1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 Opinion Number: __________
3 Filing Date: February 2, 2016
4 NO. 33,564
5 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
6 Plaintiff-Appellee,
7 v.
8 REQUILDO CARDENAS,
9 Defendant-Appellant.
10 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TAOS COUNTY
11 Sarah C. Backus, District Judge
12 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General
13 Santa Fe, NM
14 M. Victoria Wilson, Assistant Attorney General
15 Albuquerque, NM
16 for Appellee
17 Alan Maestas Law Office, P.C.
18 Kathryn J. Hardy
19 Alan H. Maestas
20 Taos, NM
21 for Appellant
1 OPINION
2 KENNEDY, Judge.
3 {1} Defendant shot and killed an unknown intruder, who he later discovered was
4 his friend, by firing a single fatal shot through his front door in the early hours of the
5 morning. Defendant appeals the district court’s refusal to give a defense of habitation
6 instruction as well as an involuntary manslaughter instruction. We conclude that
7 adequate evidence was presented to warrant the giving of both. We therefore reverse.
8 I. BACKGROUND
9 {2} Matthew Lucero and Defendant, Requildo Cardenas, were close friends. At
10 approximately 1:30 a.m., on July 5, 2012, Lucero was involved in a fight at a party.
11 Enraged by the fight, Lucero left the party and drove immediately to Defendant’s
12 home. Lucero arrived at Defendant’s home, opened the screen door, and began
13 knocking and pounding on the door within. Lucero’s actions were loud enough to
14 rouse Defendant from sleep. Defendant armed himself and demanded that the visitor
15 identify himself. Defendant received no answer in response to his demand, and the
16 intruder continued pounding on the door. Defendant fired a single shot through the
17 front door, which killed Lucero. When Defendant fired the fatal shot, Lucero’s
18 identity was unknown to him.
1 {3} Defendant was tried for voluntary manslaughter.1 He requested jury
2 instructions on defense of habitation and involuntary manslaughter. The district court
3 denied the instructions. Defendant was found guilty of voluntary manslaughter.
4 Defendant now appeals his conviction, asserting that the district court erred in
5 denying his requested instructions on defense of habitation and involuntary
6 manslaughter.
7 II. DISCUSSION
8 {4} Whether a jury instruction was properly denied is a mixed question of law and
9 fact that we review de novo. State v. Guerra, 2012-NMSC-014, ¶ 13, 278 P.3d 1031.
10 “ ‘When considering a defendant’s requested instructions, we view the evidence in
11 the light most favorable to the giving of the requested instruction[s].’ ” State v.
12 Skippings, 2011-NMSC-021, ¶ 10, 150 N.M. 216, 258 P.3d 1008 (quoting State v.
13 Boyett, 2008-NMSC-030, ¶ 12, 144 N.M. 184, 185 P.3d 355). While “[a] defendant
14 is entitled to an instruction on his or her theory of the case if evidence has been
15 presented that is sufficient to allow reasonable minds to differ as to all elements of
16 the offense[,]” the failure to instruct the jury on a defendant’s theory of the case is
17 reversible error only if there is evidence to support giving the instruction. Boyett,
1
18 During a previous trial, a jury acquitted Defendant of second degree murder,
19 but it could not reach a verdict on the voluntary manslaughter charge. The district
20 court declared a mistrial, and the case went to trial again based solely on the
21 voluntary manslaughter charge.
2
1 2008-NMSC-030, ¶ 12 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). A defendant
2 charged with involuntary homicide may present a theory of self-defense. State v.
3 Gallegos, 2001-NMCA-021, ¶ 18, 130 N.M. 221, 22 P.3d 689.
4 A. Defense of Habitation
5 {5} Defense of habitation contains both a subjective and an objective element; the
6 parties acknowledge this. Cf. State v. Coffin, 1999-NMSC-038, ¶ 15, 128 N.M. 192,
7 991 P.2d 477 (indicating self-defense is made up of both a subjective standard that
8 focuses on the perception of the defendant at the time of the incident and an objective
9 standard that focuses on how a reasonable person in the same situation would have
10 acted). The subjective element allows for the use of deadly force where “[i]t appeared
11 to the defendant that the commission of [a violent felony] was immediately at hand
12 and that it was necessary to kill the intruder to prevent the commission of [the violent
13 felony].” UJI 14-5170 NMRA; Boyett, 2008-NMSC-030, ¶ 21 (requiring felony, in
14 defense of habitation context, to be a violent felony). In evaluating this element, it is
15 necessary to look to the subjective belief of the defendant. The objective element
16 requires that “[a] reasonable person in the same circumstances as the defendant would
17 have acted as the defendant did.” UJI 14-5170.
18 {6} Our Supreme Court’s opinion in Boyett sought to clarify the law governing
19 defense of habitation. 2008-NMSC-030, ¶¶ 9, 11. The Boyett court acknowledged
3
1 that, although defense of habitation applies to the prevention of a felony in the home,
2 felonies no longer solely encompass “forcible and atrocious” crimes. Id. ¶ 20 (internal
3 quotation marks and citation omitted). As a result, the Court endeavored to clarify
4 what qualifies as a “felony” in the defense of habitation context. Id. The Court
5 concluded, based on applicable precedent, that a “ ‘felony’ in the defense of
6 habitation context is properly limited to those felonies involving violence.” Id. ¶ 21
7 (stating that a felony must result “in violence against the occupants were it not
8 prevented”). The Court reasoned that, using this clarification, an instruction on
9 defense of habitation would be warranted “if some evidence reasonably tended to
10 show that [the defendant] killed [the v]ictim to prevent her from forcing entry into his
11 home and committing a violent felony once inside.” Id. ¶ 22. The Court looked to the
12 evidence presented in the case and concluded that an instruction on defense of
13 habitation was not warranted because there was no evidence that the victim was
14 endeavoring to enter the home by violence or intended to do violence on those inside.
15 Id. ¶ 23. The Court acknowledged that, assuming the defendant held a reasonable
16 belief that the victim intended to commit a felony in his home, defense of habitation
17 would justify the defendant’s actions “only if he could show that [the v]ictim was
18 attempting to force entry to his home.” Id. Thus, if there is evidence that the victim
19 is trying to break through the defendant’s front door at the time he kills the victim,
4
1 defense of habitation applies. Id.
2 {7} The district court in this case seems to have interpreted Boyett to require an
3 analysis of the intruder’s intent for the subjective element of defense of habitation,
4 rather than solely on Defendant’s perception of the intruder’s actions and intentions.
5 The State asserts that the defense of habitation instruction was not warranted because
6 there was no evidence that “the commission of [a violent felony] was immediately at
7 hand.” UJI 14-5170. The State also asserts that, without evidence that Defendant
8 intended to kill Lucero, no evidence existed to support the assertion that Defendant
9 believed “it was necessary to kill [Lucero] to prevent the commission of [the violent
10 felony.]” Id. We address each argument in turn.
11 1. Evidence of a Violent Felony
12 {8} Perhaps following the district court’s ruling, the State suggests that in order to
13 satisfy the subjective prong of defense of habitation, which requires Defendant to
14 believe that the commission of a violent felony was immediately at hand, there must
15 have been evidence that Lucero intended to commit a violent felony within
16 Defendant’s home. In support of this suggestion, the State cites to Boyett and suggests
17 that by requiring a certain type of felony—namely, a violent one—the Court super-
18 imposed a requirement that evidence of Lucero’s intent to commit a violent felony be
19 presented to warrant a defense of habitation instruction.
5
1 {9} Self-defense and defense of habitation are virtually identical, State v. Bailey,
2 1921-NMSC-009, ¶ 30, 27 N.M. 145, 198 P. 529, and it is well-established that self-
3 defense focuses on the subjective intent of the defendant. See Coffin, 1999-NMSC-
4 038, ¶ 15 (indicating that the subjective element of self-defense focuses on the
5 perception of the defendant at the time of the incident). Defense of habitation
6 employs the same focus with regard to the subjective prong; the relevant inquiry lies
7 in the defendant’s own subjective perception of the intruder’s intentions, rather than
8 interpreting the intruder’s intent itself. By asserting that evidence of the victim’s
9 intent is required, the State misstates the law governing defense of habitation. UJI 14-
10 5170 contains no reference to the intruder’s intent; instead, the instruction mentions
11 only the defendant’s perception of what is happening. The State’s shifted emphasis
12 is not supported by the language of the UJI.
13 {10} Our case law is also clear that the defendant’s interpretation of the victim’s
14 actions is the relevant criterion in a defense of habitation inquiry. In State v. Couch,
15 1946-NMSC-047, ¶ 44, 52 N.M. 127, 193 P.2d 405, our Supreme Court decided that
16 the defendant was entitled to a defense of habitation instruction because he could
17 have believed that the person attacking his home intended to enter and commit
18 violence against the occupants. In Couch, the defendant, whose home had been
19 subjected to other attacks and invasions, awoke late one night while his home was the
6
1 target of vandals throwing rocks. Id. ¶ 2. The defendant shot at the intruders and
2 killed one of them. Id. The Court concluded that the defendant was entitled to a
3 defense of habitation instruction: “When one’s home is attacked in the middle of a
4 dark night . . . the householder, being unable to determine what weapons the
5 [unknown] assailants have . . . may pursue his adversaries till he finds himself out of
6 danger.” Id. ¶¶ 44, 49.
7 {11} We interpret Boyett to stand not for the proposition that there must be evidence
8 of the intruder’s intent or that the victim intended to commit a violent felony, but
9 solely whether evidence exists that could give rise to a defendant’s belief that
10 commission of a felony of a violent nature was imminent. The instruction must be
11 given when the evidence presented at trial, viewed in the light most favorable to
12 giving the instruction, supports Defendant’s alleged belief that he or his home was
13 subject to the threat of a violent felony.
14 {12} According to the evidence, Lucero arrived at Defendant’s door at
15 approximately 1:30 a.m. and was pounding on the door loudly enough to rouse
16 Defendant from sleep and threateningly enough to cause Defendant to arm himself.
17 Despite yelling a request that the intruder identify himself, Defendant received no
18 response before firing the fatal shot.
19 {13} Evidence at trial indicated that Lucero was in the process of opening the door
7
1 when he was shot. Expert testimony suggested, based on spatter patterns of Lucero’s
2 blood on the hinges and frame of the door, that the door could have been anywhere
3 between one and four inches open when Defendant fired the fatal shot. Because there
4 is no evidence that Defendant opened the door, it is reasonable to infer from the facts
5 that Lucero did. One of the investigating officers testified that he believed Lucero
6 was “trying to gain entry” into Defendant’s home.2 Defendant’s father testified that
7 when he visited the residence the day after the shooting, he observed that the lock on
8 the door had been damaged. This evidence, considered in the light most favorable to
9 giving the instruction, Skippings, 2011-NMSC-021, ¶ 10, satisfies Boyett’s
10 requirement that some evidence show that the intruder was attempting to force entry
11 into Defendant’s home. 2008-NMSC-030, ¶ 23. It was therefore adequate to support
12 an assertion by Defendant that he reasonably believed that a violent felony was about
13 to occur in his home. Confronted with a violent and unauthorized attempt of an
14 unknown actor to enter his home, and in the absence of the intruder’s response to
15 Defendant’s request to identify himself, Defendant’s actions could be found to be
16 objectively reasonable, as discussed more completely below. We therefore conclude
17 that the district court erred in refusing Defendant’s requested defense of habitat
18 instruction.
2
19 This came to light as impeachment evidence; defense counsel impeached the
20 officer using prior statements made regarding Lucero’s actions that evening.
8
1 2. Intent to Kill
2 {14} The State incorrectly asserts that Defendant is required to prove he had an
3 intent to kill Lucero in order to receive a defense of habitation instruction. The
4 district court did not deny Defendant’s requested defense of habitation instruction
5 based on Defendant’s lack of intent to kill. In fact, it appears that the State did not
6 raise this argument below. The State suggests, however, that we affirm the district
7 court’s decision using the right for any reason doctrine. While we may affirm the
8 district court on grounds not relied on by it, we may not do so if it would result in
9 unfairness to the appellant. State v. Gallegos, 2007-NMSC-007, ¶ 26, 141 N.M. 185,
10 152 P.3d 828. Because we conclude that adding an “intent to kill” element to defense
11 of habitation would be inappropriate, we decline the State’s invitation to affirm on
12 that ground.
13 {15} According to UJI 14-5170, it must appear to the defendant that it is “necessary
14 to kill the intruder to prevent the commission of [a violent felony].” In Bailey, our
15 Supreme Court noted, in dicta, that the right to kill in self-defense or defense of
16 habitation was not at issue in the case and that the defendant was not entitled to have
17 that issue presented to the jury because the defendant absolutely denied killing the
18 victim. 1921-NMSC-009, ¶¶ 18, 31 (noting that the defendant “never intended to kill
19 [the intruder], did not attempt to kill him, and did not kill him”).
9
1 {16} Bailey is inapposite to the case before us, and the State’s reliance on it is
2 misplaced. Defense counsel argued at trial that Defendant may have intended the shot
3 to be a warning shot, and that both the single shot fired and the location of the shot
4 indicated that Defendant did not intend to kill the intruder. He does not contend that
5 he did not shoot the victim or that he did not intentionally pull the trigger. The State
6 now uses these arguments to assert that Defendant is not entitled to a defense of
7 habitation instruction because he had no intent to kill the intruder, contrary to the UJI
8 which requires that the defendant believe it is “necessary to kill the intruder.” See UJI
9 14-5170.
10 {17} The State’s reading of Boyett, UJI 14-5170, and Bailey misinterprets the
11 language therein by suggesting that a belief that it is necessary to use deadly force to
12 prevent commission of a violent felony equates to an intent to kill an intruder. The
13 two are not equivalent; an intent to kill pertains to a desired result while a belief that
14 it is necessary to use deadly force relates to the means by which that result may be
15 reached. The focal point of the jury instruction’s “necessary to kill” language lies on
16 the defendant’s intent to prevent the commission of the violent felony using whatever
17 force—including deadly force—is necessary. The explicit language of UJI 14-5170
18 therefore requires that the defendant believe deadly or lethal force is necessary to
19 prevent the commission of a violent felony. “The inquiry in a self-defense claim
10
1 focuses on the reasonableness of [a] defendant’s belief as to the apparent necessity
2 for the force used to repel an attack.” State v. Reneau, 1990-NMCA-119, ¶ 6, 111
3 N.M. 217, 804 P.2d 408.
4 {18} Under UJI 14-5170, once a defendant reasonably holds the belief that it is
5 necessary to use lethal force to prevent the felony and defend his habitation, he has
6 satisfied the second half of the subjective element of defense of habitation. This belief
7 can be inferred from circumstantial evidence. Cf. State v. Duarte, 1996-NMCA-038,
8 ¶ 7, 121 N.M. 553, 915 P.2d 309 (acknowledging that the defendant’s fear in self-
9 defense context can be inferred from circumstantial evidence); State v. Wood, 1994-
10 NMCA-060, ¶ 13, 117 N.M. 682, 875 P.2d 1113 (pointing out that subjective
11 elements are “rarely established by direct evidence and generally must be proven by
12 circumstantial or factual inferences”). In this case, a jury could reasonably conclude
13 that Defendant exhibited a belief that it was necessary to use deadly force by picking
14 up his gun and firing it. Regardless of whether he intended for that particular shot to
15 be lethal, the firing of the shot under the circumstances exhibited a willingness to use
16 deadly force. See Black’s Law Dictionary 760 (10th ed. 2014) (defining “deadly
17 force” as a “[v]iolent action known to create a substantial risk of causing death or
18 serious bodily harm”). If the first subjective element is met, and the choice to use
19 deadly force is reasonable, the elements of the defense are met, and the killing is
11
1 legally justified. The existence of any evidence to support the giving of a defense of
2 habitation instruction, however slight, provides an adequate basis for giving the
3 instruction. State v. Heisler, 1954-NMSC-032, ¶ 23, 58 N.M. 446, 272 P.2d 660
4 (“[W]here self-defense is involved in a criminal case and there is any evidence,
5 although slight, to establish the same, it is not only proper for the court, but its duty
6 as well, to instruct the jury fully and clearly on all phases of the law on the issue that
7 are warranted by the evidence[.]”). Because the evidence was sufficient to entitle
8 Defendant to a defense of habitation instruction and that instruction was not given,
9 we reverse. See State v. Salazar, 1997-NMSC-044, ¶ 50, 123 N.M. 778, 945 P.2d 996
10 (“Failure to give an instruction which is warranted by the evidence is not harmless
11 error.”).
12 B. Involuntary Manslaughter Instruction
13 {19} There are three circumstances in which an involuntary manslaughter instruction
14 is warranted: (1) “the commission of an unlawful act not amounting to a felony”; (2)
15 “the commission of a lawful act that might produce death, in an unlawful manner”;
16 or (3) “the commission of a lawful act that might produce death without due caution
17 and circumspection.” State v. Henley, 2010-NMSC-039, ¶ 14, 148 N.M. 359, 237
18 P.3d 103 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “An involuntary
19 manslaughter instruction is proper only where there is evidence of an unintentional
12
1 killing and a mens rea of criminal negligence[.]” Id. ¶ 22. Criminal negligence has
2 been described in many different ways. It exists where there is a conscious disregard
3 of a substantial and unjustifiable risk that harm will result from certain conduct. Id.
4 ¶ 16. It exists where a person acts with willful disregard of the rights or safety of
5 others and in a manner that endangers any person or property. Id. It also exists where
6 a person’s actions are so reckless, wanton, and willful that they show an utter
7 disregard for the safety of others. Id. Defendant requested an instruction pursuant to
8 the third category of involuntary manslaughter instruction. Because we have held that
9 a defense of habitation instruction was available to Defendant, the jury could have
10 found that his shooting Lucero was in the commission of a lawful act, but was done
11 without due caution or circumspection. See State v. Romero, 2005-NMCA-060, ¶ 17,
12 137 N.M. 456, 112 P.3d 1113.
13 {20} Looking at the evidence in the light most favorable to giving the instruction,
14 we conclude that the trial testimony would establish that Defendant knew that an
15 intruder was on the other side of the door and that, because he was pounding on the
16 door, the intruder was within an arm’s length of the door. Despite having at least this
17 much knowledge, Defendant fired a shot through the door. The jury could have
18 determined that Defendant was criminally negligent because firing a gun at the door
19 while someone was on the other side of it was “willful disregard of the rights or
13
1 safety of others” and endangered that unknown intruder. Henley, 2010-NMSC-039,
2 ¶ 16 (quoting UJI 14-133 NMRA) (internal quotation marks omitted). The jury also
3 could have inferred that Defendant unintentionally killed the intruder based on
4 Defendant’s theory that he fired a warning shot, Duarte, 1996-NMCA-038, ¶ 7
5 (stating that intent can be inferred), and evidence that Defendant only shot once, shot
6 high into the door, and requested identification before he fired the shot. Because the
7 jury could have found that Defendant committed a lawful act, and unintentionally
8 killed the victim while acting criminally negligently, we conclude that an involuntary
9 manslaughter instruction should have been given.
10 III. CONCLUSION
11 {21} Having decided that, when considering the evidence in the light most favorable
12 to giving the instructions, there was sufficient evidence to support the instructions,
13 we conclude that the district court erred in refusing Defendant’s request for a defense
14 of habitation instruction and involuntary manslaughter instruction. We therefore
15 reverse.
16 {22} IT IS SO ORDERED.
17 ___________________________________
18 RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Judge
14
1 WE CONCUR:
2 _________________________________
3 MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge
4 _________________________________
5 LINDA M. VANZI, Judge
15