IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
Mary F. Jefferson, :
Petitioner :
:
v. : No. 832 C.D. 2015
: Submitted: October 30, 2015
Unemployment Compensation :
Board of Review, :
Respondent :
BEFORE: HONORABLE BONNIE BRIGANCE LEADBETTER, Judge1
HONORABLE P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge
HONORABLE ROCHELLE S. FRIEDMAN, Senior Judge
OPINION NOT REPORTED
MEMORANDUM OPINION
BY JUDGE BROBSON FILED: February 4, 2016
Petitioner Mary F. Jefferson (Claimant), acting pro se, petitions for
review of an order of the Unemployment Compensation Board of Review (Board).
The Board affirmed, as modified, an Unemployment Compensation Referee’s
(Referee) decision denying Claimant unemployment compensation benefits
pursuant to Section 402(b) of the Unemployment Compensation Law (Law),2
1
This case was assigned to the opinion writer on or before January 31, 2016, when Judge
Leadbetter assumed the status of senior judge.
2
Act of December 5, 1936, Second Ex. Sess., P.L. (1937) 2897, as amended, 43 P.S.
§ 802(b). Section 402(b) of the Law provides, in part, that a claimant shall be ineligible for
compensation for any week in which the claimant’s unemployment is due to voluntarily leaving
work without cause of a necessitous and compelling nature. Whether a claimant had cause of a
necessitous and compelling nature for leaving work is a question of law subject to this Court’s
review. Wasko v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 488 A.2d 388, 389 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1985).
(Footnote continued on next page…)
because Claimant voluntarily quit her employment without cause of a necessitous
and compelling nature. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the Board’s
order.
Claimant filed for unemployment compensation benefits after she
ceased employment with Sunoco Inc. R&M (Employer). The Lancaster UC
Service Center (Service Center) issued a determination finding Claimant eligible
for benefits. (Certified Record (C.R.), Item No. 5 at 1.) The Service Center
acknowledged that a conflict existed as to whether Claimant quit or was
discharged, but it found that Claimant was discharged for unknown reasons.
Employer appealed the Service Center’s determination, and the Referee conducted
an evidentiary hearing. During the hearing, Claimant testified on her own behalf,
and Employer presented the testimony of Tyrone Byrd, who was Claimant’s
manager at the time of her separation from employment.
Claimant testified that she was employed by Employer as a customer
service representative from November 15, 2012, through May 17, 2014.
(C.R., Item No. 10 at 3-4.) She testified that she was discharged by Mr. Byrd after
(continued…)
A claimant who voluntarily quits his employment bears the burden of proving that necessitous
and compelling reasons motivated that decision. Fitzgerald v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of
Review, 714 A.2d 1126 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1998), 794 A.2d 364 (Pa. 1999). In order to establish
cause of a necessitous and compelling nature, a claimant must establish that (1) circumstances
existed that produced real and substantial pressure to terminate employment, (2) like
circumstances would compel a reasonable person to act in the same manner, (3) the claimant
acted with ordinary common sense, and (4) the claimant made a reasonable effort to preserve her
employment. Procito v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 945 A.2d 261, 265 (Pa. Cmwlth.
2008).
2
she wrote on the schedule that she would not be able to work the overnight shifts
because she was pregnant.3 (Id.) She testified that Mr. Byrd did not say anything
to her. (Id. at 5.) Instead, she was taken off the schedule. (Id.) She explained that
she went back for weeks and weeks, but she was not on the schedule. (Id.)
Claimant further explained that she wrote on the schedule that she did
not want to work the night shift, because she was pregnant, sick, and had been
involved in an altercation with some customers across the street, so she preferred
to leave during the daytime while being pregnant. (Id. at 9.) She testified that she
advised Employer of her health problems. (Id.) She did not provide a doctor’s
certification, and her doctor did not advise her to switch shifts. (Id.) Rather, her
doctor only advised her that she could lift up to thirty pounds. (Id.) Claimant did
not advise Employer about the altercation, but she stated that he, presumably
Mr. Byrd, saw it all on the camera so he was aware of it. (Id. at 9-10.) She did not
mention it to Employer in connection with her request to switch shifts, because she
thought her shift would be changed. (Id. at 10.)
Claimant testified that she did not speak directly with Mr. Byrd about
whether a day shift was open; rather Employer’s human resources department
called and informed her that if Mr. Byrd, as the manager, says there is no day shift
available for her, then there is no shift available. (Id.) She does not remember
writing the note on the schedule prior to her discussion with human resources, but
she may have. (Id. at 10-11.) She testified that she was not aware that there was
3
The parties referred to Employer’s shift from 10:00 p.m. to 5:00 a.m. or 6:00 a.m.
interchangeably as the “night shift” or “overnight shift.” Claimant wanted to work a different
shift, which the parties referred to interchangeably as the “day shift” or “morning shift.”
3
no opening on day shift until after she wrote the note and human resources called
her. (Id. at 11.)
She testified that when she was taken off of the schedule, she did not
say anything to Employer about continuing to work, because she did not think
there was anything to say. (Id.) She went back for weeks, probably four, and she
was not on the schedule. (Id.) She figured she was fired, so she filed for
unemployment. (Id.) She acknowledged that she wrote on the schedule that she
was not coming back into work the night shift after May 17. (Id.)
When questioned as to why she believed that she had been discharged,
she testified:
Because I was discharged because I can’t - - like I don’t
understand how I wasn’t discharged. I wasn’t
specifically hired to work overnight so why shouldn’t I
be able to be switched to dayshift if I’m pregnant and
can’t put up - - can’t even do that stuff during the night,
so I didn’t think it was a problem for him to just switch
me.
(Id.) She confirmed that she did not contact Mr. Byrd in an attempt to resolve the
situation after she found that she was not on the schedule,
[b]ecause I couldn’t work overnight, right? Regardless
of what the doctors were saying my body just could not
stand that shift. I’m falling asleep at the register.
Customers knocking on the window to wake me up and
there was one incident where my drawer was $10 short
because I gave somebody too much change back so I just
couldn’t work overnight.
(Id. at 12.) She also acknowledged that continuing work was available had she
remained employed. (Id.)
Mr. Byrd testified that Claimant voluntarily left her employment.
(Id. at 5.) He explained that Claimant had been working 10:00 p.m. to 5:00 a.m. or
4
6:00 a.m., and she wrote on the schedule that she could no longer work the
overnight shift. (Id. at 6.) Claimant had previously told Mr. Byrd that she did not
want to work the overnight shift. (Id.) Instead, she wanted to work the morning
shift due to her pregnancy. (Id.) He testified that he told Claimant that there was
no morning shift work available for her. (Id.) He testified that Claimant did not
give any specific reason that she could not work due to the pregnancy. (Id.) When
he saw the note, he did not put her on the schedule. (Id.) He could not give her the
day shift because someone else had that shift. (Id. at 7.) He testified that he spoke
with Claimant, and she said that she was no longer going to work. (Id.) She did
not give him a medical certification, and continuing work was available. (Id.)
Mr. Byrd testified that he took Claimant off the schedule because she said she was
not going to work, so there was no need to put her on the schedule. (Id.)
Regarding whether Mr. Byrd told Claimant that there was no day shift
work available, he testified:
We had that conversation and I did tell her that there’s
nothing open. I don’t have no dayshift for you. After
that, that’s when I got a call from Human Resources and
I informed them the same thing of what I told her and
they said well we’ll call her and tell her the same thing
also.
(Id. at 13.)
Following the hearing, the Referee issued a decision, which reversed
the Service Center’s determination, thereby denying Claimant unemployment
compensation benefits. (C.R., Item No. 11.) The Referee determined that
Claimant was not eligible for benefits under Section 402(b) of the Law, because
she had voluntarily quit her employment without cause of a necessitous and
compelling nature.
5
Claimant appealed to the Board, which affirmed the Referee’s
decision that Claimant had voluntarily quit her employment without cause of a
necessitous and compelling nature. (C.R., Item No. 15.) In so doing, the Board
made the following findings of fact:
1. The claimant was last employed as a part-time
customer service representative by Sunoco Inc.
R & M at a final rate of $9.10 per hour. The
claimant began employment on
November 15, 2012, and her last day of work was
May 17, 2014. The claimant worked on average
twenty-one (21) hours per week.
2. The claimant told the employer’s manager that she
did not want to work the night shift due to her
pregnancy.
3. The manager told the claimant that there were no
openings in the morning shift.
4. The claimant did not provide the employer with
medical documentation.
5. The claimant’s doctor did not advise the claimant
to change her shift.
6. A week later, the manager saw a note from the
claimant on the schedule stating that she was no
longer going to work overnight.
7. The manager did not schedule the claimant to work
because there were no available shifts besides the
night shift.
8. The claimant did not say anything to the employer
about not being on the schedule.
9. The employer had continuing work available.
10. The claimant voluntarily quit her employment
because she did not want to work the night shift
due to being pregnant.
6
(Id. at 1-2.) In rendering its findings of fact, the Board resolved the conflicts in
testimony, in relevant part, in favor of Employer and found its witness’ testimony
to be credible.4
In concluding that Claimant voluntarily quit her employment without
cause of a necessitous and compelling nature, the Board reasoned:
The parties disagree whether the claimant quit her
employment or she was discharged. The manager
credibly testified that he told the claimant that she could
not work the morning shift because there were no
openings. Both parties testified that the claimant placed
a note on the schedule that she would no longer work the
night shift. As the claimant was aware that there were no
openings before she placed the note on the schedule, the
Board finds that the claimant did not establish that her
separation from employment was involuntary.
Therefore, the Board will determine whether the claimant
is eligible for benefits pursuant to Section 402(b) of the
Law.
....
The claimant testified at the hearing that she quit
her employment because she did not want to work the
night shift due to being pregnant and because she had
issues with customers from across the street. The Board
does not find the claimant’s testimony credible that she
quit because she had issues with customers. Therefore,
the Board finds that the claimant quit her employment
4
We note that throughout the decision, the Board referred to the parties as the “claimant”
and the “employer.” The Board, however, when rendering its credibility determination, wrote
that it resolved the conflict “in favor of the employee and finds its witness’ testimony to be
credible.” (C.R., Item No. 15 at 2 (emphasis added).) Although the Board used the word
“employee” (as opposed to “claimant” or “employer”), it is apparent based upon its subsequent
use of the word “its” and the content of the decision, that the Board’s opinion contained a
typographical error. Thus, we deem the Board’s decision as finding the testimony of Employer’s
witness to be more credible than that of Claimant.
7
because she did not want to work the night shift due to
being pregnant.
The claimant testified that her doctor never
advised her that she could not work the night shift.
Further, the manager credibly testified that the claimant
never provided him with any medical documentation.
While the claimant testified that her body could not take
working the night shift, the Board finds that claimant
failed to establish that adequate health reasons existed for
her to quit her employment. Further, the manager
testified that the claimant requested to work another shift
because she was pregnant, but did not give him any
specific reason or limitation for not being able to work.
Therefore, the Board also finds that the claimant did not
properly communicate with the employer her health issue
and also did not make reasonable efforts to preserve her
employment.
(Id. at 2-3.)
On appeal,5 Claimant essentially argues that substantial evidence does
not exist to support the Board’s findings of fact regarding Employer’s accusations
against Claimant. Claimant also argues that the Board committed an error of law
when it analyzed her claim under Section 402(b) of the Law, relating to voluntary
resignation of employment without cause of a necessitous and compelling nature,
because it should have analyzed the matter under Section 402(e) of the Law,6
5
This Court’s standard of review is limited to determining whether constitutional rights
were violated, whether an error of law was committed, or whether necessary findings of fact are
supported by substantial evidence. Section 704 of the Administrative Agency Law, 2 Pa. C.S.
§ 704.
6
Act of December 5, 1936, Second Ex. Sess., P.L. (1937) 2897, as amended, 43 P.S.
§ 802(e). Section 402(e) of the Law provides, in part, that a claimant shall be ineligible for
compensation for any week in which the claimant’s unemployment is due to “willful misconduct
in connection with his work.”
8
relating to discharge for willful misconduct. Claimant further argues that the
Board erred in affirming the Referee’s decision, because the Referee violated
Claimant’s rights by displaying a negative attitude or bias against Claimant and by
altering the hearing transcript.
First, we will address Claimant’s argument that substantial evidence
does not exist to support the Board’s findings of fact regarding Employer’s
accusations against Claimant, which appear to include findings of fact numbers 6,
7, 9, and 10. Substantial evidence is defined as relevant evidence upon which a
reasonable mind could base a conclusion. Johnson v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of
Review, 502 A.2d 738, 740 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1986). In determining whether there is
substantial evidence to support the Board’s findings, this Court must examine the
testimony in the light most favorable to the prevailing party, giving that party the
benefit of any inferences that can logically and reasonably be drawn from the
evidence. Id. A determination as to whether substantial evidence exists to support
a finding of fact can only be made upon examination of the record as a whole.
Taylor v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 378 A.2d 829, 831 (Pa. 1977). The
Board’s findings of fact are conclusive on appeal only so long as the record, taken
as a whole, contains substantial evidence to support them. Penflex, Inc. v. Bryson,
485 A.2d 359, 365 (Pa. 1984). “The fact that [a party] may have produced
witnesses who gave a different version of the events, or that [the party] might view
the testimony differently than the Board is not grounds for reversal if substantial
evidence supports the Board’s findings.” Tapco, Inc. v. Unemployment Comp. Bd.
of Review, 650 A.2d 1106, 1108-09 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1994). Similarly, even if
evidence exists in the record that could support a contrary conclusion, it does not
9
follow that the findings of fact are not supported by substantial evidence. Johnson
v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 504 A.2d 989, 990 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1986).
In findings of fact numbers 6 and 7, the Board found that a week after
Employer denied Claimant’s request to work the morning/day shift, “the manager
saw a note from the claimant on the schedule stating that she was no longer going
to work overnight,” and “[t]he manager did not schedule the claimant to work
because there were no available shifts besides the night shift.” As discussed above,
Employer’s manager testified that he denied Claimant’s request to work the
dayshift because another employee already worked that shift, and he removed her
from the schedule because she left a note stating that she was not working the night
shift. (C.R., Item No. 10 at 6-7.) In finding of fact number 9, the Board found that
“[E]mployer had continuing work available.” During the hearing, the Referee
asked Claimant: “All right anything else? Was continuing work available had you
remained employed?” (Id. at 12.) Claimant responded, “Yes.” (Id.) Thus,
Claimant’s own testimony supports finding of fact number 9. Finally, the Board
found in finding of fact number 10 that “[C]laimant voluntarily quit her
employment because she did not want to work the night shift due to being
pregnant.” This finding is supported by the Claimant’s response to the Referee’s
question as to why she did not ask to be placed back on the schedule when she
learned that there was no opening on the day shift. Claimant responded that she
“couldn’t work overnight… [r]egardless of what the doctors were saying [her]
body just could not stand that shift.” (Id. at 12.) The Board’s findings of fact
numbers 6, 7, 9, and 10, therefore, are supported by substantial evidence of record.
Next, we will address Claimant’s argument that the Board committed
an error of law when it analyzed her claim under Section 402(b) of the Law,
10
relating to voluntary resignation of employment without cause of a necessitous and
compelling nature, because it should have analyzed the matter under
Section 402(e) of the Law, relating to willful misconduct. Whether a claimant’s
separation from employment is the result of a voluntary action or a discharge is a
question of law subject to this Court’s review and must be determined from a
totality of the facts surrounding the cessation of employment. Key v.
Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 687 A.2d 409, 412 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1996). “It
is a claimant’s burden to prove that his separation from employment was a
discharge.” Id. at 412. If a claimant proves that he was discharged, then the
burden to prove that the claimant was discharged for willful misconduct is on the
employer. Id. at 412–13. If a claimant fails to prove that he was discharged, then
the claimant has the burden to prove necessitous and compelling reasons for
quitting. See Empire Intimates v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 655 A.2d
662, 664 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1995). A finding of voluntary termination is essentially
precluded unless the claimant has a conscious intention to leave his employment.
Spadaro v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 850 A.2d 855, 859 (Pa. Cmwlth.
2004). On the other hand, to be interpreted as a discharge, the employer’s
language must possess the immediacy and finality of a firing. Charles v.
Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 552 A.2d 727, 729 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1989).
In support of Claimant’s argument that the Board should have
analyzed her claim as a discharge by Employer, she contends that she worked in a
hostile work environment where the manager would give special treatment to some
employees and not others. She asserts that Employer fired her when she requested
to switch from night to day shift due to her pregnancy and not being able to meet
the requirements for the night shift. She contends that Employer refused her
11
request and told her that her shift would be switched “when [her] work ethic
changes.” (Claimant’s br. at 7.) She claims that prior to and during the hearing,
Employer made numerous false accusations regarding her work ethic and the shift
for which she was hired. In addition, she disputes Employer’s contention that she
resigned from her employment.
In order to determine whether the Board properly applied
Section 402(b) of the Law to the instant matter, we must examine the findings of
fact issued by the Board. As noted above, the Board found that Claimant informed
Employer that she did not want to work the night shift due to her pregnancy.
Despite Employer’s refusal to grant Claimant’s request because no work was
available for her on the day shift, Claimant nevertheless left a note stating that she
was no longer going to work the night shift. When Employer did not schedule her
for additional shifts, she did not contact Employer to be placed back on the
nightshift schedule. Given those findings of fact, we must conclude that Claimant
demonstrated a conscious intention to terminate her employment. As such, the
Board properly analyzed her claim under Section 402(b) of the Law.7
Finally, Claimant argues that the Board erred in affirming the
Referee’s decision, because the Referee violated Claimant’s rights by displaying a
negative attitude or bias against Claimant and by altering the hearing transcript.
She contends that the Referee interrupted most of her statements in mid-sentence
7
We note that Claimant does not assert an alternative argument that the Board erred in
concluding that she did not have a necessitous and compelling reason for voluntarily quitting her
employment, and, thus, we need not consider whether the circumstances surrounding her
voluntary termination of her employment constituted necessitous and compelling reasons for
quitting her employment.
12
and asked misleading questions in order to support Employer’s argument. She also
contends that the Referee altered the hearing transcript.
We agree with the Board that a review of the transcript reveals that
the Referee interrupted Claimant’s testimony on a handful of occasions to ask
relevant and pointed questions.8 The Referee’s questions were consistent with the
Referee’s duties under 34 Pa. Code § 101.21(a), relating to the conduct of hearings
before a referee, which provides:
In a hearing the [referee] may examine the parties and
their witnesses. Where a party is not represented by
counsel the [referee] before whom the hearing is being
held should advise him as to his rights, aid him in
examining and cross-examining witnesses, and give him
every assistance compatible with the impartial discharge
of its official duties.
In addition, following the Referee’s questions, the Referee afforded Claimant an
opportunity to expound further on her previous answers, which she repeatedly did.
At the conclusion of the hearing, the Referee gave Claimant one last opportunity to
provide additional testimony by asking her if there was “anything else that [she]
want[ed] to add to the record.” (C.R., Item No. 10 at 12.)
As to Claimant’s contention that the Referee altered the hearing
transcript, there simply is no evidence to support such a contention. As the Board
explained, the Board (not the Referee) directed that the recording of the hearing be
transcribed after her appeal to the Board. See 34 Pa. Code § 101.54(a). The
8
The Referee asked questions relating to the nature of Claimant’s separation, Claimant’s
last day of employment, whether Claimant’s doctor advised her to request a change of shifts,
whether Claimant understood the Referee’s prior question regarding an altercation with a
customer, the content of Claimant’s note to the manager on her last day of employment, and why
Claimant did not talk to the manager about having her name put back on the schedule.
13
Referee had no involvement in the transcription process, as the hearing was
transcribed by a transcriber (not the referee). (See C.R., Item No. 10 at 14.)
Moreover, Claimant does not specify how the transcript fails to adequately
represent her testimony.9
Accordingly, the order of the Board is affirmed.
P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge
9
Claimant also appears to take issue with the fact that the Service Center awarded
benefits, the Referee denied benefits, and the Board also denied benefits but issued different
findings of fact, all in the same case. What Claimant fails to appreciate is that the Board is the
ultimate fact finder and is not required to accept a Referee’s findings of fact. Peak v.
Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 501 A.2d at 1383, 1388 (Pa. 1985).
14
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
Mary F. Jefferson, :
Petitioner :
:
v. : No. 832 C.D. 2015
:
Unemployment Compensation :
Board of Review, :
Respondent :
ORDER
AND NOW, this 4th day of February, 2016, the order of the
Unemployment Compensation Board of Review is AFFIRMED.
P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge