NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
____________
No. 14-4557
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YI MEI ZHU; JIE JIANG,
Petitioners
v.
THE ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent
_____________
PETITION FOR REVIEW OF DECISION OF
THE BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS
(BIA-1 Nos. A095-843-938 & A095-843-939)
Immigration Judge: Honorable R.K. Malloy
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Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
January 22, 2016
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Before: FISHER, CHAGARES and BARRY, Circuit Judges
(Filed: February 1, 2016)
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OPINION*
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BARRY, Circuit Judge
Yi Mei Zhu and Jie Jiang petition for review of the decision of the Board of
*
This disposition is not an opinion of the full court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
Immigration Appeals (the “BIA”) denying their untimely motion to reopen removal
proceedings based on changed country conditions in China with respect to family
planning policies. Because the BIA’s decision is supported by substantial evidence, we
will deny the petition for review.
I.
Zhu and Jiang are husband and wife, both citizens of China; they have two
children, one born in China and the other in the United States. In 2006, an Immigration
Judge (“IJ”) rejected their claims for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection
under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”), all of which claimed persecution arising
from family planning policies in China. The IJ concluded that Zhu’s claim that she was,
or would have been, subjected to a forced abortion in China was not credible. The IJ also
concluded that there was insufficient evidence to establish the risk of future harm to Zhu
and Jiang simply because they were parents of two children. In 2009, the BIA affirmed
the IJ’s decision.
In 2013, Zhu and Jiang moved to reopen their removal proceedings to reapply for
asylum based on a change in the family planning policies and the treatment of Christians
in China.1 More specifically, Zhu claimed that there was a reasonable possibility that she
would be subject to involuntary sterilization if she returned to China because conditions
with respect to family planning policies had materially worsened in her home province
1
Jiang’s claim for asylum based on China’s family planning policies is derivative of
Zhu’s claim. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(3).
2
(Fujian), and that the persecution of “house churches” in China had intensified. On
February 12, 2014, the BIA denied the motion to reopen, concluding that the evidence
presented was insufficient to demonstrate a material change in country conditions or that
Zhu and Jiang would likely be persecuted in China based on the family planning policies
or their Christianity.
Following the BIA’s decision, Zhu and Jiang petitioned for review. Soon after
their petition was filed, we decided Fei Yan Zhu v. Att’y Gen., 744 F.3d 268 (3d Cir.
2014),2 remanding to the BIA a case involving a motion to reopen based on changed
country conditions with respect to family planning policies in China. In Fei Yan Zhu, we
determined that the BIA’s decision did not reflect meaningful consideration of much of
the petitioner’s evidence, including the 2009 and 2010 Annual Reports of the
Congressional-Executive Commission on China, which was also before the BIA in Zhu
and Jiang’s case. See 744 F.3d at 277-78. In light of Fei Yan Zhu, the Attorney General
moved to remand this case for the BIA to reconsider Zhu and Jiang’s evidence. We
granted this unopposed motion.
On November 5, 2014, the BIA again denied Zhu and Jiang’s motion to reopen. It
acknowledged that while China’s national policy prohibited forced abortions and
sterilizations, Zhu and Jiang had submitted evidence that the national policy was
followed “with varying degrees of adherence by regional and local governmental bodies.”
(App. 5.) It also acknowledged that local policies allowed for forced abortions in some
2
Although petitioners in that case and this share a last name, it is coincidental.
3
instances, and that official documents from Fujian Province reflected that “in general
sterilization is ‘mandatory’ for couples with two or more children.” (Id.) The BIA
concluded, however, that “official policy statements for ‘mandatory’ sterilization do not
necessarily indicate that those policies are enforced in a manner which may constitute
persecution.” (Id.) It determined that although the evidence demonstrated several
specific instances of forced abortions, these “egregious but isolated instances” appeared
to be exceptions to the usual penalties, and it concluded that Zhu and Jiang had not
“prima facie shown that, based on this anecdotal evidence, they would likely be singled
out for forced sterilization upon returning to China with two children.” (Id.)
The BIA also noted that although the evidence showed reports of forced
sterilizations in Fujian Province from 2005 and 2006, “[i]n examining the respondents’
evidence, we are unable to find a single recent instance of a forced sterilization in Fujian
province.” (App. 6.) It determined that the evidence did not support a conclusion that
policies had appreciably changed, or that actual enforcement of the policies had worsened
since Zhu and Jiang’s proceedings in 2006. It also rejected their claims with respect to
religious persecution.
On appeal, Zhu and Jiang contend that the BIA erred in denying their motion to
reopen because it failed to meaningfully consider documents demonstrating a strict policy
4
of sterilization in Zhu’s home town and province in China.3
II.
The BIA had jurisdiction pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2, and we have jurisdiction
pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252. Zheng v. Att’y Gen., 549 F.3d 260, 264 (3d Cir. 2008). We
review the BIA’s denial of a motion to reopen for abuse of discretion, and “[w]e will not
disturb the BIA’s decisions unless they are found to be arbitrary, irrational, or contrary to
law.” Id. at 264-65 (internal quotation marks omitted). When the BIA has denied a
motion to reopen, we will uphold its determination if it is “‘supported by reasonable,
substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.’” Id. at 266
(quoting INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 (1992)). We will reject factual
findings of the BIA “only if there is evidence so compelling that no reasonable factfinder
could conclude as the BIA did.” Kayembe v. Ashcroft, 334 F.3d 231, 234 (3d Cir. 2003).
We have observed that “motions to reopen immigration proceedings are
traditionally disfavored . . . for the same reason we disfavor petitions for rehearing and
motions for a new trial, namely, the need for finality in litigation.” Sevoian v. Ashcroft,
290 F.3d 166, 171-72 (3d Cir. 2002) (internal quotation marks omitted) (citing INS v.
Doherty, 502 U.S. 314, 323 (1992)). To prevail on such a motion, the movant must
overcome “both procedural and substantive hurdles.” Shardar v. Att’y Gen., 503 F.3d
308, 313 (3d Cir. 2007). As a procedural matter, the motion must generally be brought
3
In their brief to this Court, Zhu and Jiang have not addressed the BIA’s rejection of their
argument with respect to religious persecution; accordingly, we may consider that
argument waived on appeal. Chen v. Ashcroft, 381 F.3d 221, 235 (3d Cir. 2004).
5
within 90 days of a final administrative decision, but an untimely motion is permitted if
the movant seeks to reopen “based on changed circumstances arising in the country of
nationality or in the country to which deportation has been ordered, if such evidence is
material and was not available and could not have been discovered or presented at the
previous hearing.” 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(3)(ii).
As a substantive matter, the movant must establish a prima facie case for relief,
that is, the movant must provide “objective evidence that, when considered together with
the evidence of record, shows a reasonable likelihood that he is entitled to relief.” Huang
v. Att’y Gen., 620 F.3d 372, 389 (3d Cir. 2010). To obtain relief in the form of asylum,
an individual must provide evidence of “persecution or a well-founded fear of
persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social
group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42). A person who has a well-founded
fear that he or she will be forced to undergo a procedure such as abortion or involuntary
sterilization “shall be deemed to have a well founded fear of persecution on account of
political opinion.” Id.
We have held that in ruling on a motion to reopen, the BIA must give meaningful
consideration to the evidence and arguments presented by the movant. The BIA “may
not ignore evidence favorable to the alien,” Fei Yan Zhu, 744 F.3d at 272 (quoting
Huang, 620 F.3d at 388), and must “provide an indication that it considered such
evidence, and if the evidence is rejected, an explanation as to why it was rejected.” Id.
III.
6
The BIA based its denial of Zhu and Jiang’s motion to reopen on two conclusions,
both of which are supported by the record: first, that Zhu and Jiang failed to establish a
prima facie case demonstrating that they are eligible for asylum,4 and second, that they
failed to demonstrate how conditions with respect to family planning policies in China
had changed since 2006. Because the BIA thoroughly considered and rejected the
evidence and arguments presented by Zhu and Jiang in support of their motion to reopen,
and because its conclusions were not “arbitrary, irrational, or contrary to law,” we will
deny the petition for review. See Zheng, 549 F.3d at 265.
The BIA accurately observed that Zhu and Jiang failed to present evidence of a
well-founded fear that either would be targeted for sterilization upon return to China.
Compare, e.g., Huang, 620 F.3d at 391 (vacating the BIA’s rejection of a motion to
reopen where the petitioner had presented a document purporting to be “an official
proclamation that [she] will be required to undergo a sterilization procedure if she returns
to China”). The BIA acknowledged that Zhu and Jiang presented evidence of local
policies in favor of forced abortion and sterilization, but concluded that that evidence was
not sufficient to meet their burden of establishing prima facie eligibility for asylum, i.e.
there was insufficient evidence that Zhu had a well-founded fear that she, specifically,
would be forced to undergo an abortion or sterilization upon returning to China. See
Zhang v. Mukasey, 543 F.3d 851, 855 (6th Cir. 2008) (affirming denial of motion to
4
Zhu and Jiang do not contend, on appeal, that they are eligible for relief other than
asylum, such as withholding of removal or protection under the CAT. Accordingly, we
need only address eligibility for asylum. See Chen, 381 F.3d at 235.
7
reopen where petitioner “did not show that the changed conditions would result in a risk
of persecution against her”). While Zhu and Jiang argue that the BIA should have given
greater weight to the evidence they did provide, they failed to demonstrate that the BIA’s
failure to do so was arbitrary, irrational, or contrary to law. See Fei Yan Zhu, 744 F.3d at
275 (holding that the BIA “may give whatever weight it deems appropriate to . . .
evidence in light of all of the other evidence presented”).
Even if the BIA erred in determining that Zhu and Jiang failed to establish prima
facie eligibility for asylum, we would deny the petition for review because the BIA
correctly observed that Zhu and Jiang failed to justify the untimely filing of their motion
to reopen with evidence of a material change in country conditions. See Shardar, 503
F.3d at 313 (observing that to justify the filing of an untimely motion to reopen, a
petitioner must present “material evidence of changed country conditions that could not
have been presented during the hearing before the IJ”). As the BIA concluded, Zhu and
Jiang offered insufficient evidence that the actual enforcement of China’s family
planning policies in their local province had worsened since the time of their original
hearing in 2006. See Zheng v. Holder, 701 F.3d 237, 242 (7th Cir. 2012) (affirming
denial of motion to reopen where petitioner did not demonstrate that China’s enforcement
of family planning policies “had become more stringent in her province since her last
hearing”); compare, e.g., Jiang v. Att’y Gen., 568 F.3d 1252, 1255-57 (11th Cir. 2009)
(vacating denial of motion to reopen where petitioner successfully demonstrated
increased enforcement of family planning policies with evidence including affidavits
8
from relatives detailing the likelihood of petitioner’s forced sterilization upon return to
China). Because Zhu and Jiang “failed to demonstrate that the policy is enforced
differently now than when [they were] ordered removed,” they have failed to show a
material change in country conditions that would justify their untimely motion to reopen.
See Zheng, 701 F.3d at 243.
IV.
For the reasons stated above, we will deny the petition for review.
9