IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
Assigned on Briefs October 12, 2015
WENDI NATASHA COOK v. BRYAN DAVID COOK
Appeal from the Chancery Court for Putnam County
No. 2009361 Ronald Thurman, Chancellor
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No. M2015-00253-COA-R3-CV – Filed December 9, 2015
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In this post-divorce dispute, Father asserts the trial court erred in failing to find a material
change in circumstances warranting a change in the residential schedule. We have
reviewed the evidence and find that the significant change in Father‘s work schedule, the
parties‘ admitted failure to adhere strictly to the parenting plan, and Father‘s remarriage,
when taken together, constitute a material change affecting the child‘s best interest.
Therefore, we reverse the trial court and remand the case for a determination of whether a
modification of the residential schedule is in the child‘s best interest.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Reversed
and Remanded
ANDY D. BENNETT, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which D. MICHAEL SWINEY,
and ARNOLD B. GOLDIN, JJ., joined.
Cynthia Lyons and William F. Roberson, Jr., Cookeville, Tennessee, for the appellant,
Bryan David Cook.
Daniel H. Rader, IV, Cookeville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Wendi Natasha (Cook)
Keeton.
OPINION
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Bryan David Cook (―Father‖) and Wendi Natasha (Cook) Keeton (―Mother‖) were
divorced by final decree entered July 23, 2010. One son was born of the marriage. The
final decree of divorce incorporated an agreed parenting plan naming Mother the child‘s
primary residential parent with approximately 264 days of residential parenting time and
with Father exercising approximately 96 days of parenting time.1 The residential
schedule provided parenting time for Father every other week from Friday at 6:00 p.m. to
Sunday at 6:00 p.m. and one night each week from 6:00 p.m. until 6:00 a.m. the next
morning. Holiday parenting time was shared between the parties and alternated between
odd and even years.
On May 13, 2014, Father filed a Petition to Modify Support Obligations and
Parenting Plan. Father alleged that a material change of circumstances had occurred
warranting a change in his child support and parenting time2—namely, his work schedule
changed significantly, both parties remarried, and the child had begun school since the
entry of the previous plan. Father proposed a permanent parenting plan in which the
parties shared equal parenting time with the child. Mother filed an answer on June 30,
2014 denying that a material change in circumstances existed justifying modification of
the plan. On December 3, 2014, Father filed a motion requesting the court to allow the
child to testify regarding his visitation preferences. The court denied Father‘s motion on
December 15, 2014.
The trial court held a hearing on December 18, 2014. The court heard testimony
from Father; Barbie Cook, Father‘s wife; and Mother. Father testified that, at the time
the parties entered into the agreed parenting plan, the child was five years old, and Father
was working for the sheriff‘s department on a twelve-hour work schedule. He explained
that his schedule required him to work from 6:00 p.m. until 6:00 a.m. on two or three
consecutive days, and then he would be off for two consecutive days. Father testified
that the child had indicated on multiple occasions that he desired to spend more time with
Father. Father emphasized that he enjoyed doing devotionals with the child before
bedtime and would like to have more opportunities to engage in bedtime devotionals.
Father stated that, once the child started kindergarten, Mother allowed Father to pick the
child up from school occasionally in the afternoons and spend time with the child. Father
1
We are using an approximate number of days of parenting time because the parenting plan
incorporated in the final decree states: ―Under the schedule set forth below, each parent will spend the
following number of days with the children: Mother 22 days Father 8 days.‖ We presume the plan
intended for Mother to have twenty-two days per month with the child and for Father to spend eight days
per month with the child, depending on the number of days in the month at issue.
2
In his request for relief, Father prayed for ―a new residential sharing schedule to be established
consistent with the best interest of the child including but not limiting the potential change in primary
residential parent.‖ However, in the attached proposed parenting plan, Father requested the primary
residential parent to be ―Joint.‖ Father‘s appellate brief does not argue for a change in the primary
residential parent designation; therefore, we only address the residential schedule.
2
testified that Mother now denied him the opportunity to pick up the child in the
afternoons, and instead she required the child to ride ―Noah‘s Ark Bus‖ to an aftercare
program. Father stated that he had remarried, and he now had a daughter with his new
wife. Father testified that the child and his two-year-old daughter had a ―precious‖ bond
with each other.
Much of Father‘s testimony focused on a recent change in his employment at the
sheriff‘s department. He stated that he now worked as a criminal investigator and made
$46,500 per year. His new position allowed him to work a more traditional schedule—
Monday through Friday from 8:00 a.m. until 4:00 p.m. He testified that he was on call
for one week every six weeks. On cross-examination, Father agreed that Mother has
been the primary caregiver of the child and provided a stable and satisfactory home
environment for him. Father admitted to missing a Christmas holiday with the child on
the year that Father‘s step-mother passed away, and he admitted that he missed an Easter
with the child due to a work conflict.
Barbie Cook, Father‘s wife and the child‘s step-mother, testified next. Ms. Cook
stated that she worked in a child development lab and as a substitute teacher. She stated
that she occasionally substitute taught at the child‘s school. She explained that she had a
good bond with the child and related well to him. Ms. Cook testified that the child has
expressed an interest in spending more time with Father. She testified that she helped the
child pick out gifts for Mother for Mother‘s Day and for her birthday, but that Mother
requested that this effort be discontinued. She emphasized that the only full day Father
had with the child was every other Saturday, and that it was difficult to accomplish
everything they would like to do with the child on that day.
Next, Mother testified. Mother was the practice manager at Volunteer Medical
Group and made $80,000 per year. Mother stated that Father was ―a good father‖ but that
he did not ―discipline consistently‖ with the child and was not as focused on the child‘s
education as Mother believed was necessary. Mother gave an example of picking the
child up from Father‘s home at 6:00 a.m. before school one morning and finding that the
child‘s ―homework was not even correct.‖ Mother stated that she ―had to correct his
homework so that he could turn it in and do well.‖ Mother testified that the child thrives
on a consistent routine. She explained that, when she allowed Father to pick the child up
from school, Father had to back out at the last minute on a few occasions due to work
conflicts. Mother stated that the child needed more consistency in his after school
routine, so she put a system in place whereby the child always knew what to expect.
Mother stated, ―we have deviated from the parenting plan several times‖ for holiday
visitation schedules and for other reasons. She stated that she deviated from the plan
because ―it‘s in Carter‘s best interest to spend time with both parents.‖ Mother conceded
that the child had ―expressed an interest to spend more time with his dad, such as, you
3
know, like, he has told me consistently, Mom, I want to see my dad, but I don‘t want to
[be away from you].‖ Mother stated that the child excelled in school and sports.
The trial court entered an order on January 7, 2015, finding that Father failed to
show a material change in circumstances affecting the child‘s best interest. The court
specifically held that the facts presented were ―legally identical‖ to the facts of
McFarland v. Bass, No. M2013-00768-COA-R3-CV, 2014 WL 3002004 (Tenn. Ct. App.
June 30, 2014). The court reasoned that ―Father has not shown that any of the purported
changes argued by Father actually affected the child‘s best interest as required by the
statute and the applicable case law,‖ and the court declined to modify the parenting plan.
Father appeals, arguing that the trial court erred in finding that Father failed to
demonstrate a material change of circumstances affecting the child‘s best interest. Father
also asserts the trial court erred in excluding certain testimony from Mother and in failing
to adjust Father‘s child support obligation.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Our review of the trial court‘s findings of fact in a non-jury case is de novo, with a
presumption that the findings are correct unless the evidence preponderates otherwise.
TENN. R. APP. P. 13(d); Armbrister v. Armbrister, 414 S.W.3d 685, 692 (Tenn. 2013);
Kendrick v. Shoemake, 90 S.W.3d 566, 570 (Tenn. 2002). We review issues of law de
novo, giving no presumption of correctness to the trial court‘s conclusions. Armbrister,
414 S.W.3d at 692; Kendrick, 90 S.W.3d at 569-70.
Trial courts have ―broad discretion‖ to fashion parenting plans, as the Tennessee
Supreme Court has explained:
Because decisions regarding parenting arrangements are factually driven
and require careful consideration of numerous factors, Holloway v. Bradley,
190 Tenn. 565, 230 S.W.2d 1003, 1006 (1950); Brumit v. Brumit, 948
S.W.2d 739, 740 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997), trial judges, who have the
opportunity to observe the witnesses and make credibility determinations,
are better positioned to evaluate the facts than appellate judges. Massey-
Holt v. Holt, 255 S.W.3d 603, 607 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007). Thus,
determining the details of parenting plans is ―peculiarly within the broad
discretion of the trial judge.‖ Suttles v. Suttles, 748 S.W.2d 427, 429 (Tenn.
1988) (quoting Edwards v. Edwards, 501 S.W.2d 283, 291 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1973)). ―It is not the function of appellate courts to tweak a [residential
parenting schedule] in the hopes of achieving a more reasonable result than
the trial court.‖ Eldridge v. Eldridge, 42 S.W.3d 82, 88 (Tenn. 2001). A
trial court‘s decision regarding the details of a residential parenting
4
schedule should not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion. Id. ―An
abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court . . . appl[ies] an incorrect
legal standard, reaches an illogical result, resolves the case on a clearly
erroneous assessment of the evidence, or relies on reasoning that causes an
injustice.‖ Gonsewski v. Gonsewski, 350 S.W.3d 99, 105 (Tenn. 2011).
Armbrister, 414 S.W.3d at 693. Thus, the Armbrister Court concluded, an appellate court
will not find that a trial court has abused its discretion unless the trial court‘s parenting
arrangements ‗―fall[] outside the spectrum of rulings that might reasonably result from an
application of the correct legal standards to the evidence found in the record.‘‖ Id.
(quoting Eldridge v. Eldridge, 42 S.W.2d 82, 88 (Tenn. 2001)). In other words,
―[d]iscretionary decisions must take the applicable law and the relevant facts into
account.‖ Lee Med. v. Beecher, 312 S.W.3d 515, 524 (Tenn. 2010).
ANALYSIS
Modification of the Residential Schedule
In considering whether to modify a residential parenting schedule, ―the court must
first determine if a material change in circumstances has occurred and then apply the
‗best interest‘ factors of [Tenn. Code Ann. §] 36-6-106(a).‖ Armbrister, 414 S.W.3d at
697-98 (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-405); see Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-101(a)(2)(C).
If the court finds a material change in circumstance affecting the child‘s best interest has
occurred, the court must next apply the fifteen factors of Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-404(b)
in order to determine how, if at all, to modify the residential parenting schedule.
Armbrister, 414 S.W.3d at 698.
With respect to a petition to modify a residential parenting schedule, Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-6-101(a)(2)(C) states that a material change of circumstances:
may include, but is not limited to, significant changes in the needs of the
child over time, which may include changes relating to age; significant
changes in the parent‘s living or working condition that significantly affect
parenting; failure to adhere to the parenting plan; or other circumstances
making a change in the residential parenting time in the best interest of the
child.
A material change in circumstances does not require a finding of substantial harm to the
child. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-101(a)(2)(C). Our Supreme Court has explained that
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-101(a)(2)(C) sets ―‗a very low threshold for establishing a
material change of circumstances‘ when a party seeks to modify a residential parenting
5
schedule.‖ Armbrister, 414 S.W.3d at 703 (quoting Boyer v. Heimermann, 238 S.W.3d
249, 257 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007)) (further citations omitted).
Here, the trial court stated that Father ―has failed to carry his burden of proof that
there has been a material change in circumstance affecting the child‘s best interest.‖ In
support of its conclusion, the trial court determined that the facts of McFarland v. Bass,
2014 WL 3002004, were ―legally identical‖ to the circumstances in the present
controversy. Because the trial court‘s rationale hinged almost exclusively on McFarland
v. Bass, we begin our analysis by examining that case.
When the parties in McFarland divorced, the father was designated the primary
residential parent with 209 days of parenting time, and the mother exercised 156 days of
parenting time. McFarland, 2014 WL 3002004, at *1. Less than two years following the
entry of the final decree of divorce and parenting plan, the mother petitioned the court
seeking to be designated the primary residential parent and to increase her parenting time.
Id. The mother asserted that her relocation to Tennessee, a change in her employment,
and the change in her daughters‘ ages constituted material changes in circumstances that
warranted a change in the primary parent designation or the residential schedule. Id. at
*3. The trial court considered each of the mother‘s arguments and held, with respect to
her relocation, that her move ―has had little to no effect on the current parenting
schedule‖ and that it ―has had no bearing on the best interest of the children.‖ Id.
Regarding her work schedule, the trial court stated that mother ―currently works the same
weekend/night schedule she previously worked at the hospital.‖ Id. The trial court
denied the mother‘s request for modification, and the mother appealed. Id. After
reviewing the evidence, this Court determined that the evidence ―does not preponderate
against the factual finding that mother‘s relocation, change in work schedule, and the
aging of the children did not create a material change of circumstance.‖ Id.
We find McFarland distinguishable in several respects. First, the mother in
McFarland, who was the non-primary residential parent, was granted approximately fifty
more days of parenting time at the time of the parties‘ divorce than the Father in this case.
Trial courts must ―order a custody arrangement that permits both parents to enjoy the
maximum participation possible in the life of the child‖ consistent with the factors set
forth in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-106(a)(1)–(10). Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-106(a). The
parties in McFarland were far closer to enjoying maximum participation in the child‘s
life than are the parties in this case.3 Second, the trial court in McFarland determined
3
We also note that, in her brief, Mother relies on Hawk v. Hawk, No. E2013-02458-COA-R3-
CV, 2014 WL 4198300 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 26, 2014), to support her argument that the trial court
correctly held there had not been a material change in circumstances in this case. In Hawk, this Court
affirmed the trial court‘s decision denying a mother‘s request to be designated the primary residential
parent. Id. at *9. Hawk is distinguishable due in part to the fact that the parents exercised equal parenting
6
that the evidence showed that the mother‘s work schedule had not truly changed.
McFarland, 2014 WL 3002004, at *3. Here, Father‘s work schedule changed from an
overnight shift to a more traditional work schedule (from 8:00 a.m. until 4:00 p.m.). At
the time of divorce, Father‘s week night parenting time was tailored specifically to his
work schedule, as it required the child to be returned to Mother by 6:00 a.m. on
weekdays, the exact time his shift would begin. The parties have persisted in this
arrangement, and Mother has continued to retrieve the child from Father‘s home at 6:00
a.m. even though Father‘s work schedule no longer requires the child to be picked up
prior to the school day. For these reasons, the McFarland case is distinguishable from
the present case.
After reviewing the evidence, we find this case meets the ―very low threshold‖ for
modification of a parenting plan outlined by our legislature in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-
101(a)(2)(C). Our Supreme Court has acknowledged the General Assembly‘s ―‗policy
decision to make it easier to establish that a material change in circumstances has
occurred‘ when a party seeks to modify a residential parenting schedule.‖ Armbrister,
414 S.W.3d at 703 (quoting Boyer, 238 S.W.3d at 259). Here, Father has presented
evidence on nearly every point Tenn. Code Ann. 36-6-101(a)(2)(C) identifies as a
potential reason for changing a residential schedule. Father has had a significant change
in his working condition that affects parenting. See Tenn. Code Ann. 36-6-101(a)(2)(C).
Father testified that his work schedule at the time of divorce affected his time with the
child because it was ―tiresome‖ working the midnight shift and affected his ability to
spend evenings with the child. Father testified that his new work schedule has given him
more flexibility and allows him to have most evenings at home with his family.
In addition, both Father and Mother testified that the parties have failed to adhere
strictly to the parenting plan. Father testified:
Q. You all have - - it seems everybody‘s in agreement - - never really
totally followed this parenting plan, have you?
A. No, we have not.
Q. More so now, I guess than - - than in the beginning even?
A. Well, in the beginning it was something that - - that his mother and I
had - - had agreed upon.
Q. In other words, you all had agreed upon a schedule outside of what is on
paper?
A. Yes, sir.
Mother agreed that the parties ―have deviated from the parenting plan several times.‖
time, with each parent receiving 182.5 days of parenting time per year. Id. at *1.
7
Father also asserts his remarriage and the subsequent birth of his daughter are factors that
weigh in favor of finding a material change in circumstances. See Armbrister, 414
S.W.3d at 705 (noting that ―remarriage is not, in every instance, a material change in
circumstance,‖ but it is a factor to be considered). The testimony shows that Father‘s
remarriage has affected his parenting in a positive way. The child and his step-mother
have a close relationship, the child‘s bond with his half-sister was described as
―precious,‖ and the child‘s step-mother is willing and able to assist Father with
transporting the child to and from school if necessary when Father is on-call or at work.
We find these circumstances constitute a material change in circumstances as
contemplated by Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-101(a)(2)(C); therefore, we hold that the trial
court erred in failing to find a material change in circumstances had occurred.
Our conclusion that there has been a material change in circumstance does not end
the inquiry, however. The second step of the analysis requires a determination of the
child‘s best interests, utilizing the factors set forth in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-106(a). See
Armbrister, 414 S.W.3d at 705. Because the trial court did not engage in an analysis of
the child‘s best interests, we remand the case for the trial court to do so.4 Because a
decision regarding the child‘s best interest is necessarily factually driven and requires
careful consideration of numerous factors, ―trial judges, who have the opportunity to
observe the witnesses and make credibility determinations, are better positioned to
evaluate the facts than appellate judges.‖ Armbrister, 414 S.W.3d at 693; Leonardo v.
Leonardo, No. M2014-00372-COA-R3-CV, 2015 WL 3852802, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App.
June 18, 2015) (citations omitted).
Father‘s remaining arguments regarding the trial court‘s failure to allow certain
testimony from Mother and his argument requesting a modification of his child support
payment are pretermitted in light of the fact that the case must be remanded for a
determination of whether a change in the residential schedule is warranted.
4
Our Supreme Court noted in Armbrister that, ―[o]nce a material change in
circumstances affecting the child[]‘s best interests has been established, a court finally must
utilize the process prescribed by Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-6-404(b) to determine
how the residential parenting schedule should be modified.‖ Armbrister, 414 S.W.3d at 706.
8
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the trial court‘s holding that there has not been a
material change in circumstances is reversed. The case is remanded to the trial court for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Costs of the appeal are assessed against
Wendi Natasha (Cook) Keeton, for which execution may issue if necessary.
_________________________
ANDY D. BENNETT, JUDGE
9
Wendi Natasha Cook v. Bryan David Cook
Combined Opinion