed,

and therefore Appellants’ claims were deficient as a matter of law.

5. Appellants’ Opposition to Summary Judgment and Motion to Amend

On October 31, 2014, Appellants filed both a response to Polaris’s summary

judgment motion and a motion to amend the complaint. The latter motion sought to

make two changes to Appellants’ complaint. First, Appellants would have redefined the

products at issue as (a) the 2011 RZR that Mr. Birch bought from Polaris Victory of St.

George—which was the sole product included in the original complaint—and (b) “the

2008 model cab frame (aka ‘ROPS Structure’), also manufactured by Defendant

POLARIS, which was purchased and installed by Polaris-certified mechanic Skyler

Damron.” Aplt. App., Vol. 2 at 340. Second, Appellants would have added a claim that

“inadequate training and evaluation were provided to Polaris-certified service/repair

mechanics resulting in, among other things, unsafe assembly methods and insufficient

knowledge of aftermarket parts compatibility.” Id. at 346.

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 A magistrate judge orally denied Appellants’ motion on March 5, 2015, and issued

a written ruling to that effect on March 20, 2015.

6. Motion for Additional Discovery

On November 18, 2014—six weeks after Polaris moved for summary judgment

and almost three weeks after they sought leave to amend their complaint—Appellants

filed a Motion for Rule 56(d) Extension. They asked the district court to postpone ruling

on Polaris’s summary judgment motion so they could gather more discovery regarding

the replacement ROPS. To justify this request, Appellants argued they had not

discovered that the new ROPS was a 2008 model until the parties’ disassembly of Mr.

Birch’s vehicle on June 26, 2014, explaining that the “2008 [ROPS] is largely

indistinguishable from the 2011 model.” Id. at 458. According to Appellants, the

installation of the 2008 ROPS on the 2011 main frame suggested Polaris may have been

liable for “failure to train or supervise its certified technicians”—i.e., Mr. Damron—and

this possibility necessitated further discovery. Id. at 461.

The magistrate judge orally denied this motion on March 5, 2015, and included a

brief discussion of it in his March 20, 2015 order. Neither the magistrate judge’s oral

ruling nor his written order addressed Polaris’s motion for summary judgment.

7. Status of Proceedings Following the Magistrate Judge’s Ruling

Appellants promptly filed objections to the magistrate judge’s order denying their

motion to amend and motion for additional discovery. The district court considered those

objections and Polaris’s motion for summary judgment at a March 31, 2015 hearing.

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 A quick summary of the proceedings up to that date will facilitate understanding

of the district court’s rulings.

The deadline for amending the pleadings was December 16, 2013, but Appellants

did not file their motion to amend until October 31, 2014.

The discovery deadline was June 6, 2014, but Appellants filed their motion for

additional discovery on November 18, 2014.

On October 3, 2014, Polaris moved for summary judgment on all of Appellants’

claims. Appellants responded on October 31, 2014.

8. The District Court’s Rulings

The district court began the March 31, 2015 hearing by announcing its view that,

as pled in the complaint, Appellants’ claims could not survive summary judgment

because they could not prove “there was a defect in the product at the time and point of

sale.” Aplt. Br. Attach. 3 at 4:24-5:11. That is, because the 2011 RZR had been

modified between the sale and Mr. Birch’s accident, liability could not attach under Utah

law. When the district court asked whether “the complaint as it’s currently drafted

doesn’t survive this [summary judgment] motion, but that you think . . . you have to be

given leave to amend the complaint in view of what’s happened in this case,” Appellants’

counsel agreed. Aplt. Br. Attach. 3 at 10:23-11:7.

In light of this concession, the district court concluded that “this case is going to

rise and fall on the viability of the amendment that [Appellants] seek.” Aplt. Br. Attach.

3 at 11:8-12. It therefore turned to review the magistrate judge’s order denying the

motion to amend.

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 The district court explained it would review the magistrate judge’s ruling under

the “clearly erroneous or contrary to law” standard that Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

72(a) provides for non-dispositive matters. Appellants’ counsel not only agreed in court

this was the appropriate standard of review, but Appellants also had argued in their

written objections to the magistrate judge’s order that the district court should apply the

“clearly erroneous or contrary to law” standard when reviewing that order.

The district court overruled Appellants’ objections, concluding the magistrate

judge had not clearly erred in finding Appellants failed to establish excusable neglect or

good cause for their untimely motion to amend. Similarly, the court adopted the

magistrate judge’s finding that Appellants had failed to file a proper motion for extended

discovery.

Having disposed of Appellants’ motions, the district court considered Polaris’s

motion for summary judgment. Consistent with its stated intention at the beginning of

the hearing, the court granted that motion because Appellants had “not presented

evidence necessary to establish the existence of an element essential to all of the claims

in their case, specifically the existence of a defect in the product as defined at the time

and point of sale.” Aplt. Br. Attach. 3 at 67:11-18.

On April 9, 2015, the district court entered judgment in favor of Polaris.

Appellants filed a timely notice of appeal on April 29, 2015.

II. DISCUSSION

Appellants argue the district court erred by affirming the magistrate judge’s order

denying their motions to amend and for additional discovery. They identify two alleged

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errors: First, the district court mistakenly reviewed that order under the “clearly

erroneous or contrary to law” standard, rather than de novo. Second, the court

erroneously concluded Appellants had not provided sufficient justification for their delay

in filing the motions. We conclude both claims lack merit: the district court applied the

correct standard of review, and its conclusions did not constitute an abuse of discretion.

Appellants further argue that, even considering only their unamended complaint,

the district court should have denied summary judgment to Polaris. But Appellants could

not show, as they are required to under Utah products liability law, that Mr. Birch’s crash

resulted from a defect that existed at the time of sale. We therefore affirm the district

court in full.

A. District Court’s Review of a Magistrate Judge’s Order

The magistrate judge’s order denied Appellants’ motions to amend and for

additional discovery. The magistrate judge did not consider or recommend a ruling on

Polaris’s motion for summary judgment.

1. Standard of Review

We have not previously addressed the standard of review we apply to a district

court’s determination of the legal standard for reviewing a magistrate judge’s order. In

analogous contexts, however, we have held that we review de novo. See Brue v.

Gonzales, 464 F.3d 1227, 1232 (10th Cir. 2006) (“While we cannot reweigh evidence to

determine if the crime was indeed particularly serious, we can determine [under the

REAL ID Act] whether the BIA applied the correct legal standard in making its

determination. We review each of the issues raised in the petition de novo.” (alterations

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in original) (quotations omitted)).1 We therefore hold that in this case, the district court’s

decision to use the “clearly erroneous or contrary to law” standard is subject to de novo

review.

2. Analysis

A district court “may designate a magistrate judge to hear and determine any

pretrial matter pending before the court,” except for eight enumerated types of motions

that are considered to be dispositive of a party’s claims, 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(A), none

of which applies to the motions at issue here. Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

72(a), when a party objects to a magistrate’s ruling on non-dispositive matters, the district

court must “modify or set aside any part of the order that is clearly erroneous or is

contrary to law.” If the district court refers dispositive matters to a magistrate judge for a

report and recommendation, which did not happen here, the district court “must

determine de novo any part of the magistrate judge’s disposition that has been properly

objected to.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3).

1
Other courts of appeals are in accord. See Norton v. Spencer, 351 F.3d 1, 4 (1st
Cir. 2003) (“In reviewing a judgment on a petition for a writ of habeas corpus, this Court
examines the legal conclusions of the district court, including the proper standard of
review, de novo.”); Yeager v. Reliance Standard Life Ins. Co., 88 F.3d 376, 380 (6th Cir.
1996) (“Our review of the district court’s determination regarding the proper standard to
apply in its review of defendant’s decision is de novo.”); Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc. v.
EPA, 16 F.3d 1395, 1400 (4th Cir. 1993) (“As to the first and third issues on appeal, that
is, whether the district court properly applied the correct legal standard under the CWA in
reviewing EPA’s approval of the state water quality standards and [another issue], this
court will apply a de novo standard of review.”).

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 Notwithstanding Rule 72’s clear division between dispositive and non-dispositive

matters, we have held that “motions not designated on their face as [dispositive] are

nevertheless to be treated as such a motion when they have an identical effect.” Ocelot

Oil Corp. v. Sparrow Indus., 847 F.2d 1458, 1462 (10th Cir. 1988). Appellants seize on

this language, arguing the magistrate judge’s order on their motions to amend and for

additional discovery had an effect “identical” to that of a dispositive order, necessitating

de novo review.

But we need not decide whether the magistrate judge’s order was dispositive for

Rule 72 purposes. Even if it were, Appellants would not be entitled to reversal on that

basis, as they waived their right to argue for de novo review in the district court. At the

March 31, 2015 hearing, the district court informed the parties it intended to “employ a

clearly erroneous or contrary to law standard of review.” Aplt. Br. Attach. 3 at 11:12-24.

When asked whether he agreed the district court had articulated the right standard,

Appellants’ counsel replied, “I do, Your Honor.” Aplt. Br. Attach. 3 at 12:3-5. We

therefore need not consider the contrary position on appeal. Paycom Payroll, LLC v.

Richison, 758 F.3d 1198, 1203 (10th Cir. 2014) (“If a theory was intentionally

relinquished or abandoned in the district court, we usually deem it waived and refuse to

consider it.” (alterations omitted)).

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 B. Denial of Motion to Amend

1. Standard of Review

We review for abuse of discretion a district court’s denial of a motion to amend a

complaint after the scheduling order’s deadline for amendments has passed. Gorsuch,

Ltd., B.C. v. Wells Fargo Nat’l Bank Ass’n, 771 F.3d 1230, 1240-41 (10th Cir. 2014).

“An abuse of discretion occurs where the district court clearly erred or ventured

beyond the limits of permissible choice under the circumstances.” Hancock v. Am. Tel. &

Tel. Co., 701 F.3d 1248, 1262 (10th Cir. 2012). A district court also abuses its discretion

when it “issues an arbitrary, capricious, whimsical, or manifestly unreasonable

judgment.” Rocky Mountain Christian Church v. Bd. of Cty. Comm’rs, 613 F.3d 1229,

1239-40 (10th Cir. 2010).

2. Legal Standard

Two Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Rules 15 and 16, govern the motion to

amend.

Rule 15(a)(2) provides that once the deadline for amendment as a matter of course

has passed, “a party may amend its pleading only with the opposing party’s written

consent or the court’s leave.” District courts “should freely give leave when justice so

requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). Under Rule 16(b)(4), a scheduling order “may be

modified only for good cause and with the judge’s consent.”

“After a scheduling order deadline, a party seeking leave to amend must

demonstrate (1) good cause for seeking modification under Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(b)(4) and

(2) satisfaction of the Rule 15(a) standard.” Gorsuch, 771 F.3d at 1240.

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 In practice, [the Rule 16(b)(4)] standard requires the movant to show the
scheduling deadlines cannot be met despite [the movant’s] diligent efforts.
Rule 16’s good cause requirement may be satisfied, for example, if a
plaintiff learns new information through discovery or if the underlying law
has changed. If the plaintiff knew of the underlying conduct but simply
failed to raise tort claims, however, the claims are barred.

Id. (second alteration in original) (citations and quotations omitted).

3. Analysis

a. Magistrate Judge’s Order

The magistrate judge found Appellants “fail[ed] to establish excusable neglect and

good cause” for their untimely motion to add a claim for negligent training. Aplt. App.,

Vol. 2 at 530-32. In particular, Appellants had learned through Polaris’s April 6, 2014

Notice of Non-Party at Fault and Deckard’s May 1, 2014 deposition that they might be

able to allege claims for negligent training. Yet Appellants did not move to amend their

complaint “until October 31, 201[4]—eleven months after expiration of the amendment

deadline.” Id. at 531. Even assuming they did not obtain the information they needed to

seek amendment until the June 26, 2014 disassembly of Mr. Birch’s 2011 RZR,

Appellants had not offered an “adequate[]” explanation for waiting four months to file

their motion. Id. at 531.

With respect to the proposed amendment redefining the products at issue, the

magistrate judge similarly found Appellants had “fail[ed] to establish good cause and

excusable neglect.” Id. at 531. To support this conclusion, he cited the following

evidence, all of which suggested Appellants had long known that Mr. Birch’s 2011 RZR

had been modified with a 2008 ROPS: Dr. Renfroe, Appellants’ own expert, testified he

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knew by October 2013 that the new ROPS was not a 2011 model year; the Birch-Damron

email correspondence confirmed the original ROPS had been modified; Mr. Damron

testified on March 20, 2014, that he had bought a new ROPS on Craigslist.com; Polaris

filed a Notice of Non-Party at Fault in April 2014, indicating its intent to pin liability on

Mr. Damron; and Mr. Deckard testified in May 2014 that a 2008 ROPS would not fit on a

2011 RZR main frame. The magistrate judge further reasoned that even if all this

evidence did not give Appellants sufficient information to seek leave to amend, they

obtained such information when the 2011 RZR was disassembled on June 26, 2014. But

they offered “no adequate explanation for the four month delay between disassembly . . .

and the filing of their motion to amend.” Id. at 532.

b. District Court’s Ruling

The district court found the magistrate judge “did not err in denying [Appellants’]

motion to amend to add a new claim for negligent training and evaluation.” Aplt. Br.

Attach. 3 at 62:17-20. Polaris’s April 6, 2014 Notice of Non-Party at Fault and Mr.

Deckard’s May 1, 2014 deposition—as well as Dr. Renfroe’s knowledge of modification

by October 2013 and the Birch-Damron email correspondence—showed the magistrate

judge did not clearly err.

The district court similarly affirmed the magistrate judge’s ruling on the second

proposed amendment, which would have redefined the products at issue. As the

magistrate judge found, “several events prior to the June 26, 2014 disassembly should

have given [Appellants] sufficient basis to conclude that they needed to seek leave to

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amend.” Aplt. Br. Attach. 3 at 64:20-23. But even after the disassembly, Appellants

waited four months to seek amendment—with no adequate explanation.

c. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion

Appellants offer no explanation in their appeal briefs for why they waited four

months to file their motion to amend after conducting the June 26, 2014 disassembly. Dr.

Renfroe’s October 2013 knowledge of the ROPS modification, Mr. Damron’s deposition

testimony, Polaris’s Notice of Non-Party at Fault, and the June 26, 2014 disassembly all

put Appellants on notice that they might need to amend their complaint. But it was not

until October 31, 2014, that they filed their motion to amend. At the district court’s

March 31, 2015 hearing, Appellants argued they delayed four months because they

needed time to review the record carefully. But Appellants neglected to make this

argument to the magistrate judge. It was therefore waived.

Because Appellants “knew of the underlying conduct but simply failed to raise

[their] claims,” Gorsuch, 771 F.3d at 1240, they cannot establish “good cause” under

Rule 16. The district court’s Rule 16 analysis was not an abuse of discretion. As a result,

there is no need to consider whether Appellants satisfied Rule 15.2

2
The magistrate judge considered Appellants’ motion under a two-step analysis
previously adopted by some district courts in this circuit. At step one, courts ask whether
a party seeking an extension after expiration of a deadline can show excusable neglect
under Rule 6 and good cause under Rule 16, which are essentially the same standard. If
so, then at step two courts “consider whether to allow amendment pursuant to Rule
15(a).” Aplt. App., Vol. 2 at 529. Although it is not clear from the transcript, the district
court may have employed the same two-step analysis. This analysis differs—albeit
marginally—from the procedure we outlined in Gorsuch, which predated the magistrate
judge’s order. A district court abuses its discretion when it employs an incorrect legal
Continued . . .

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 Appellants argue they should be given leave to amend because Polaris stymied

their attempts to obtain discovery. But the citations and specific allegations they provide

in support of this accusation are in most cases vague, confusing, conclusory, and

unsupported by record evidence. We decline to consider this argument because it is

unsupported and inadequately briefed, and therefore affirm. See 10th Cir. R. 10.3(B)

(“When the party asserting an issue fails to provide a record sufficient for considering

that issue, the court may decline to consider it.”); Lewis v. Circuit City Stores, Inc., 500

F.3d 1140, 1149 n.11 (10th Cir. 2007) (“Where the record is insufficient to permit review

we must affirm.” (quotation omitted)); Phillips v. James, 422 F.3d 1075, 1081 (10th Cir.

2005) (explaining that “we will not sift through the record to find support” for

propositions to which a party does not adequately cite us); Tesh v. U.S. Postal Serv., 349

F.3d 1270, 1272 (10th Cir. 2003) (“It is obligatory that an appellant, claiming error by the

district court as to factual determinations, provide this court with the essential references

to the record to carry his burden of proving error.” (quotation omitted)).

standard. See Henning v. Union Pac. R.R. Co., 530 F.3d 1206, 1217 (10th Cir. 2008).
Nevertheless, to the extent the district court applied the wrong legal standard, that error is
harmless. As explained above, we conclude that, under the proper Gorsuch framework,
the final resolution of Appellants’ motion was not an abuse of discretion. And in any
event, Appellants waived their right to seek reversal on this basis when they told the
district court during the March 31, 2015 hearing that they believed the magistrate judge
had “correctly laid out the legal standard that applies.” Aplt. Br. Attach. 3 at 12:10-12.

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 C. Denial of Motion for Additional Discovery

1. Standard of Review

We “review . . . the district court’s denial of deferment for expanded discovery

pursuant to Rule 56(d) . . . for an abuse of discretion.” Ellis v. J.R.’s Country Stores, Inc.,

779 F.3d 1184, 1192 (10th Cir. 2015).

2. Analysis

Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(d), a district court may permit

additional time for discovery if “a nonmovant shows by affidavit or declaration that, for

specified reasons, it cannot present facts essential to justify its opposition.” That

declaration must specify “(1) the probable facts not available, (2) why those facts cannot

be presented currently, (3) what steps have been taken to obtain these facts, and (4) how

additional time will enable [the party] to obtain those facts and rebut the motion for

summary judgment.” Valley Forge Ins. Co. v. Health Care Mgmt. Partners, Ltd., 616

F.3d 1086, 1096 (10th Cir. 2010) (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks

omitted). “We expect Rule 56(d) motions to be robust, and we have observed that ‘[an]

affidavit’s lack of specificity’ counsels against a finding that the district court abused its

discretion in denying a request for additional discovery under the rule.” Ellis, 779 F.3d at

1206 (alteration in original).

The magistrate judge found Appellants had “fail[ed] to establish good cause and

excusable neglect in support of re-opening discovery.” Aplt. App., Vol. 2 at 534-35. He

therefore denied the motion “for the reasons specifically set forth . . . in connection with

[Appellants’] motion for amendment.” Id. at 535.

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 The district court concluded Appellants were not entitled to Rule 56(d) relief

because they had not submitted a sufficiently detailed affidavit. “[F]or that reason and

those set forth in [the magistrate judge’s] memorandum decision,” the district court

overruled Appellants’ objections regarding the motion for additional discovery. Aplt. Br.

Attach. 3 at 66:25-67:3.

We find no abuse of discretion in this ruling.

Appellants’ motion for additional discovery incorporated by reference two

declarations they had filed with a previous discovery motion. In one of those

declarations, attorney Brad Bearnson attested that it was not until April 7, 2014, that

Polaris produced “[ROPS] design records” and “documents relating to the [ROPS]

design” that Appellants had requested “several times.” Aplt. App., Vol. 2 at 375.

Because of Polaris’s alleged stonewalling, Bearnson asserted, Appellants did not discover

until the June 26, 2014 disassembly that “the [ROPS] in question was in actuality a 2008

Polaris roll cage.” Id. at 377.

The relevant portion of Appellants’ second declaration, which was sworn by

attorney Jason Robinson, asserts in its entirety:

In the course of this action, [Polaris] was requested but did not disclose
documents relating to the design of the subject [ROPS]. I along with other
co-counsel conferred with [Polaris’s] counsel regarding the missing
disclosure. We urged [Polaris] to disclose several times, on February 14,
2014, March 4, 2014, March 19, 2014, and again on April 10, 2014.

Doc. 109-2 at 2.

These declarations do not contain the information we require for Rule 56(d)

motions. Initially, it is not clear what information Appellants sought. Robinson’s

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declaration refers to “documents relating to the design of the subject [ROPS],” and

Bearnson mentions “documents relating to the [ROPS] design.” But neither attorney

identifies which documents in particular they have in mind. Further, although they

appear to describe “why [their desired information] cannot be presented currently” and

“what steps have been taken to obtain [that information],” they made no effort to explain

“how additional time will enable [Appellants] to obtain those facts and rebut the motion

for summary judgment.” Valley Forge Ins. Co., 616 F.3d at 1096 (quotation omitted).

Given the declarations’ “lack of specificity” and failure to satisfy each of the four Rule

56(d) factors, we cannot say the district court “clearly erred or ventured beyond the limits

of permissible choice under the circumstances.” Hancock, 701 F.3d at 1262 (quotation

omitted).3

D. Motion for Summary Judgment

1. Standard of Review and Summary Judgment

“We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, drawing all reasonable

inferences and resolving all factual disputes in favor of the non-moving party.” Yousuf v.

Cohlmia, 741 F.3d 31, 37 (10th Cir. 2014). “Although our review of the record is de

3
In their opening appeal brief, Appellants attempt to carry their Rule 56(d) burden
by pointing to a declaration another of their attorneys, Lydia Barrett, submitted in support
of a previous motion to extend fact discovery. This declaration was not attached to or
cited in Appellants’ November 18, 2014 motion for additional discovery. We therefore
do not consider it in reviewing the district court’s ruling. Regardless, that declaration
would not change the outcome of the analysis, as even Appellants concede it does not
explain “how additional time would enable them to gather the facts in issue.” Aplt. Br. at
30.

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novo, we conduct that review from the perspective of the district court at the time it made

its ruling, ordinarily limiting our review to the materials adequately brought to the

attention of the district court by the parties.” Fye v. Okla. Corp. Comm’n, 516 F.3d 1217,

1223 (10th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted).

A court shall grant summary judgment if “the movant shows that there is no

genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter

of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “As to materiality, the substantive law will identify which

facts are material. Only disputes over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under

the governing law will properly preclude the entry of summary judgment.” Anderson v.

Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). “[S]ummary judgment will not lie if the

dispute about a material fact is ‘genuine,’ that is, if the evidence is such that a reasonable

jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Id. At “the summary judgment

stage the judge’s function is not [] to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the

matter but to determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial.” Id. at 249.

2. Analysis

Because the district court properly denied Appellants’ motion to amend, Polaris’s

motion for summary judgment turns on the allegations in Appellants’ unamended

complaint. The district court correctly concluded there was no genuine dispute that the

product identified in that unamended complaint did not contain an injury-causing defect

at the time it was sold.

The unamended complaint defines “The Product” at issue as “a 2011 Razor,

Model Ranger RZR 800, VIN# 4XAVY76AXZBB075066 . . . which was manufactured

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by Defendant POLARIS, and purchased by [Mr. Birch] from an authorized Polaris

dealer, Polaris Victory of St. George, located in St. George, Washington County, Utah.”

Aplt. App., Vol. 1 at 27 (emphasis added). Polaris did not manufacture a 2011 Razor

fitted with a 2008 ROPS, and Mr. Birch did not purchase such a hybrid vehicle from

Polaris Victory of St. George. Nor was the 2008 ROPS a “component part” of any 2011

Razor. The unamended complaint cannot be read to include a claim for injury arising out

of the 2008 ROPS installed by Mr. Damron. Because there is no record evidence to

suggest Mr. Birch’s unmodified 2011 RZR contained a defect that caused his death, any

injury-causing defect did not exist at the time the 2011 RZR was sold. Appellants

therefore could not prevail under Utah products liability law. Burns, 876 P.2d at 418;

Slisze, 979 P.2d at 319-20; Wheeler Mach. Co., 199 P.3d at 951. In addition, Appellants

conceded at the March 31, 2015 hearing that “the complaint as it’s currently drafted

doesn’t survive this [summary judgment] motion.” Aplt. Br. Attach. 3 at 10:25-11:4.

Summary judgment was proper.

III. CONCLUSION

The district court applied the correct legal standard in reviewing the magistrate

judge’s order and did not abuse its discretion in denying Appellants’ motion to amend

and motion for additional discovery. Faced only with Appellants’ unamended complaint,

the district court properly granted summary judgment to Polaris on all claims.

We therefore affirm the district court.

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