IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
Pittsburgh Career Institute, :
: No. 823 C.D. 2015
Petitioner : Submitted: October 16, 2015
:
v. :
:
Unemployment Compensation :
Board of Review, :
:
Respondent :
BEFORE: HONORABLE BONNIE BRIGANCE LEADBETTER, Judge
HONORABLE P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge
HONORABLE ROCHELLE S. FRIEDMAN, Senior Judge
OPINION NOT REPORTED
MEMORANDUM OPINION
BY SENIOR JUDGE FRIEDMAN FILED: January 27, 2016
Pittsburgh Career Institute (Employer) petitions for review of the April
20, 2015, order of the Unemployment Compensation Board of Review (UCBR)
reversing the decision of a referee to deny Thien K. Ly (Claimant) unemployment
compensation (UC) benefits under section 402(b) of the Unemployment
Compensation Law (Law).1 The UCBR concluded that Claimant was eligible for UC
benefits because Claimant established a necessitous and compelling reason for
voluntarily quitting her employment. We reverse.
1
Act of December 5, 1936, Second Ex. Sess., P.L. (1937) 2897, as amended, 43 P.S. §
802(b). Section 402(b) of the Law provides that “[a]n employe shall be ineligible for compensation
for any week . . . [i]n which his unemployment is due to voluntarily leaving work without cause of a
necessitous and compelling nature.”
Claimant worked as a receptionist for Employer from July 2014 until
November 11, 2014. On one occasion, Claimant was in the office of Employer’s
president, Patty Yakshe, reviewing photographs from a photo shoot. Other
supervisors were present, including the Director of Education. Someone said to
Claimant: “You look like you could work in a massage parlor.”2 (UCBR’s Findings
of Fact, Nos. 1-4.)
On a second occasion in October 2014, Claimant’s supervisor, Jason
Stack, called Claimant on speaker phone. There were other people in the office at
that time, including the Admissions Team. Someone told Claimant: “Don’t forget
your chopsticks.” Claimant did not report the offensive jokes to anyone in
Employer’s administration because they were present when the jokes were made.
(Id., Nos. 5-8.)
On November 11, 2014, Claimant’s niece was born premature and
admitted to the hospital’s intensive care unit. Claimant was very upset but came to
work that day. When Claimant arrived at work, she received a phone call and was
informed that her father had a heart attack and was undergoing emergency surgery.
Claimant was crying at work and asked to leave because she was so upset. Stack told
Claimant that she was not allowed to leave because she had taken too many days off.
When Claimant said that she had time available, Stack responded that Claimant
would not have a job if she left. Claimant felt that Stack’s threat to her job was a
continuation of a hostile work environment. Claimant left work, thereby quitting,
2
Although not explicitly stated in the record, the UCBR clarifies in its brief to this court that
Claimant is of Vietnamese descent.
2
because she could no longer endure what she considered a hostile work environment.
(Id., Nos. 9-15.)
Claimant filed a claim for UC benefits, which the Department of Labor
and Industry denied on November 25, 2014. Claimant appealed to the referee, who
held a hearing on January 6, 2015, at which only Claimant’s counsel and Employer
appeared.3 The referee concluded that Claimant failed to prove that she left her
employment for a necessitous and compelling reason and, therefore, was ineligible
for benefits under section 402(b) of the Law.
Claimant appealed to the UCBR and requested a remand hearing. On
March 3, 2015, the referee held a remand hearing at which Claimant and two
Employer witnesses testified. The UCBR determined that because Claimant had
proper cause for her nonappearance at the first hearing, the UCBR would consider the
merits of Claimant’s testimony at the remand hearing.
The UCBR found that Claimant left her job due to a hostile work
environment where she was subjected to racial jokes and threatened with the loss of
her job if she left due to a family medical emergency. The UCBR determined that
Claimant was not required to notify her superiors of the racial jokes because they had
witnessed the jokes. The UCBR reversed the referee, concluding that Claimant had
proven a necessitous and compelling reason for quitting and, therefore, was eligible
3
Claimant’s counsel had requested that the hearing be rescheduled because Claimant would
be in Vietnam until February 5, 2015. The referee denied the request.
3
for UC benefits under section 402(b) of the Law. Employer now petitions for review
of that decision.4
Employer argues that the UCBR erred in determining that Claimant met
her burden of proving that she voluntarily left her employment for a necessitous and
compelling reason. We agree.
Whether a claimant had a necessitous and compelling reason to
voluntarily quit her employment is a question of law subject to this court’s review.
Procito v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 945 A.2d 261, 266 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2008) (en banc). Where a claimant voluntarily quits her employment, she
bears the burden of proving a necessitous and compelling reason for quitting. Wert v.
Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 41 A.3d 937, 940 (Pa. Cmwlth.
2012). In order to meet this burden, the claimant must prove that: (1) circumstances
existed that created real and substantial pressure to terminate her employment; (2) a
reasonable person would act in the same manner under such circumstances; (3) the
claimant acted with ordinary common sense; and (4) the claimant made a reasonable
effort to preserve her employment. Id. A claimant who voluntarily quits due to a
perceived hostile work environment can prove that she made a reasonable effort to
preserve her employment by showing that she first notified her superiors of the
4
Our scope of review is limited to determining whether constitutional rights were violated,
an error of law was committed, or the findings of fact were unsupported by substantial evidence.
Section 704 of the Administrative Agency Law, 2 Pa. C.S. §704. The UCBR is the ultimate
factfinder and arbiter of witness credibility and evidentiary weight. Rohde v. Unemployment
Compensation Board of Review, 28 A.3d 237, 242 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2011).
4
harassing or abusive conduct. Porco v. Unemployment Compensation Board of
Review, 828 A.2d 426, 428 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2003).
This court has held:
[W]hen an employee is terminated or quits, the “factual
matrix at the time of separation governs” as to whether a
claimant is entitled to benefits, and the relevant inquiry in
determining the cause of a claimant’s unemployment is
confined to the surrounding circumstances existing at the
time of the claimant’s departure. While the [UCBR] [may]
take into consideration other incidents of harassment, unless
the precipitating event gave [the] [c]laimant a necessitous
and compelling reason to quit, then benefits should be
denied.
Hussey Copper, Limited v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 718 A.2d
894, 899 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1998) (emphases added) (citations omitted).
Here, the UCBR credited Claimant’s testimony that she felt that Stack’s
warning to Claimant that she would lose her job if she left was a continuation of the
hostile work environment created by the prior racial jokes. However, Claimant’s bare
assertion is insufficient to show that these dissimilar events constitute an ongoing
pattern of similar behavior. Although the UCBR could consider the earlier racial
jokes, Stack’s warning to Claimant about her losing her employment was the
precipitating, and, thus, the determinative, event in deciding whether Claimant had a
necessitous and compelling reason to quit.
5
Nothing in our case law supports the UCBR’s contention that a
supervisor refusing to let an employee leave early creates a hostile work environment.
Additionally, Claimant acknowledged that she made no attempt to complain about
Stack’s perceived threat to her employment by contacting upper-level management
either before or after she quit. Therefore, Claimant did not satisfy her burden of
establishing a necessitous and compelling reason for voluntarily quitting her
employment.5
Accordingly, we reverse the UCBR.
___________________________________
ROCHELLE S. FRIEDMAN, Senior Judge
Judge Brobson dissents.
5
Because we conclude that Claimant did not prove a necessitous and compelling reason for
voluntarily quitting her employment, we need not consider Employer’s argument that the UCBR
capriciously disregarded evidence that Claimant quit her job because she disagreed with Employer’s
attendance policies and was dissatisfied with her working conditions.
6
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
Pittsburgh Career Institute, :
: No. 823 C.D. 2015
Petitioner :
:
v. :
:
Unemployment Compensation :
Board of Review, :
:
Respondent :
ORDER
AND NOW, this 27th day of January, 2016, we hereby reverse the April
20, 2015, order of the Unemployment Compensation Board of Review.
___________________________________
ROCHELLE S. FRIEDMAN, Senior Judge