Chosen 300 Ministries, Inc. v. City of Phila. Zoning Bd. of Adjustment

IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Chosen 300 Ministries, Inc., :
Appellant :
:
v. : No. 67 C.D. 2015
: Argued: October 6, 2015
City of Philadelphia Zoning Board of :
Adjustment :

BEFORE: HONORABLE BONNIE BRIGANCE LEADBETTER, Judge
HONORABLE P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge
HONORABLE ANNE E. COVEY, Judge

OPINION NOT REPORTED

MEMORANDUM OPINION BY
JUDGE LEADBETTER FILED: January 19, 2016

Chosen 300 Ministries, Inc. (Appellant) appeals from the order of the
Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County which affirmed a decision of the
City of Philadelphia Zoning Board of Adjustment (Board) granting a variance to
Ting Yi Liang and Dao Hua Lei (collectively, Appellees) to develop the property
located at 1111-1121 Ridge Avenue, Philadelphia, into a nine unit residential
apartment complex. After review, we affirm.
The subject property is an irregular-shaped vacant lot that Appellees
sought to subdivide and improve with a residential project consisting of four four-
story buildings, each having one apartment on the first floor, one on the second
floor and one bi-level apartment on the third and fourth floors, for a total of twelve
units. Appellees, through its Developers Yao Chang Huang and Jenny Wan,
submitted their proposal to the Department of Licenses and Inspections (L&I).
L&I denied the application because the proposed residential use is not permitted in
the I-2 Medium Industrial zoning district where the subject property is located, and
because the proposal did not provide any on-site parking.1 Appellees timely
appealed to the Board, which conducted a public hearing on September 24, 2013.
At the hearing, Appellees’ attorney Glenn Hing testified that the
property is irregular in shape, with the property line at the north edge 77 feet in
length which decreases to only 45 feet in length at the south property line.2
September 24, 2013 Hearing, Notes of Testimony (N.T.) at 2-3. Mr. Hing testified
that the first and second floor apartments will be approximately 800 square feet,
the bi-level apartments will be approximately 1,600 square feet, and that the first
floor apartments will have access to back yards, while the upper apartments will
have rear decks. Id. at 5-6. With respect to the refusal due to lack of on-site
parking, Mr. Hing testified that Appellees had entered into a lease agreement with
the owner of a nearby parking lot for ten parking spaces to be reserved for the
residents’ use. Id. at 6-7. Mr. Hing submitted a letter of non-opposition from the
Philadelphia Chinatown Development Corporation (PCDC), one of two Registered
Community Organizations (RCOs), as well as photographs of the subject property
and the surrounding area, including a recently built mixed use
residential/commercial development directly across the street from the subject

1
Table 14-802-3 of the Philadelphia Zoning Code states that 1 parking space must be
provided for every two units.
2
Although not deduced from testimony at the hearing, the subject property’s frontage on
Ridge Avenue is approximately 94.42 feet. See March 17, 2014 Letter from Appellant to the
Board with Appraisal Report for Chosen 300 Ministries, Inc., attached. Certified Record, Item 6.

2
property. Finally, Mr. Hing explained that most of the recent development in the
area has been mixed residential/commercial use projects. Id. at 4, 9.
Mr. John Chin, Executive Director of the PCDC, testified that they
supported the proposal because it “brings in redevelopment in the area that’s been
abandoned by former industry and manufacturing” and that his organization sees
this as a “very positive trend and it adds to the existing trend of new construction
housing that we’ve seen over the last ten years in the area from the Vine Street
Expressway up to Spring Garden Street, and … beyond that.” Id. at 14. Mr. Chin
testified that they envision the area as a strong residential community in the future
and that this type of development is especially needed given that there is a high
population density in Chinatown and his organization is looking to “improve the
quality of life in the neighborhood [while] at the same time creat[ing] more
housing and options for young families because that’s the demand.” Id.
Pastor Brian Jenkins of Chosen 300 Ministries, Inc., testified in
opposition to the proposal. Pastor Jenkins testified that he currently leases the
subject property for use as a parking lot for his volunteers and employees. Pastor
Jenkins testified that parking is a “major issue in [the] community” and that Ridge
Avenue has “high traffic,” and that because parking is not allowed on either side of
Ridge Avenue, locating a residential development here with a potential of at least
48 more residents will only endanger pedestrians and worsen the existing parking
problem. Id. at 17-18. He further testified that, “[a]ll the properties on the 1100
block of Ridge Avenue [where the subject property is located] are actually light
industrial.” Id. at 18. Finally, Pastor Jenkins testified that he specifically located
his ministry in the light industrial district because it was the area least likely to be
threatening to the homeless community he serves and also to avoid battles with

3
residents who are “not as tolerant to [the] homeless population.” Id. at 20.
Although Pastor Jenkins stated that at least six business owners in the area opposed
the project, he was unaware that two of those businesses had met with Appellees
and subsequently withdrew their opposition and were now in favor of the proposal.
Id. at 32-33.
At the end of the hearing, the Board directed Appellees to determine
whether two existing curb cuts at the property were legal and to revisit their
proposal to include on-site parking, if possible, and held the matter under
advisement. Thereafter, Developers updated the plan, reducing the number of
buildings from four to three, and consequently reducing the number of units from
twelve to nine. The updated plan also addressed the Board’s concern with the lack
of parking by adding five on-site parking spaces and the existing curb cuts were
approved by the City’s Highway Department. At a joint public meeting on
February 11, 2014 of both RCOs, the PCDC and the Callowhill Neighborhood
Association (CNA), the updated plan was presented, where several members of the
Chosen 300 Ministry were present and voiced their opposition. Despite the
objection of the Chosen 300 Ministries, the CNA indicated that, based on the
revised plan, it would have no opposition to the project. Appellant sent an
additional letter in opposition to the project dated February 12, 2014. Developers,
on behalf of Appellees, then submitted the revised plan to the Board on February
28, 2014. Appellant also submitted a letter with an appraisal report it had solicited
and its offer to purchase the subject property, which offer was rejected by
Appellees.
After accepting the additional evidence and considering the record as
a whole, the Board found that the area where the subject property is located is

4
transitioning from its industrial roots into a more residential area, as shown by the
recent mixed residential/commercial developments in the area, including one
directly across from the subject property. The Board also found that Appellees
proposed residential development was in harmony with the PCDC’s future vision
for the area as a residential community and that it would bring much needed
residential units to the community, which was experiencing a regrowth after being
abandoned by former industrial and manufacturing uses. Additionally, the Board
found that the conditions that formed the basis for the variance, i.e., the irregular
shape of the lot that had been vacant and/or used as a parking lot and the
transitioning of the area from industrial to a mix of commercial and residential are
unique to the property and that these special conditions or circumstances did not
result from the Appellees’ actions. Based on the record as a whole, including the
revised plans, the Board determined that Appellees satisfied the requirements for a
variance as set forth in Section 14-303-(8)(e)(.1) and (.2) of the Philadelphia
Zoning Code. Specifically, the Board determined that the proposed use of the
subject property is consistent with the area surrounding it; that literal enforcement
of the Zoning Code would create an unnecessary hardship to the subject property;
that there would be no adverse impact on the public health, safety or general
welfare; and that the variance represents the minimum that will afford relief at the
least modification possible. Accordingly, the Board granted the variance with
proviso.3
Appellant appealed to the trial court, which affirmed. The trial court
concluded that there was testimony before the Board that while the subject

3
The proviso was “per revised plans (3 pages) stamped by the ZBA 3/18/14.” Board’s
Decision, Finding of Fact No. 17.

5
property is located in an industrial zoning district, the surrounding area is shifting
to residential/commercial mixed use and that the lot’s irregular shape makes it
unsuited for industrial use and that no new industrial uses have been constructed in
the neighborhood. The trial court also concluded that Appellant had not shown
how the use variance would substantially or permanently impair the appropriate
use or development of adjacent property nor be detrimental to the public welfare.
The trial court determined that Appellant’s testimony that his homeless ministry
would suffer harm if the residential development was allowed was “only potential
harm” and not actual harm, and that Appellant made no argument that the proposed
development would be detrimental to the public welfare. Trial Court’s Opinion at
8. The trial court also determined that Appellant’s remaining objection regarding
an increase in traffic was unsupported by evidence. The trial court thus affirmed
the decision of the Board and dismissed Appellant’s appeal.
When, as here, the trial court has taken no additional evidence, this
court’s review is limited to determining whether the Board’s findings are supported
by substantial evidence or whether the Board made an error of law in rendering its
decision. Twp. of Exeter v. Zoning Hearing Bd., 962 A.2d 653, 659 (Pa. 2009).
Section 14-303(8)(e)(.1) of the Zoning Code sets forth specific criteria that the
Board must consider in determining whether to grant a variance, which the court
has boiled down to three key requirements: the applicant must prove (1)
unnecessary hardship unique to the subject property; (2) no adverse effect on the
public safety, health, or general welfare; and (3) that the variance is the minimum
that will afford relief at the least modification possible. E. Torresdale Civic Assoc.
v. Zoning Bd. of Adjust., 639 A.2d 446, 447 (Pa. 1994). We have previously held
that, in the context of a use variance, an unnecessary hardship is established by

6
evidence that: the physical features of the property are such that it cannot
reasonably be used for a permitted purpose; or that the property can be conformed
for a permitted use only at a prohibitive expense; or that the property has no value
for any purpose permitted under the zoning code. See e.g., Hertzberg v. Zoning
Bd. of Adjust., 721 A.2d 43, 47 (Pa.1998). However, recent Supreme Court
precedent has admonished that in establishing a hardship, the applicant “is not
required to show that the property at issue is valueless without the variance or that
the property cannot be used for any permitted purpose.” Marshall v. City of Phila.
and Zoning Bd. of Adjust., 97 A.3d 323, 330 (Pa. 2014). Nor have we required the
applicant/property owner to prove that he or she has been unable to sell the
property in order to prove unnecessary hardship. Id. While both may be factors to
be considered when assessing whether or not unnecessary hardship exists, they are
neither the only factors nor the conclusive factors. Id.
Appellant’s sole issue presented for our review is whether the Board
erred as a matter of law in granting the variance. Appellant asserts that there is no
evidence of a unique hardship of the subject property and, therefore, the “most
fundamental prerequisite for obtaining a variance is entirely absent from the
certified record.” Appellant’s Brief at 13. Appellant avers that Appellees were
required to show that the property cannot not be used for a permitted purpose, that
the cost of conforming the property for a permitted purpose is prohibitive, or that
the property has no value for a permitted purpose, citing Allegheny West Civic
Council, Inc. v. Zoning Board of Adjustment of the City of Pittsburgh, 689 A.2d
225, 227 (Pa. 1997), cases significantly pre-dating Marshall. Specifically,
Appellant contends that the fact that it had leased the subject property for use as a
parking lot for its volunteers is evidence that the subject property is economically

7
viable and that this undermines Appellees’ argument that the subject property’s
physical characteristics are such that it cannot not be used for a permitted purpose.
Appellant further argues that the Board did not even discuss whether other
potential uses of the subject property within the I-2 restrictions were considered by
Appellees and rejected as prohibitively expensive or whether Appellees had made
any attempts to sell the subject property to no avail. Appellant asserts that the
Board essentially ignored the fact that none of the criteria for establishing an
unnecessary hardship are contained in the record and instead, erroneously focused
on the issue of whether Appellees’ proposal provided for the requisite parking.
Appellant argues that the issue of sufficient parking is superfluous without first
establishing proof that a unique hardship exists warranting a variance for a non-
permitted use.4
We disagree with Appellant, as it has not only misstated governing
law, but apparently ignores the fact that the Board did issue findings of fact and
conclusions of law regarding unnecessary hardship. Specifically, the Board found
that the subject property was “irregular in shape” and in “an area [that] has shifted
into residential and mixed residential/commercial uses.” Board’s Decision,
Findings of Fact Nos. 7 and 9. The Board also credited the testimony of John

4
At oral argument before the trial court and in a one paragraph statement in his brief to this
court, Appellant argued that the Board violated the Sunshine Act, 65 Pa. C.S. §§ 701-716, by
accepting additional evidence after the public hearing without convening another public hearing
at which time the public would have the opportunity to raise any concerns and voice opposition
to the revised plan. While the trial court did not address this issue, it appears that Appellant did
not include this issue in his statement of matters complained of on appeal, and thus, the issue is
waived. Parker Ave., LP v. City of Phila., 122 A.3d 483, 490 n.10 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2015) (when an
issue is not included in a 1925(b) statement it is waived). In any event, Appellant was present at
the public meeting at which time the Board announced that it was accepting additional
information, and indeed, Appellant, as well as Appellees, submitted additional documentary
evidence to the Board which was part of the record upon which the Board’s decision was based.

8
Chin, Executive Director of the PCDC, that the neighborhood had “been
abandoned by former industrial and manufacturing use” and that “[t]he positive
trend is towards re-development of this area into residential.” Id. Finding of Fact
No. 10. The Zoning Code specifically states that a finding of unnecessary hardship
may be made where “there are unique physical circumstances or conditions (such
as irregularity, narrowness or shallowness of lot size …) peculiar to the property . .
. .” Section 14-303(8)(e)(.2)(.a) (emphasis added). It is the function of the Board
to determine whether the evidence satisfies the criteria for granting a variance and
as fact finder, it is the sole judge of credibility. Marshall, 97 A.3d at 331. Its
discretion is “not so circumscribed” that it cannot “infer” from the record and “its
[own] expertise in and knowledge of local conditions,” that the Appellees herein
have established that there is an unnecessary hardship unique to the subject
property. Id. at 330, 333 (citation omitted). Moreover, as the Board found, it was
not only the irregular shape of the lot that formed the basis of the hardship, but also
the lack of industrial development in the neighborhood and the transitioning from
industrial to residential that created the hardship. As we noted in South of South
Street Neighborhood Association v. Philadelphia Zoning Board of Adjustment, 54
A.3d 115, 120 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2012), “a property may once have not been burdened
by an unnecessary hardship, the course of time may effect changes to that property
and the surrounding area, which may ultimately result in the creation of an
unnecessary hardship that did not previously exist.” Contrary to Appellant’s
assertions, Appellees were not required to present evidence that the subject
property could not be utilized for its intended uses or whether there were
alternative permitted uses under the I-2 zoning restrictions to which the subject
property could be utilized for, nor were they required to submit evidence that they

9
attempted to sell the property to no avail. The Supreme Court has “explicitly
rejected the requirement that an applicant for a variance . . . eliminate every
possible permitted use.” Marshall, 97 A.3d at 332. Moreover, while evidence of
failed attempts to sell the property “may be probative . . . we have concluded that it
is ‘unreasonable to force a property owner to try to sell his property as a
prerequisite to receiving a variance.’” Id. at 330 (citation omitted). Finally, we
reject as specious the argument that Appellees’ ability to use the property as a
parking lot precludes a determination of hardship. Under Appellant’s theory,
virtually any property that is otherwise useless under its current zoning must be
denied a variance because a vacant lot can almost always be used to park cars.5
Accordingly, we conclude that there is substantial evidence to support the Board’s
determination that the subject property’s irregular shape along with the
transitioning from industrial to residential/commercial has established unnecessary
hardship.
Next, we address Appellant’s argument that the Board failed to
consider whether the grant of the use variance would “substantially or permanently
impair the appropriate use or development of adjacent property, [i.e., his ministry]
nor be detrimental to the public welfare” under Section 14-303(8)(e)(.2)(.c) of the
Zoning Code. Contending that it was “precisely because of the surrounding
industrial uses” that he located his ministry at the adjacent property, and that
“residential uses would be incompatible with the lines of homeless persons outside
of the building,” he has shown that Appellees’ proposed residential development

5
In this regard, we note that Appellees were not operating a commercial facility, nor is there
any evidence of record that this property was suitable for such a use. Appellees simply let
Appellant, their neighbor, park its cars there for a fee.

10
would substantially and/or permanently impair the appropriate use of his property.
Appellant’s Brief at 19. Appellant further asserts that the “Zoning Code itself
recognizes the incompatibility between the activities of a homeless ministry such
[as] Chosen 300 and residential uses . . . [because] it restricts [such activities] in
many residential zoning classifications” arguing that some of the residential zoning
classifications restrict religious assemblies altogether while others only allow
religious activities to take place inside, thus prohibiting the kind of ministry he
conducts at his property. Id. We disagree.
Here, as noted by the trial court, Appellant has presented no evidence
that would show that Appellees’ proposed residential development would
substantially or permanently impair his ministry at the adjacent property, but
instead, has cited only “potential harm.” Trial Court’s Opinion at 8. Where an
objector asserts that a proposed use will substantially affect the public health,
safety and general welfare, he or she must offer more than just speculation of
possible harm, but instead must show a “high degree of probability that the
proposed use will substantially affect the health and safety of the community.” In
re: Appeal of Thompson, 896 A.2d 659, 679 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2006). The Board, after
finding that the proposed development had the approval of the RCOs and was in
harmony with its vision for the neighborhood; that the Planning Commission had
no objection; that the curb cuts had been approved by the City’s Highway
Department; and that the site had been redesigned to include on-site parking,
determined that:

Granting the variance would not (i) substantially or
permanently injure the appropriate use of adjacent
conforming properties; (ii) substantially increase
congestion in the public streets; (iii) increase the danger
of fire, or otherwise endanger the public safety; (iv)

11
 overcrowd the land or create an undue concentration of
population; (v) impair an adequate supply of light and air
to adjacent property; or (vi) adversely affect
transportation or unduly burden water, sewer, school,
park or other public facilities.

Board’s Decision, Conclusion of Law No. 12. These findings were supported by
substantial evidence.
For all the above reasons, the grant of the variance was proper under
the Zoning Code. N. Chestnut Hill Neighbors v. Zoning Bd. of Adjust., 977 A.2d
1196, 1203 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2009). Accordingly, we affirm.

_____________________________________
BONNIE BRIGANCE LEADBETTER,
Judge

12
 IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Chosen 300 Ministries, Inc., :
Appellant :
:
v. : No. 67 C.D. 2015
:
City of Philadelphia Zoning Board of :
Adjustment :

ORDER

AND NOW, this 19th day of January, 2016, the order of the Court of
Common Pleas of Philadelphia County in the above-captioned matter is hereby
AFFIRMED.

_____________________________________
BONNIE BRIGANCE LEADBETTER,
Judge