MEMORANDUM DECISION
Dec 30 2015, 6:29 am
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of establishing
the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Erik H. Carter Amy O. Carson
Carter Legal Services LLC Ashley Balicki
Noblesville, Indiana Mitchell Law Group
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
In Re Paternity of E.R.B. December 30, 2015
Michael Bruzzese Court of Appeals Case No.
49A02-1503-JP-150
Appellant-Respondent,
Appeal from the Marion County
v. Circuit Court Paternity Division
The Honorable Sheryl L. Lynch,
Rachel Kensinger, Judge
The Honorable Tiffany U. Vivo,
Appellee-Peitioner. Magistrate
Trial Court Cause No.
49C01-1201-JP-751
Bradford, Judge.
Case Summary
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[1] Appellant-Respondent Michael Bruzzese (“Father”) and Appellee-Petitioner
Rachel Kensinger (“Mother”) are the parents of seven-year-old E.B. The
parties separated when E.B. was approximately two years old and have shared
joint legal and physical custody of E.B. since that time. The instant litigation
began after the parties could not agree on where E.B. would attend kindergarten
in the fall of 2014, and how the parenting schedule should be adjusted to
account for her attending school. Ultimately, the trial court ordered that E.B.
attend school in Fishers, Indiana, near Mother’s residence. The trial court also
granted Mother primary physical custody and adjusted the parenting schedule
such that every two weeks E.B. would spend eight days with Mother and six
days with Father. Father appeals arguing that E.B. becoming school-age was
not a substantial change in circumstances sufficient to justify a modification of
custody. We affirm the trial court’s decision.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] Father and Mother are the parents of E.B., who was born on December 9,
2008. Sometime in the following three years, Mother and Father separated.
The parties lived approximately 34 minutes from one another with Mother
living in Hamilton County and Father in Marion County. On July 31, 2012,
the parties filed an agreed decree of paternity which, among other things,
acknowledged that Bruzzese was E.B.’s father, established joint legal and
physical custody of E.B., outlined an approximately equal (50/50) parenting
time schedule, and maintained that neither parent would pay child support to
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the other. The decree also provides that when E.B. reaches school age, the
parties will agree on a kindergarten program which is in E.B.’s best interest and
that they would attend mediation if they were unable to agree on a kindergarten
program. E.B. began kindergarten in the fall of 2014.
[3] On February 18, 2014, Mother filed a motion for modification of custody,
parenting time, and child support. In the motion, Mother claimed that the
parties could not agree on a school, that it was in the child’s best interest to
attend school in Hamilton County, and requested primary physical custody of
E.B. during the school year. On March 10, 2014, Father filed a motion for
court ordered custody and parenting time evaluation. On May 20, 2014,
Mother filed a petition for temporary physical custody and request for
emergency hearing to address the issue of where the child should attend
kindergarten. On July 9, 2014, the trial court held a hearing on Mother’s
petition for temporary physical custody to determine where the child would
begin school in the fall. On July 17, 2014, the trial court entered an order on
temporary custody in which it found that it was in the child’s best interest to
begin the 2014 school year at New Britton Elementary which is located in
Hamilton County near Mother’s residence. The trial court also found that the
child beginning school was a substantial change in circumstances which may
require a modification of parenting time but declined to enter an order on
temporary modification of physical custody as the matter was scheduled for
final hearing on August 14, 2014.
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[4] The final hearing to determine parenting time and child support was
rescheduled and took place on January 21, 2015. Prior to the hearing, the
parties entered into an agreed stipulation in which they agreed that E.B. “shall
continue to attend school at New Britton Elementary in Fishers, Indiana, and
thereafter Hamilton Southeastern Schools until further order of the court or
graduation, whichever should first occur.” Appellant’s App. p. 60. On March
3, 2015, the trial court issued its final order which found, in relevant part, as
follows:
5. The parties followed the parenting time schedule pursuant
to their 2012 Agreed Entry except that the child spent overnight
with Mother every Monday. The schedule later changed as a
result of changes in childcare. Father quit his job as a bartender
which enabled him to care for the child and have additional
parenting time with the child on Thursdays, Fridays and
Saturdays. Mother made a request to Father to share the
opportunity for additional parenting time and Father agreed to
alternate Thursday overnights with Mother. Father refused to
share Fridays and Saturday nights with Mother because of
concerns that the child was being alternated too frequently
already between the parties’ households. As of the final hearing,
the child was being exchanged between the parties several times
during the week pursuant to the following schedule:
Sunday Mother
Monday Parties Alternate
Tuesday Father
Wednesday Mother
Thursday Parties Alternate
Friday Father
Saturday Father
6. Both parties are married. Father lives in the Southside of
Indianapolis. Mother lives in the Northside of Indianapolis. The
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drive time between the parties’ communities range from 25 to 35
minutes without rush hour traffic up to 45 minutes or more
depending on the traffic and weather.
7. Father is not employed. He is a full-time law student at IU
McKinney School of Law. Father has not sought employment
while at law school. Father’s [sic] receives financial support from
his wife and she pays most of Father’s expenses. Father filed his
Verified Financial Declaration Form on July 3, 2014 to which no
changes have occurred as of the final hearing. Father derives
$357.00 per week from his Student Loan Grad Plus. Father’s
weekly household expenses are $1,064.65.
8. Father’s school schedule changes every semester. Father
has classes on Mondays and Wednesdays from 8:30 a.m. until
3:45 p.m. Father is able to leave school on Mondays at 3:15 p.m.
Father also has classes on Tuesdays from 10:40 a.m. until 4:15
p.m. and on Thursdays from 2:15 p.m. until 4:15 p.m.
9. Father’s family lives in Ohio. Father does not know where
he will be employed after he graduates law school. Father does
not believe he is able to make any decisions regarding relocation
until he secures employment following graduation. Father does
not intend to stay in the Southside of Indianapolis and he hopes
to relocate to the Northside of Indianapolis.
10. Father’s wife (Step-Mother) works as a hairdresser in
Carmel. Step-Mother works Monday through Saturday. Step-
Mother has a fairly flexible schedule. She is able to make changes
to her schedule with adequate notice. Because of the flexibility in
her schedule, Step-Mother is able to provide transportation for
the child including to and from school; Step-Mother has provided
transportation for the child when Father is unavailable. Father
also transports the child to school when he is able. Father and
Step-Mother have ensured that the child arrives at school on
time. School begins at 8:50 a.m. and ends at 3:35 p.m. Step-
Mother and the child have a good relationship.
11. Mother is employed at Sahm’s in Fishers where she has
worked for 5 years. She is married to a co-owner of the
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establishment. Mother’s work schedule is flexible. Mother is able
to create her own schedule thus allowing her to be available for
the child for after school transportation, care and extracurricular
activities. Mother is able to provide transportation for the child
when Father and/or Step-Mother are unavailable. New Britton is
very close [to] Mother’s home. Mother volunteers at the child’s
school and eats lunch with the child at school. The child is doing
well at New Britton and has made friends. The child has
participated in social events, and attended birthday parties and
sleepovers with friends she has made.
12. Mother filed her Verified Financial Declaration Form on
January 19, 2015 and noted her income at $579.00 per week. The
cost of medical insurance: for [E.B.] is $25.00 per week.
13. Mother has lived in Fishers, Indiana for almost her entire
life. Mother’s entire family resides in the north side of
Indianapolis. Mother has a 7 month old baby with her husband.
The child enjoys spending time with the baby. Mother and her
husband have no intention of relocating from Fishers. Step-
Father and the child have a good relationship.
14. Mother has always had the child for parenting time on
Sundays at 11:00 a.m. Mother and child attend a church service
on Sundays at 11:45 a.m. Mother and the child have established
a close relationship with their church community. The child
attends Sunday school at the church and she has formed close
relationships with other children in the church. The parties agree
that the child enjoys attending church and that the child looks
forward to going to church. Father does not attend church nor
does he have any intentions of taking the child to church. Father
is in agreement that the child should continue to attend church
with Mother.
l5. The parties have generally been able to agree on issues
relating to [E.B.]. The child’s doctor is in the Southside of
Indianapolis and was selected by agreement when the family
resided in the Southside. The parties communicate by phone and
text messaging. The parties’ communications have been cordial.
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16. Contradicting testimony was presented regarding the
parties’ willingness to accommodate one another regarding
parenting time issues and regarding enrolling the child in certain
activities. Father allowed the child to participate in summer
camp in 2014 from Mother’s home even though it conflicted with
his parenting time.
17. Dr. Krupsaw conducted an evaluation and submitted his
report to the Court on August 4, 2014. Dr. Krupsaw’s evaluation
occurred between early May, 2014 and early July, 2014. The
child was not yet attending school when the evaluation was
conducted, Dr. Krupsaw did not conduct additional inquiry into
the status of the parties and the child after the child began
attending Kindergarten.
18. Dr. Krupsaw testified at the final hearing; Dr. Krupsaw
did not find that the distance between the parties’ residences and
the travel associated with parenting time had adverse effects on
the child and concluded that the child has adapted well to her
schedule. Dr. Krupsaw maintained, however, that the effects on
the child as she gets older may change as it relates to her
schooling, her access to friends and her activities. Dr. Krupsaw
also acknowledged that the current parenting time schedule
involved too many “back and forths.” Dr. Krupsaw concluded
that parenting time should be divided equally or close to being
equal such that the child would enjoy substantial quality time
with her parents and not be subjected to lengthy separations from
either of them.
19. The parties do not currently have a child support order due
to their equal parenting time arrangement. The parties equally
share the cost of the child’s controlled expenses, uninsured
medical expenses and extracurricular activities.
20. Mother has requested the Court enforce the parties’
Agreed Decree of Paternity relating to Saturday parenting time.
The Court finds that neither party was ordered to have Saturday
parenting time and that due to changes in circumstances the
parties modified then agreed upon parenting time schedule
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without seeking an order modifying parenting time with the
Court. While Mother does not agree to Father having all
Saturdays for parenting time and her repeated requests that
Saturdays be alternated between the parties has been denied by
Father, this Court cannot enforce something that has not been
made an order.
21. Pursuant to I.C. 31-17-2-21 a court may not modify a child
custody order unless: (1) the modification is in the best interests
of the child; and (2) there is a substantial change in one (1) or
more of the factors that the court may consider under section 8
and, if applicable, section 8.5.
22. Pursuant to I.C. 31-17-2-8, the factors relevant to a
custody determination are: 1) the age and sex of the child; 2) the
wishes of the child’s parent or parents; 3) the wishes of the child,
with more consideration given to the child’s wishes if the child is
at least 14 years of age; 4) the interaction and interrelationship of
the child with the child’s parent or parents, the child’s sibling;
and any other person who may significantly affect the child’s best
interest; 5) the child’s adjustment to the child’s home, school,
and community; 6) the mental and physical health of all
individuals involved; 7) evidence of a pattern of domestic or
family violence by either parent; and 8) evidence that the child
has been cared for by a de facto custodian.
23. The Court finds that it is in the child’s best interest that
custody be modified as there has been a substantial change in
circumstances in the relevant custody factors. Specifically, the
child is now 6 years old and is attending school. At the time the
parties entered into their agreement regarding custody, the child
was 3 years old and not attending school. The Court finds that
the child’s needs have changed and her needs will continue to
change as she ages. In addition to attending school in Mother’s
school district, the child is involved in activities in Mother’s
community; the child has developed friendships at school and at
church; the child’s religious training is occurring in Mother’s
community; Mother is actively involved in the child’s school;
Mother has a flexible schedule that allows her to be available for
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the child; Mother’s residence is located near the child’s school;
the majority of the child’s family lives within the general area
where Mother resides; the child has a good relationship with
Step-Father and the child has a half-sister with whom she enjoys
spending time in Mother’s home.
24. The Court finds that Mother is invested in remaining in
her current residential area in that Mother has resided in Fishers,
Indiana for most of her life; Mother’s family lives within the
general vicinity of the north side; and Mother is married to the
co-owner of Sahm’s Restaurant in Fishers. Therefore, Mother is
able to provide the child with predictability as the child becomes
increasingly engaged academically and socially.
25. The Court finds that both parties love their child very
much and that they are married to individuals who are bonded
with the child and who have assisted in the care of the child. The
Court further finds that while the parties may have had
occasional disagreements, they have, over the years, been able to
communicate effectively about the child and make decisions
regarding what is in her best interest.
26. The Court finds that the child is accustomed to being in
the care of her parents and while she enjoys long drives to and
from both of her homes, the current parenting time schedule,
which not only requires the child to commute anywhere from 25-
45 minutes or more but involves several exchanges during the
week, is fragmented and disruptive. Furthermore, the Court finds
that the current parenting time schedule is prohibitive on the
child as the child becomes more involved at school and in her
community and the demands on her increases.
27. The Court acknowledges that while Dr. Krupsaw has
recommended that parenting time be allocated equally or close to
equal in his report, the Court determines that Dr. Krupsaw’s
conclusion is based upon an evaluation he conducted prior to the
child attending school and does not take into account how the
parties’ joint physical custodial arrangement and their parenting
time schedule has been affecting the child since she began
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attending school. Nevertheless, the Court takes into account Dr.
Krupsaw’s assessment that it is likely that the effects on the child
as she gets older may change as it relates to her schooling, her
access to friends, and her activities. The Court also considers Dr.
Krupsaw’s assessment that it may be advantageous that the child
spend more time in Mother’s care since the child is attending
school in Mother’s residential district. The Court concludes that
it is in the child’s best interest that parenting time be modified.
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED THAT:
1. Mother shall have primary physical custody of [E.B.]. The
parties shall share joint legal custody of the child.
2. Father shall have parenting time as follows: every
Wednesday for an overnight; every Thursday for an overnight;
and every other weekend from Friday until Sunday. All holiday,
break and special occasion parenting time shall be pursuant to
the Indiana Parenting Time Guidelines.
3. Father shall pick-up the child at the end of the school day
on Wednesdays to begin his parenting time and Father shall
transport the child to school every Thursday morning. Father
shall also pick-up the child at the end of the school day on
Thursdays and Father shall transport the child to school every
Friday morning at the conclusion of parenting time. During his
weekend parenting time, Father shall pick-up the child at the end
of the school day on Friday and Mother shall pick-up the child
from Father at 11:00 a.m. on Sunday.
4. Father shall be entitled to make-up any regularly
scheduled patenting time that he misses as a result of a
scheduling conflict.
5. The parties shall have the opportunity for additional
parenting time with the child in the event it becomes necessary
that the child be cared for by a third party other than the parties
or a member of their household (someone living in the parties’
home who is related to the child by blood, marriage or adoption)
for 4 hours or more. The party needing the care shall, within 24
hours of the need, offer and provide notice to the other party of
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the opportunity for additional parenting time. The opportunity
for additional parenting time is optional to either party
depending on their availability.
6. Pursuant to the attached Child Support Obligation
Worksheet (CSOW), Father shall pay Mother child support of
$29.00 per week. The Court hereby waives payment of said
support as a result of the cost associated with Father having to
provide transportation for the child to and from school and for
parenting time.
7. Father shall continue to provide health insurance coverage
for the child at a reasonable cost when said coverage is available.
Father shall provide Mother with a current insurance card as
evidence of the child’s insurance coverage. The Six Percent Rule
shall apply regarding payment of the child’s uninsured medical
expenses with Mother paying the first $500.00 of the same and
Father paying 50% and Mother paying 50% thereafter.
8. By agreement, the child shall remain in school at New
Britton Elementary School in Fishers, Indiana.
9. The parties may agree to up to 2 extracurricular activities
for the child per year. Neither party shall unreasonably withhold
his/her consent to the child’s participation in a proposed activity.
The parties shall equally share in the cost of the agreed upon
activity. Absent an agreement, the party desiring to sign up the
child in an activity shall bear 100% of the cost.
10. The parties shall alternate claiming the child as an
exemption in their State and Federal income taxes with Mother
claiming the child on all even tax years and Father claiming the
child on all odd tax years.
11. The parties shall abide by the Indiana Relocation Statute
regarding all residential moves.
12. By agreement, Ryan Cassman is appointed Level II
parenting time coordinator. See Agreed Stipulation as to Issues
Before the Court.
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13. Mother’s request to enforce the parties’ Agreed Decree of
Paternity is denied. Mother’s request for payment of her
attorney’s fees relating to said request is denied.
Appellant’s App. p. 9-17.
Discussion and Decision
[5] On appeal, Father raises several contentions of error which we consolidate and
restate as follows: whether it was appropriate for the trial court to consider the
child becoming school age as a substantial change in circumstances sufficient to
support an order modifying custody.
Standard of Review
[6] The party seeking modification of custody bears the burden of demonstrating
that the existing arrangement is no longer in the child’s best interest and that
there has been a substantial change in one or more of the enumerated statutory
factors. Bailey v. Bailey, 7 N.E.3d 340, 343 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014). “We review
custody modifications for an abuse of discretion and must grant latitude and
deference to trial courts in family law matters.” Id. “An abuse of discretion
occurs where the decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and
circumstances before the court.” Bryant v. Bryant, 693 N.E.2d 976, 977 (Ind. Ct.
App. 1998), trans. denied.
[7] The trial court sua sponte issued findings of fact and conclusions of law pursuant
to Indiana Trial Rule 52(A).
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When reviewing specific findings of fact and conclusions thereon
under Indiana Trial Rule 52(A), this court may not affirm the
judgment on any legal basis. Rather, we must determine whether
the trial court’s findings are sufficient to support the judgment.
Vanderburgh County Board of Comm’rs v. Rittenhouse, 575 N.E.2d
663, 665 (Ind. Ct. App. 1991), trans. denied. In reviewing the
judgment, we must first determine whether the evidence supports
the findings and, second, whether the findings support the
judgment. Id. The judgment will be reversed only when clearly
erroneous or contrary to law. DeHaan v. DeHaan, 572 N.E.2d
1315, 1320 (Ind. Ct. App. 1991), trans. denied. To determine
whether the findings or judgment are clearly erroneous, we
consider only the evidence favorable to the judgment and all
reasonable inferences flowing therefrom. We will not reweigh
the evidence or assess witness credibility. Id.
However, when the trial court enters findings and conclusions
sua sponte, the specific findings only control as to the issues they
cover, while a general judgment standard applies to any issue
upon which the court has not found. In re Marriage of Snemis, 575
N.E.2d 650, 652 (Ind. Ct. App. 1991). We may affirm a general
judgment on any theory supported by the evidence adduced at
trial. Id.
Bryant, 693 N.E.2d at 977.
Substantial Change in Circumstances
[8] Under Indiana Code section 31-17-2-21, a court “may not modify a child
custody order unless (1) the modification is in the best interests of the child; and
(2) there is a substantial change in one (1) or more of the factors that the court
may consider under section 8 and, if applicable, section 8.5 of this chapter.”
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The factors to be considered by the court listed in Indiana Code section 31-17-2-
8 include
(1) The age and sex of the child.
(2) The wishes of the child’s parent or parents.
(3) The wishes of the child, with more consideration given to the
child’s wishes if the child is at least fourteen (14) years of age.
(4) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with:
(A) the child’s parent or parents;
(B) the child’s sibling; and
(C) any other person who may significantly affect the
child’s best interests.
(5) The child’s adjustment to the child’s:
(A) home;
(B) school; and
(C) community.
(6) The mental and physical health of all individuals involved.
(7) Evidence of a pattern of domestic or family violence by either
parent.
(8) Evidence that the child has been cared for by a de facto
custodian, and if the evidence is sufficient, the court shall
consider the factors described in section 8.5(b) of this chapter.
[9] Father argues that there is insufficient evidence to support the trial court’s order
modifying custody. Father acknowledges that “[t]he evidence in the record
supports that it is in [E.B.]’s best interests for the parenting time schedule to
change.” Appellant’s Reply Br. p. 11. However, Father contends that there
was no substantial change in circumstances necessary to modify custody
pursuant to Indiana Code section 31-17-2-21. Specifically, Father claims that a
child becoming school age is not a substantial change in circumstances
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sufficient to justify a modification of physical custody; although, Father
provides no cases supporting such a position.
[10] In the case of In re Paternity of C.S., we addressed a similar argument when the
mother of C.S. argued “that there is no Indiana case law that ‘supports the
proposition that the mere fact of a child being eligible to attend school…is a
change so substantial as to warrant modification of custody.” 964 N.E.2d 879,
883-84 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012), trans. denied. However, we found that the child’s
readiness to enter kindergarten was a substantial change in circumstances
warranting modification. Id. at 884. Nevertheless, E.B.’s entering school is not
the only change in circumstances in this case.
[11] The parties agreed on the initial parenting time schedule on July 13, 2012.
Since that time, the parties continued to adjust the schedule, mostly amicably,
due to various changes in their personal and professional lives; Father quit his
bartending job and began attending law school in the fall of 2013, both Mother
and Father married, and Mother had a child with her husband. At the time of
the hearing, the parenting schedule was such that the child was being
exchanged between the parties several times each week. Both parties, as well as
Dr. Krupsaw, felt that the parenting schedule was not in the child’s best interest
due to the frequent transitions.
[12] After outlining the above-mentioned Section 31-17-2-8 factors, the trial court
found as follows with regards to change in circumstances:
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The Court finds that it is in the child’s best interest that custody
be modified as there has been a substantial change in
circumstances in the relevant custody factors. Specifically, the
child is now 6 years old and is attending school. At the time the
parties entered into their agreement regarding custody, the child
was 3 years old and not attending school. The Court finds that
the child’s needs have changed and her needs will continue to
change as she ages. In addition to attending school in Mother’s
school district, the child is involved in activities in Mother’s
community; the child has developed friendships at school and at
church; the child’s religious training is occurring in Mother’s
community; Mother is actively involved in the child’s school;
Mother has a flexible schedule that allows her to be available for
the child; Mother’s residence is located near the child’s school;
the majority of the child’s family lives within the general area
where Mother resides; the child has a good relationship with
Step-Father and the child has a half-sister with whom she enjoys
spending time in Mother’s home.
Appellant’s App. p. 14. Additionally, Father does not intend to continue living
on the Southside of Indianapolis and hopes to relocate to the Northside of
Indianapolis. Father does not know where he will be employed after he
graduates law school and does not believe he is able to make any decisions
regarding relocation until he secures employment following graduation.
Therefore, Father’s schedule and most likely his residence will both change
within the coming year.
[13] Accordingly, we find that the trial court was within its discretion in finding that
there was a change in circumstances sufficient to justify a modification of
custody. Specifically, there were substantial changes to three of the factors
listed in Section 31-17-2-8: (1) the age of the child; (2) the child’s adjustment to
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her home, school, and community; and (3) the relationship between the child
and her parents, her sibling, and any other person who may significantly affect
the child’s best interests. At the time of the initial parenting schedule, E.B. was
three years old. At the time of the trial court’s order, E.B. was six years old, she
had begun school, had established a relationship with her church community in
Fishers, began attending Sunday school, had a new baby sister, and had
become increasingly involved in extracurricular activities in Mother’s
community including gymnastics and various camp activities.1
[14] Father does not argue that the parenting time arrangement ordered by the trial
court is not in the best interest of the child. Nevertheless, we note that there is
ample evidence to support the position that it is in the child’s best interest to
spend slightly more time staying with Mother.
The Court finds that Mother is invested in remaining in her
current residential area in that Mother has resided in Fishers,
Indiana for most of her life; Mother’s family lives within the
general vicinity of the north side; and Mother is married to the
co-owner of Sahm’s Restaurant in Fishers. Therefore, Mother is
able to provide the child with predictability as the child becomes
increasingly engaged academically and socially.
***
1
Father also appears to argue that the trial court erred by ordering E.B. to attend school near Mother and
then using that enrollment as the substantial change in circumstances to support a modification of custody.
This is a misinterpretation of the trial court’s order. The primary substantial change in circumstance was the
child becoming school age, not the child attending a specific school. Furthermore, the parties agreed prior to
the January 21, 2015 hearing that E.B. would “continue to attend school at New Britton Elementary.”
Appellant’s App. p. 60. The trial court was certainly permitted to consider the location of the agreed upon
school and E.B.’s adjustment thereto in fashioning a parenting time schedule.
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[T]he Court takes into account Dr. Krupsaw’s assessment that it
is likely that the effects on the child as she gets older may change
as it relates to her schooling, her access to friends, and her
activities. The Court also considers Dr. Krupsaw’s assessment
that it may be advantageous that the child spend more time in
Mother’s care since the child is attending school in Mother’s
residential district. The Court concludes that it is in the child’s
best interest that parenting time be modified.
Appellant’s App. pp. 14-15. Accordingly, we find that the trial court did not
abuse its discretion in finding that (1) the child’s becoming school age was a
substantial change in circumstances and (2) granting Mother primary physical
custody is in the child’s best interest.2
[15] The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Baker, J., and Pyle, J., concur.
2
We note that although the trial court granted Mother ‘primary physical custody,’ this seems only to be an
acknowledgement that the Mother is now responsible for the child’s physical care slightly more than half of
the time. Functionally, Mother received only one more day every two weeks, and Father one less, than if the
two had exactly equal parenting time. We see no functional difference between titling this arrangement joint
physical custody versus granting Mother primary physical custody as the parties still share nearly equal
parenting time.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1503-JP-150 | December 30, 2015 Page 18 of 18