NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
__________________________
No. 13-3401
__________________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
ALONZO LAMAR JOHNSON,
Appellant
______________
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
(2-08-cr-00374-013)
District Judge: Honorable Joy Flowers Conti
_____________
Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
October 30, 2015
______________
Before: GREENAWAY, JR., SCIRICA, and ROTH, Circuit Judges.
(Opinion Filed: January 26, 2016)
______________
OPINION*
______________
*
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7
does not constitute binding precedent.
GREENAWAY, JR., Circuit Judge.
Alonzo Lamar Johnson appeals from his conviction for conspiracy to distribute
and possess with intent to distribute five kilograms or more of a mixture and substance
containing a detectable amount of cocaine, and fifty grams or more of a mixture and
substance containing a detectable amount of cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §
846. Johnson asserts that: (1) the evidence presented at trial was sufficient to establish
only a buyer-seller relationship between him and members of the charged conspiracy, not
that Johnson was himself a member of that conspiracy, or, in the alternative, that the
government established multiple conspiracies, resulting in an impermissible variance
between the indictment and the proof adduced at trial; (2) the trial court erred in allowing
opinion testimony by a lay witness and fact testimony by an expert witness; (3) the
prosecutor committed misconduct in his closing argument; (4) Johnson’s sentence is both
procedurally and substantively unreasonable and is, moreover, based on a purported prior
offense that was not properly presented to the jury; and (5) the District Court erred in
denying Johnson’s motion to suppress the wiretap evidence. For the following reasons,
we will affirm.1
1
The District Court had jurisdiction over this case pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231;
we have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
2
Johnson argues first that the evidence was insufficient to support his conspiracy
conviction, either because it established only a buyer-seller relationship between Johnson
and Anthony Hoots, who pleaded guilty to having been a member of the Alford
conspiracy, or because the government established a conspiracy between Johnson and
Hoots separate and distinct from the larger Alford conspiracy for which Johnson was
indicted.2
We apply a “particularly deferential standard” to challenges to the sufficiency of
the evidence: “[w]e ‘review the record in the light most favorable to the prosecution to
determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found proof of guilt[] beyond a
reasonable doubt.’” United States v. Caraballo-Rodriguez, 726 F.3d 418, 430 (3d Cir.
2013) (en banc) (second alteration in original) (quoting United States v. Brodie, 403 F.3d
123, 133 (3d Cir. 2005)). “To establish a conspiracy, the government must prove beyond
a reasonable doubt: (1) a shared unity of purpose; (2) an intent to achieve a common
illegal goal; and (3) an agreement to work toward that goal.” United States v. John-
Baptiste, 747 F.3d 186, 204–05 (3d Cir.) (citations omitted), cert. denied sub nom.
Brooks v. United States, 134 S. Ct. 2324 (2014), and cert. denied sub nom. Edwards v.
United States, 134 S. Ct. 2889 (2014).
2
The government argues that Johnson preserved only the multiple-conspiracy
theory and not the buyer-seller-relationship theory in light of the way in which he framed
his motion for acquittal below. Because we find the evidence sufficient to support his
conviction for participation in the charged conspiracy, we need not parse Johnson’s
claim.
3
Johnson is correct that “a simple buyer-seller relationship, without any prior or
contemporaneous understanding beyond the sales agreement itself, is insufficient to
establish that the buyer was a member of the seller’s conspiracy.” United States v. Perez,
280 F.3d 318, 343 (3d Cir. 2002) (quoting United States v. Gibbs, 190 F.3d 188, 198 (3d
Cir. 1999)). Nevertheless, “even an occasional supplier . . . can be shown to be a member
of the conspiracy by evidence, direct or inferential, of knowledge that she or he was part
of a larger operation.” United States v. Price, 13 F.3d 711, 728 (3d Cir. 1994) (citation
omitted). Johnson is also correct that, “when a single conspiracy is charged in the
indictment and the evidence at trial proves only the existence of multiple, unrelated
conspiracies, there is a variance,” or impermissible discrepancy between the charged
conduct and the proven conduct. Perez, 280 F.3d at 346 (citation omitted). “To establish
a single conspiracy,” however, “the prosecutor need not prove that each defendant knew
all the details, goals or other participants.” Id. at 347 (quoting United States v. Padilla,
982 F.2d 110 (3d Cir. 1992)). Rather, the prosecution must establish that a defendant
was aware that he or she was part of a broader operation. Perez, 280 F.3d at 347 (citation
omitted).
Here, the evidence establishes that Johnson was part of the charged conspiracy.
Specifically, Hoots testified that, from 2007 through 2008, he would purchase cocaine
from—and sometimes co-purchase cocaine with—his friend Eric Alford; that Johnson
regularly purchased 4.5 ounces a week from Hoots, sometimes on credit, during this
4
period; and that Johnson also asked Hoots to sell cocaine to Johnson’s cousin, Howie
Morrison. Moreover, phone records indicate that Johnson inquired about the status of
drug shipments that Hoots was to receive from his suppliers. A rational trier of fact could
interpret these inquiries to reflect awareness of a larger drug operation. We therefore
conclude that there is sufficient evidence to support the jury’s determination that Johnson
was a member of the charged conspiracy.3
Turning now to the improper testimony arguments, Johnson concedes that he did
not object to the lay witness’s testimony below, but avers that he preserved his claim
concerning the expert’s testimony.4 We accordingly review the first argument for plain
error5 and the second for abuse of discretion.6
3
Because we find that the evidence supports Johnson’s participation in the
charged conspiracy, we need not reach his alternative theory of multiple conspiracies.
4
The government contends that Johnson’s objections were on a different ground
than the one he relies on here and that his argument as to the expert witness’s testimony
should therefore be reviewed for plain error. Because we find that Johnson’s claim of
error lacks merit, we need not reach this argument, either.
5
“For reversible plain error to exist, there must be (1) an error; (2) that is plain; (3)
that affects substantial rights; and (4) which seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or
public reputation of judicial proceedings.” United States v. Paladino, 769 F.3d 197, 201
(3d Cir. 2014) (quoting United States v. Tai, 750 F.3d 309, 313–14 (3d Cir. 2014)). An
error that “affec[ts] substantial rights . . . in most cases . . . means that the error must have
been prejudicial: It must have affected the outcome of the district court proceedings.”
United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 734 (1993).
6
See, e.g., United States v. Mitchell, 365 F.3d 215, 233 (3d Cir. 2004) (“It is well-
settled that, as a general matter, we review a district court’s decision to admit expert
testimony for abuse of discretion.”).
5
We find no plain error in the lay testimony by the case agent as to the content of
call #2492. Although, as Johnson argues, the agent did offer an expansive interpretation
of a sentence—one that included suppositions as to the motivations underlying a
particular comment—the evidence, as explained above, was sufficient to support
Johnson’s conviction, and this testimony, to which defense counsel voiced no complaint
during trial, did not “affect[] the outcome of the district court proceedings.” Olano, 507
U.S. at 734.
We similarly find no abuse of discretion in the District Court’s decision to allow
the government’s drug-trafficking expert to testify as to the meaning of certain slang or
code words used during the intercepted phone conversations. Johnson argues that the
meaning of these terms was not “beyond the ken of the jury” as is required of expert
testimony because two fact witnesses—Hoots and the case agent—had already testified
as to the content of these calls. This argument is without merit.
“[I]t is well established that experienced government agents may testify to the
meaning of coded drug language under Fed. R. Evid. 702.” United States v. Gibbs, 190
F.3d 188, 211 (3d Cir. 1999) (collecting cases). The existence of overlap between
admissible expert testimony and fact witness testimony does not bar the expert’s
intervention, United States v. Amuso, 21 F.3d 1251, 1264 (2d Cir. 1994), nor does
explanatory testimony by fact witnesses preclude expert testimony by bringing coded
6
drug terminology within the ken of the average juror, cf. United States v. McGlory, 968
F.2d 309, 352–53 (3d Cir. 1992) (Becker, J., concurring) (lamenting absence of expert
testimony as to code used in recorded conversations despite explanatory testimony by
fact witnesses).
Johnson next argues that the prosecutor’s closing remarks require reversal.
Johnson asserts that the prosecutor: (1) misstated the law of conspiracy; (2) denigrated
Johnson, his co-defendant Jerome Kelly, and defense counsel by calling their arguments
“offens[ive]”; and (3) accused the defendants of calling the government witnesses “liars.”
We review these unpreserved claims for plain error.
“[A] criminal conviction is not to be lightly overturned on the basis of a
prosecutor’s comments standing alone, for the statements or conduct must be viewed in
context; only by so doing can it be determined whether the prosecutor’s conduct affected
the fairness of the trial.” United States v. Young, 470 U.S. 1, 11 (1985). “In evaluating
the prosecutor’s conduct, we must decide ‘whether [his] remarks, in the context of the
entire trial, were sufficiently prejudicial to violate defendant’s due process rights.’”
United States v. Adams, 759 F.2d 1099, 1111 (3d Cir. 1985) (quoting United States v.
Scarfo, 685 F.2d 842, 849 (3d Cir. 1982)). Here, we find that none of the complained of
comments violate Johnson’s due process rights.
First, the prosecutor’s generalized remarks about cocaine production and
7
distribution do not undermine the accuracy of his discussion of the charged conspiracy.
Second, the prosecutor’s statement that certain suggestions by defense counsel were
unbelievable and the posing of the rhetorical question as to whether those suggestions
“offend [the jurors’] sensibility” are each permissible. As we have stated, “there is a
distinction between comments directed at the tactics and arguments advanced by defense
counsel and those aimed at the character of the attorneys themselves, with nothing
inherently improper about the former.” United States v. Lore, 430 F.3d 190, 213 (3d Cir.
2005) (collecting cases in which prosecutors commented critically, but innocuously, on
defense counsels’ tactics). Finally, the prosecutor’s statements that defense counsel had
labelled certain government witnesses “liar[s],” J.A. at 1165, are not misconduct; rather,
they refer to comments by defense counsel such as “the Government has presented to you
chapter after chapter of the book of fiction that we call this trial,” J.A. at 1124.
In short, we perceive no “denial of due process” in these alleged instances of
prosecutorial misconduct to which defense counsel made no contemporaneous objection.
United States v. Lee, 612 F.3d 170, 194 (3d Cir. 2010) (“A prosecutor’s comments can
create reversible error if they ‘so infected the trial with unfairness as to make the
resulting conviction a denial of due process.’” (quoting Donnelly v. DeChristoforo, 416
U.S. 637, 643 (1974))). Here, there have been no comments that have so infected the
trial as to meet this standard.
We now turn to the two arguments Johnson advances in appealing from his
8
sentence. First, Johnson challenges both the procedural and the substantive
reasonableness of his sentence, an argument he raised below. In our review of Johnson’s
sentence, “we must first ensure that the District Court committed no significant
procedural error in arriving at its decision.” United States v. Howe, 543 F.3d 128, 132–
33 (3d Cir. 2008) (citation omitted). “If we determine that the district court has
committed no significant procedural error, we then review the substantive reasonableness
of the sentence under an abuse-of-discretion standard, regardless of whether it falls
within the Guidelines range.” Id. (quoting United States v. Wise, 515 F.3d 207, 218 (3d
Cir. 2008).
To assess the procedural reasonableness of Johnson’s sentence, we review the
District Court’s decision for errors “such as failing to calculate (or improperly
calculating) the Guidelines range, treating the Guidelines as mandatory, failing to
consider the § 3553(a) factors, selecting a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or
failing to adequately explain the chosen sentence—including an explanation for any
deviation from the Guidelines range.” Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007).
Johnson contends that the District Court’s failure to meaningfully consider the sentencing
disparity argument he raised pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(6) constituted procedural
unreasonableness. However, “[t]he ‘need to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities
among defendants with similar records who have been found guilty of similar conduct[]’ .
. . is just one factor (if relevant) that should be balanced against the others (again, if
9
relevant).” United States v. Charles, 467 F.3d 828, 833 (3d Cir. 2006) (quoting 18
U.S.C. § 3553(a)(6)). Here, the District Court considered this factor, but found that
Johnson’s background and past convictions warranted the sentence imposed. We find no
merit in Johnson’s procedural unreasonableness argument and therefore turn to his claim
that his sentence is substantively unreasonable.
Johnson argues that the sentence he received is substantively unreasonable in
light of this Court’s direction to exercise discretion in balancing the Section 3553(a)
factors in United States v. Gunter, 462 F.3d 237, 247 (3d Cir. 2006), as well as
subsequent changes to offense levels and the application of recidivist enhancements.
Here, the District Court did exercise its discretion: it determined that, although “the
guideline provisions are 360 months to life imprisonment,” App. at 134, a 360-month
sentence “would have been too much, according to this Court’s determination and,
therefore, the 300 months was what was appropriate,” App. at 149. We are satisfied that
the District Court properly exercised its discretion in balancing the sentencing factors.
Further, this Court has explicitly stated that “a post-sentencing amendment reducing the
base offense level applicable to a particular offense is . . . not applied retroactively to
cases on appeal.” Wise, 515 F.3d at 220 (citation omitted). Accordingly, considering
both the totality of the circumstances and the sentencing judge’s “superior position to
find facts and judge their import under § 3553(a),” Gall, 552 U.S. at 51 (citation omitted),
we reject Johnson’s contention that his sentence was substantively unreasonable.
10
Second, Johnson argues that “any fact that increases the mandatory minimum [of a
sentence] is an ‘element’ that must be submitted to the jury,” Alleyne v. United States,
133 S. Ct. 2151, 2155 (2013), and that the past convictions that led to his sentence
enhancement should therefore have been presented to the jury. Johnson contends that
Alleyne casts doubt upon the Supreme Court’s decision in Almendarez-Torres v. United
States, 523 U.S. 224 (1998), in which the Court “recognized a narrow exception to this
general rule for the fact of a prior conviction.” Alleyne, 133 S. Ct. at 2160 n.1. In United
States v. Blair, 734 F.3d 218, 227 (3d Cir. 2013), cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 49 (2014), reh’g
denied, 135 S. Ct. 743 (2014), this Court states that prior offenses remain a narrow exception
to the jury-submission rule. Indeed, this Court specifically rejected the argument that
Johnson advances: “Alleyne do[es] nothing to restrict the established exception under
Almendarez–Torres that allows judges to consider prior convictions.” Blair, 734 F.3d at
227. In light of this binding precedent, we reject as meritless Johnson’s challenge on this
ground.7
Finally, we consider Johnson’s argument that the District Court’s decision not to
suppress wiretap evidence collected on the strength of an order bearing a stamped, rather
than handwritten, signature requires reversal. We find that this clearly constitutes a
“technical defect[] not warranting suppression of the evidence discovered as a result of
7
Johnson concedes that the Almendarez-Torres exception “remains intact, for
now,” and challenges his sentence on this ground merely “[t]o preserve the issue.”
(Appellant Br. 58)
11
the electronic surveillance.” United States v. Traitz, 871 F.2d 368, 379 (3d Cir. 1989).8
We reject Johnson’s argument to the contrary, particularly because the District Judge
whose signature the document bore testified to having authorized the warrant.
CONCLUSION
We find that Johnson’s conviction is supported by sufficient evidence and that
neither the testimony he alleges to be improper nor the comments by the prosecutor of
which he complains require reversal. We similarly find Johnson’s appeal from his
sentence and from the District Court’s denial of his motion to suppress unavailing. For
the foregoing reasons, we will affirm.
8
Because this argument is plainly without merit, we do not enter into the details of
whether the deficient warrant—which did not directly lead to any intercepted calls
involving Johnson—had a significant enough impact on the issuance of later warrants—
which did result in such interceptions— to confer standing on Johnson to challenge the
deficient warrant as an “aggrieved person” under 18 U.S.C. § 2518(10)(a)(iii).
12