MEMORANDUM DECISION
Feb 02 2016, 8:36 am
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this
Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as
precedent or cited before any court except for the
purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE
Jeffrey J. Lorenzo Rodney E. Farrow
Lorenzo & Bevers Farrow & Thompson, P.C.
Seymour, Indiana Seymour, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Thomas J. Fenton and Cheryl D. February 2, 2016
Fenton, Court of Appeals Case No.
36A04-1503-OV-136
Appellants-Defendants,
Appeal from the Jackson Superior
v. Court
The Honorable Bruce Markel, III,
Judge
City of Seymour, Indiana,
Cause No. 36D01-1408-OV-35 &
Appellee-Plaintiff. 36D01-1408-OV-36
Riley, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 36A04-1503-OV-136 | February 2, 2016 Page 1 of 9
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
[1] Appellants-Defendants, Thomas J. Fenton (Thomas) and Cheryl D. Fenton,
(Cheryl) (collectively, the Fentons), appeal the trial court’s judgment holding
them in violation of the City of Seymour zoning ordinance.
[2] We reverse.
ISSUE
[3] The Fentons raised three issues, one of which we find dispositive and which we
restate as: Whether the trial court properly interpreted that the City of
Seymour’s zoning ordinance is applicable to the paving of a car dealership’s
parking lot.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
[4] On June 18, 2010, an agent for the Fentons submitted an application for an
improvement location permit to Appellee-Plaintiff, the City of Seymour
(Seymour) to construct a used automobile dealership on the premises. The
application was subsequently granted. The car dealership is located on a lot
situated on a main highway running through Seymour, with a sales inventory
of approximately seventy vehicles. While the majority of the surface lot is
unpaved, it has a small paved lot near the garage, used for customer parking.
After the issuance of the permit, Seymour periodically inspected the site as
improvements occurred to ensure compliance with City Building Codes.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 36A04-1503-OV-136 | February 2, 2016 Page 2 of 9
[5] On June 19, 2013, Seymour issued a Notice of Non-Compliance to the
Fentons, alerting them that the property was not in compliance with the paving
requirements as included in section 157.086(J)(5) of the City’s zoning
ordinance. Seymour offered the Fentons two options to rectify this situation:
“1. Begin [p]aving and covering the lot per Ordinance Specifications. [or] 2.
Apply for a Variance.” (Plaintiff’s Exh. 2). The Fentons failed to comply. On
January 17, 2014, Seymour sent a second Notice of Non-Compliance in which
Seymour noted that “[f]ailure to comply will result in [Seymour] commencing
legal action to insure compliance.” (Plaintiff’s Exh. 3). Again, the Fentons did
not correct the situation.
[6] On August 6, 2014, Seymour filed a Complaint for Infraction against Thomas,
alleging that he was in violation of section 157.086 of Seymour’s zoning
ordinances for his “failure and refusal to pave a parking lot owned by him and
[Cheryl].” (Appellant’s App. p. 7). An identical Complaint was filed by
Seymour against Cheryl. On October 1, 2014, the trial court conducted a bench
trial. On November 20, 2014, the trial court issued its judgment, determining
that Thomas was in violation of § 157.086 of Seymour’s zoning ordinance and
assessing fines of twenty-five dollars per day of non-compliance. The trial court
issued an identical judgment against Cheryl. On December 16, 2014, both
Thomas and Cheryl filed a motion to correct error, which was denied by the
trial court on March 2, 2015.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 36A04-1503-OV-136 | February 2, 2016 Page 3 of 9
[7] The Fentons now appeal. 1 Additional facts will be provided as necessary.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
[8] The Fentons contend that the trial court erred when it found them in violation
of Seymour’s zoning ordinance. Construction of a zoning ordinance is a
question of law. Flying J., Inc. v. City of New Haven, Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 855
N.E.2d 1035, 1039 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), trans. denied. Zoning regulations that
inhibit the use of real property are in derogation of the common law and are
strictly construed. Discovery House, Inc., v. Metro Bd. of Zoning Appeals of Marion
Co., 701 N.E.2d 577, 579 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998), trans. denied. Instead, we
construe a zoning ordinance to favor the free use of land and will not extend
restrictions by implication. Saurer Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 629 N.E.2d 893, 898
(Ind. Ct. App. 1994). We review questions of law under a de novo standard
and owe no deference to a trial court’s legal conclusions. Int’l Union of Police
Ass’ns Local No. 133 v. Ralston, 872 N.E.2d 682, 687 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007).
[9] When asked to interpret an ordinance, this court will apply the same principles
as those employed for the construction of statutes. T.W. Thom Constr., Inc. v.
City of Jeffersonville, 721 N.E.2d 319, 324 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999). The cardinal rule
of statutory construction is to ascertain the intent of the drafter by giving effect
to the ordinary and plain meaning of the language used. Id. Thus, we are not
1
It should be noted that Thomas and Cheryl filed a separate notice of appeal. We consolidated both causes
of action under a single appellate cause number on September 22, 2015.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 36A04-1503-OV-136 | February 2, 2016 Page 4 of 9
at liberty to construe a statute that is unambiguous. Id. Where possible, every
word must be given effect and meaning, and no part is to be held meaningless if
it can be reconciled with the rest of the statute. Id.
[10] Focusing on section 157.086(J) of the zoning ordinance, the Fentons argue that
they own and operate an automobile dealership, which is exempt from the
provisions of the ordinance. Section 157.086(J) provides, in pertinent part:
(J) Parking and loading space specifications
(1) All loading areas and all off-street parking areas for four or more
vehicles shall be developed in accordance with the standards of this
section, except for one-and two-family dwellings, agricultural and rural
uses and storage of vehicular merchandise not counting toward the
minimum requirements of this chapter.
***
(5) All open off-street parking and loading areas, including driveways
and other circulation areas, shall be surfaced with an all-weather
paving material capable of carrying a wheel load of 4,000 pounds, or
improved with concrete or a compacted macadam base and surfaced
with an asphalted pavement, to adequately provide a durable and dust-
free surface which shall be maintained in good condition and free of
weeds, dirt, trash and debris. Parking spaces associated with one-or
two-family dwelling are exempt from the paving requirements but shall
be maintained with a dust-free surface.
(Defendant’s Exh.).
[11] Pointing toward the “except” language in subsection (J)(1), the Fentons
contend that its business is properly categorized as the “storage of vehicular
merchandise” and therefore the lot is not subject to the paving requirements
included in subsection (J)(5).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 36A04-1503-OV-136 | February 2, 2016 Page 5 of 9
[12] Initially, we note that “storage of vehicular merchandise” is not defined in the
zoning ordinance. Undefined words in a statute or ordinance are given their
plain, ordinary, and usual meaning. 600 Land, Inc. v. Metropolitan Bd. of Zoning
Appeals of Marion Co., 889 N.E.2d 305, 309 (Ind. 2008). In their application, the
Fentons alerted Seymour that it was their intention to build an automobile
dealership on the lot, with its principal use to store, display, and offer vehicles
for sale. Relying on the common meaning, it is difficult to envision an
automobile dealership not falling within the ordinance’s phrase of “storage of
vehicular merchandise.”
[13] Section (A) of ordinance 157.086 defines the “[p]urpose and [i]ntent” of the
ordinance, stating, in particular:
Accessory off-street parking . . . shall be provided and maintained for
all buildings . . . . These regulations are designed to alleviate or prevent
congestion of the public streets by establishing minimum requirements for on-
site storage of motor vehicles in accordance with the use to which the property is
occupied.
City of Seymour, Ind. Code § 157.086(A) (emphasis added).
[14] Section (D) describes in detail “[p]arking standards” and the minimum width
and length requirements in accordance with “[v]ehicle, space type.” It also
details minimum “[p]arking [a]isle [w]idths” in accordance with the “[p]arking
angle” of the off-street parking location. Id. § 157.086(D). This section requires
that “[a]ll off-street parking . . . shall be designated with appropriate means of
vehicular access to a street or ally in a manner that least interferes with traffic
movement.” Id.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 36A04-1503-OV-136 | February 2, 2016 Page 6 of 9
[15] Section (E) describes “[m]inimum off-street parking space requirements.” This
section details how to calculate “the minimum required number of off-street
parking or loading spaces.” Id. §157.086(E). Sections (H) and (I) describe,
respectively, “stacking” parking spaces, such as for a bank teller lane or a car
wash, and accessible parking for physically challenged persons. Id. §
157.086(H), (I). And subsection (K) describes alternatives to off-street parking.
[16] Further, section (L)(1) states:
Accessory off-street parking facilities . . . shall be utilized solely for the
parking of passenger automobiles . . . of patrons, occupants or
employees of specified uses. Such parking facilities shall not be used
for the storage, display, [or] sales . . . of any vehicle, equipment or
material.
[17] All of those sections inform the interpretation of section (J), which is at issue in
this appeal. Section (J) then further describes various other off-street parking
specifications. As stated above, section (J)(1) requires “all . . . off-street parking
areas for four or more vehicles [to] be developed in accordance with this
section, except for one- and two-family dwellings, agricultural and rural uses
and storage of vehicular merchandise not counting toward the minimum
requirements of this chapter.” Section (J)(5) then requires off-street parking
spaces to be paved.
[18] Seymour also asserts that the “paving requirement set out in § 157.086(J)(5)
plainly applies to ALL off-street parking areas . . . [t]here are no exceptions for
automobile dealerships.” (Appellee’s Br. p. 4). In effect, Seymour asserts that
subsection (5) should be read independently from subsection (1). Again, we
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 36A04-1503-OV-136 | February 2, 2016 Page 7 of 9
disagree. The meaning of a single subsection of an ordinance is to be
considered with other subsections of the same section and within the same
chapter. See e.g., Raider v. Pea, 613 N.E.2d 870, 872 (Ind. Ct. App. 1993). We
do not construe one provision of an ordinance in isolation; rather we consider
an ordinance as a whole and consider a single provision in reference to the
other provisions. See id. Likewise, two statutory provisions covering the same
subject are to be harmonized if possible. Id. The numerous sections in
ordinance 157.086 thoroughly demonstrate that the ordinance exists to regulate
off-street parking and to facilitate the flow of traffic on public streets. The
ordinance does not regulate a car dealership’s display of vehicular merchandise.
[19] However, insofar as Seymour contends that section (J)(1) is ambiguous, section
(L)(1) expressly dispels any such ambiguity. Section (L)(1) states that off-street
parking facilities are for a business’ “patrons” and “shall not be used for the
storage, display, [or] sales . . . of any vehicle, equipment or material.” In other
words, the paving requirement under Section 157.086 not only applies to off-
street parking facilities but also expressly excludes property used to display a
dealer’s vehicular inventory offered for sale.
[20] In sum, section (J)(1) expressly clarifies that “[a]ll loading areas and all off-
street parking areas for four or more vehicles shall be developed in accordance
with the standards of this section, except …storage of vehicular merchandise[.]”
(emphasis added). Accordingly, an automobile dealership, as a storage of
vehicular merchandise, is exempt from the paving requirements of subsection
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 36A04-1503-OV-136 | February 2, 2016 Page 8 of 9
(J)(5) and the minimum requirements of chapter 157.086. As a result, we
reverse the trial court’s judgments against Thomas & Cheryl Fenton. 2
CONCLUSION
[21] Based on the foregoing, we reverse the trial court’s judgment because an
automobile dealership is not subject to the paving requirements of Seymour’s
zoning ordinance.
[22] Reversed.
[23] Najam, J. and May, J. concur
2
Seymour also assert that the trial court’s judgment should be affirmed because the “Fentons failed to
exhaust their administrative remedies. However, because Seymour failed to raise this argument before the
trial court and now asserts it for the first time on appeal, Seymour has waived the argument for our review.
See, e.g., Felsher v. Univ. of Evansville, 755 N.E.2d 589, 593 n.6 (Ind. 2001). Moreover, it should be noted that
the parties were in the trial court because Seymour filed suit against the Fentons, not because the Fentons
filed suit against Seymour. Thus, Seymour’s argument in essence seems to be that the Fentons are not
permitted to respond to a complaint filed against them. We reject that proposition.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 36A04-1503-OV-136 | February 2, 2016 Page 9 of 9