Filed
Washington State
Court of Appeals
Division Two
February 17, 2016
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 46421-7-II
Appellant,
v.
RODREA VONSHON BRADLEY, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Respondent.
MAXA, J. − Rodrea Bradley was convicted of first degree escape, and the trial
court imposed an exceptional sentence below the standard range. The State appeals
Bradley’s exceptional sentence, assigning error to three of the trial court’s findings of fact
and two of the trial court’s conclusions of law relating to the sentence. Specifically, the
State argues that the trial court erred in relying on reasons already encompassed by the
purposes of the Sentencing Reform Act (SRA), chapter 9.94A RCW, to justify Bradley’s
downward exceptional sentence.
We hold that (1) the State waived its assignment of error that the record did not support
findings of fact 3, 4, and 5 because the State failed to present argument in its brief on these
assignments, (2) findings of fact 3 and 4 provide adequate legal justification to support the trial
court’s imposition of Bradley’s downward exceptional sentence, and (3) although finding of fact
5 would be invalid as a stand-alone reason for imposing the exceptional sentence because it
relates to the SRA’s purposes, we interpret that finding as merely providing support for the
exceptional sentence. Accordingly, we affirm Bradley’s exceptional sentence.
No. 46421-7-II
FACTS
In December 2013, the trial court ordered Bradley to serve a sentence for a conviction for
attempted unlawful possession of a controlled substance at the Alternative to Confinement
Program (ATC) in Pierce County. The ATC program permitted Bradley to serve his sentence
outside confinement, but the program imposed certain reporting obligations and requirements.
Bradley started the program on January 2, 2014, but failed to report or comply with any of the
program’s requirements after that date. Bradley was convicted of first degree escape based on
his failure to report to the ATC program.
At sentencing, the parties agreed that Bradley’s offender score was 10, and that his
standard sentence range was 63 to 84 months. Bradley requested a downward exceptional
sentence. He argued that his ability to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law was
significantly impaired because he had been evicted from his residence, did not have access to
transportation to report to the ATC program, was unemployed with no income, was the sole
provider for his two minor daughters, and spent his time attempting to find safe and stable
housing for his family. In addition, Bradley argued that his conduct fell at the low end of the
offending behavior that was contemplated by the first degree escape statute. The State argued
that Bradley should be sentenced to the low end of the standard range.
The trial court made the following findings of fact:
(3) The defendant’s ability to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law,
[sic] was significantly impaired due to uncontrollable circumstances that he was
presented with upon his initial release into the ATC program.
(4) The defendant’s offending conduct falls at the low end of the range of
offending behavior contemplated by the escape first degree statute.
(5) The standard range for Defendant’s conviction would result in a sentence
much too long for his actual conduct, would not be a just but overly harsh result,
would not make wise use of the State’s resources[,] and would not promote
respect for Pierce County’s system of justice.
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No. 46421-7-II
Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 49. The trial court entered the following conclusions of law:
(1) The court concludes that the foregoing mitigating factors constitute substantial
and compelling reasons to justify an exceptional sentence BELOW the standard
range in this case.
(2) The underlying purposes of the SRA would be furthered by the imposition of a
downward departure in this case, ie [sic] punishment proportionate to the
seriousness of the crime.
(3) The defendant RODREA BRADLEY shall be sentenced to an exceptional
sentence – downward departure of 14 months in the Department of Corrections
with [credit for time served of] 43 days. All other conditions of the sentence are
outlined in the Judgment and Sentence issued under this cause.
(4) A 63 month sentence is too excessive for the offending conduct committed.
The public would still be protected by an exceptional sentence, downward
departure.
CP at 49-50.
The trial court sentenced Bradley to 14 months in confinement, which was well below the
standard sentence range. The State appeals Bradley’s sentence.
ANALYSIS
A. LEGAL PRINCIPLES
Under RCW 9.94A.535, a trial court “may impose a sentence outside the standard
sentence range for an offense if it finds, considering the purpose of [the SRA], that there are
substantial and compelling reasons justifying an exceptional sentence.” The legislature enacted
the exceptional sentence provision of the SRA to authorize courts to tailor the sentence to the
facts of the case, recognizing that not all individual cases fit the predetermined sentencing grid.
State v. Davis, 146 Wn. App. 714, 719-20, 192 P.3d 29 (2008).
RCW 9.94A.535(1) provides a list of mitigating factors that can support a trial court’s
imposition of an exceptional sentence below the standard range if established by a
preponderance of the evidence. The statute states that the factors are “illustrative only and are
not intended to be exclusive reasons for exceptional sentences.” RCW 9.94A.535(1). However,
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No. 46421-7-II
nonstatutory factors supporting an exceptional below-range sentence must “relate to the crime,
the defendant’s culpability for the crime, or the past criminal record of the defendant.” State v.
Law, 154 Wn.2d 85, 89, 110 P.3d 717 (2005).
Under RCW 9.94A.585(4), to reverse an exceptional sentence a reviewing court must
find:
(a) Either that the reasons supplied by the sentencing court are not supported by
the record which was before the judge or that those reasons do not justify a
sentence outside the standard sentence range for that offense; or (b) that the
sentence imposed was clearly excessive or clearly too lenient.
The standard of review is different for each of these three reasons. A reviewing court applies
(1) a clearly erroneous standard for whether there is insufficient evidence in the record to support
the reasons for imposing an exceptional sentence, (2) a de novo standard for whether the reasons
supplied by the sentencing court do not justify a departure from the standard range, and (3) an
abuse of discretion standard for whether the sentence is clearly excessive or clearly too lenient.
State v. France, 176 Wn. App. 463, 469, 308 P.3d 812 (2013).
B. WAIVER OF CHALLENGE TO FINDINGS OF FACT
The trial court stated its reasons for imposing an exceptional sentence in findings of fact
3, 4, and 5. The State assigns error to these findings of fact, and apparently claims that there is
insufficient evidence in the record to support these reasons. We hold that the State waived its
assignments of error to the trial court’s findings of fact because the State failed to present any
argument regarding these assignments and therefore we treat the trial court’s findings of fact as
verities on appeal.
A party that offers no argument in its opening brief on an assignment of error to a finding
of fact waives the assignment of error. State v. Radcliffe, 139 Wn. App. 214, 220, 159 P.3d 486
(2007). And we treat waived findings of fact as verities on appeal. See State v. Alexander, 125
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No. 46421-7-II
Wn.2d 717, 723, 888 P.2d 1169 (1995) (because State failed to properly contest findings of fact,
they were treated as verities on appeal).
As stated above, one basis for reversing an exceptional sentence is that the record does
not support the reasons supplied by the sentencing court. RCW 9.94A.585(4). We apply a
clearly erroneous standard of review for this basis. France, 176 Wn. App. at 469. The State’s
assignment of error to findings of fact 3, 4, and 5 – the trial court’s reasons for imposing the
exceptional sentence – apparently relates to this basis.
However, the State fails to provide any argument that the record does not support
findings of fact 3, 4, and 5. The State’s only reference to the evidentiary support for any of these
findings comes in the last paragraph of the argument section of its brief. In discussing finding of
fact 3, the State asserts that “a review of the record shows there is no support for such a finding.”
Br. of Appellant at 15. But the State fails to actually argue why the record does not support
finding of fact 3. In fact, the State never refers to the record or to the clearly erroneous standard
of review. Further, the State never even mentions findings of fact 4 and 5 in the argument
section of its brief.
The State does provide some argument regarding finding of fact 3. The State argues that
the trial court did not actually rely on finding of fact 3 in imposing the exceptional sentence, but
instead relied on other improper factors. However, this argument (discussed below) does not
address whether the record supports finding of fact 3. Instead, the argument seems to relate to
the second basis for reversing an exceptional sentence: whether the trial court’s reasons justify a
sentence outside the standard sentence range.
5
No. 46421-7-II
Because the States provides no meaningful argument that the record does not support
findings of fact 3, 4, and 5, we hold that the State waived its challenge to these findings of fact.
Therefore, we treat findings of fact 3, 4, and 5 as verities on appeal.1
C. REASONS JUSTIFYING AN EXCEPTIONAL SENTENCE
The State argues that the trial court’s reasons for Bradley’s exceptional sentence do not
justify a sentence outside the standard range for first degree escape. We disagree.
1. Legal Analysis
A second basis for reversing an exceptional sentence is that the trial court’s reasons for
imposing an exceptional sentence do not support that sentence. RCW 9.94A.585(4). We apply a
de novo standard of review for this basis. France, 176 Wn. App. at 469.
As stated above, RCW 9.94A.535(1) provides a non-exclusive, “illustrative” list of
mitigating factors that can support a trial court’s imposition of an exceptional sentence below the
standard range if established by a preponderance of the evidence. Reliance on one of the
statutory factors supports an exceptional sentence as a matter of law.
Because RCW 9.94A.535(1) expressly states that the list of mitigating factors is not
intended to be exclusive, trial courts also can rely on nonstatutory mitigating factors. See Law,
154 Wn.2d at 94. To determine whether a factor legally supports departure from the standard
sentencing range, we apply a two-part test. State v. O’Dell, 183 Wn.2d 680, 690, 358 P.3d 359
1
In addition, the State failed to provide an adequate record on review. The record suggests that
the trial court relied on the trial evidence to make its findings. However, on appeal the State did
not designate for the record a transcript of Bradley’s trial. Without that record, we cannot
determine whether or not the evidence supported the trial court’s findings of fact. If an appellant
fails to provide an adequate record to review findings of fact, those findings are treated as
verities and are binding on the appellate court. Morris v. Woodside, 101 Wn.2d 812, 815, 682
P.2d 905 (1984).
6
No. 46421-7-II
(2015). First, the legislature must not have necessarily considered the factor when it established
the standard sentencing range. Id. Second, the factor must be sufficiently substantial and
compelling to distinguish the defendant’s crime from others in the same category. Id.
The purposes of the SRA are factors necessarily considered by the legislature in
establishing the standard sentencing range.2 Law, 154 Wn.2d at 95. Therefore, the SRA’s stated
purposes, standing alone, cannot justify a downward exceptional sentence. Id. at 96. Further,
the trial court’s subjective determination that the standard sentencing range is unwise or does not
advance the SRA’s purposes is not a substantial and compelling reason to depart from the
standard range. Id.
2. Capacity to Conform Conduct to the Law
One of the statutory mitigating factors that supports a downward exceptional sentence is
that “[t]he defendant’s capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of his or her conduct, or to
conform his or her conduct to the requirements of the law, was significantly impaired.” RCW
9.94A.535(1)(e). The trial court relied on this factor for imposing Bradley’s exceptional
sentence as stated in finding of fact 3: “The defendant’s ability to conform his conduct to the
2
The SRA identifies seven purposes for determining standard range sentences:
(1) Ensure that the punishment for a criminal offense is proportionate to the
seriousness of the offense and the offender’s criminal history;
(2) Promote respect for the law by providing punishment which is just;
(3) Be commensurate with the punishment imposed on others committing similar
offenses;
(4) Protect the public;
(5) Offer the offender an opportunity to improve himself or herself;
(6) Make frugal use of the state’s and local governments’ resources; and
(7) Reduce the risk of reoffending by offenders in the community.
RCW 9.94A.010.
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No. 46421-7-II
requirements of the law, [sic] was significantly impaired due to uncontrollable circumstances
that he was presented with upon his initial release into the ATC program.” CP at 49. The trial
court’s reliance on the factor stated in RCW 9.94A.535(1)(e) supports an exceptional sentence as
a matter of law.
However, the State argues that finding of fact 3 does not support the exceptional sentence
because the trial court did not actually rely on this factor. Based on the trial court’s comments at
the sentencing hearing,3 the State argues that “the trial court viewed [the] defendant’s inability to
comply with the ATC rules as excuses, not circumstances beyond his control as the findings of
fact would like to make it appear.” Br. of Appellant at 14. The State argues that the trial court’s
real reason for imposing the exceptional sentence was its disagreement with the presumptive
sentencing range. The State points to the trial court’s statement that “63 months in prison, I
think, for what he did is way out of line. It isn’t a just punishment. It’s very harsh.” Report of
Proceedings (RP) at 16.
The State’s argument seems to assume that the trial court’s oral statements should prevail
over its written findings of fact and conclusions of law. The law is the opposite. A trial court’s
oral opinion has no final or binding effect unless formally incorporated into written findings,
conclusions, and judgment. State v. Friedlund, 182 Wn.2d 388, 394-95, 341 P.3d 280 (2015).
To the extent that the trial court’s oral ruling conflicts with its written order, the written order
3
At the sentencing hearing, the trial court questioned Bradley’s asserted reasons for his inability
to comply with the law and concluded, “[I]t makes it a little hard to warm up to his excuses,
frankly.” RP at 9.
8
No. 46421-7-II
controls. 4 State v. Skuza, 156 Wn. App. 886, 898, 235 P.3d 842 (2010). Similarly, where
written findings are unambiguous, they are not susceptible to being given a different meaning on
appeal through resort to an examination of the lower court’s oral ruling. State v. A.M., 163 Wn.
App. 414, 424, 260 P.3d 229 (2011).
Here, the trial court’s finding of fact 3 clearly and unambiguously states that one reason
for the trial court’s exceptional sentence was that Bradley’s ability to conform his conduct to the
requirements of the law was significantly impaired due to uncontrollable circumstances.
Therefore, whether the trial court’s oral ruling was inconsistent with finding of fact 3 is
immaterial.5
We hold that because finding of fact 3 is based on the statutory factor stated in RCW
9.94A.535(1)(e) that finding supports an exceptional sentence as a matter of law.
3. Conduct at Low End of Range of Offending Behavior
In finding of fact 4, the trial court stated a nonstatutory reason for imposing the
exceptional sentence: “The defendant’s offending conduct falls at the low end of the range of
offending behavior contemplated by the escape first degree statute.” CP at 49. In the trial court,
Bradley argued that this factor was supported by Alexander, 125 Wn.2d 717. In Alexander, the
Supreme Court held that the small amount of the controlled substance possessed and the
defendant’s low level of involvement in the crime were valid nonstatutory factors. Id. at 726-29;
see also State v. Hodges, 70 Wn. App. 621, 625-26, 855 P.2d 291 (1993) (a below range
4
This is particularly true in the context of an exceptional sentence, because RCW 9.94A.535
requires a trial court to set forth the reasons for an exceptional sentence in written findings of
fact and conclusions of law. See Friedlund, 182 Wn.2d at 394.
5
In addition, there is a portion of the trial court’s oral ruling that appears consistent with finding
of fact 3.
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No. 46421-7-II
sentence should be justified by “factors or circumstances related to the defendant’s commission
of a crime that make the commission of the crime less egregious”).
We need not address whether finding of fact 4 states a valid reason for imposing an
exceptional sentence because the State never argues that this reason is invalid. In fact, the State
never mentions finding of fact 4 in the argument section of its brief. Therefore, the State has
waived any argument that finding of fact 4 does not state a valid reason for imposing an
exceptional sentence. State v. Miller, 181 Wn. App. 201, 219, 324 P.3d 791, review granted,
182 Wn.2d 1028 (2015). Accordingly, we hold that finding of fact 4 supports the trial court’s
imposition of an exceptional sentence.
4. SRA Purposes
In finding of fact 5, the trial court stated a number of the SRA’s purposes for imposing
the exceptional sentence: “The standard range for Defendant’s conviction would result in a
sentence much too long for his actual conduct, would not be a just but overly harsh result, would
not make wise use of the State’s resources[,] and would not promote respect for Pierce County’s
system of justice.” CP at 49. The trial court’s first stated reason – that Bradley’s sentence would
be too long for his conduct – seems to echo the first stated purposes of the SRA: that “the
punishment for a criminal offense is proportionate to the seriousness of the offense.” RCW
9.94A.010(1). Similarly, providing a just punishment, making frugal use of government
resources, and promoting respect for the law are all purposes identified by the SRA for
determining standard range sentences. RCW 9.94A.010(2), (6).
The trial court’s conclusions of law also expressly reference the SRA’s purposes.
(2) The underlying purposes of the SRA would be furthered by the imposition of a
downward departure in this case, ie [sic] punishment proportionate to the
seriousness of the crime.
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No. 46421-7-II
....
(4) A 63 month sentence is too excessive for the offending conduct committed.
The public would still be protected by an exceptional sentence, downward
departure.
CP at 49-50. Protection of the public is one of the SRA’s stated purposes. RCW 9.94A.010(4).
As noted above, the SRA’s stated purposes, standing alone, cannot justify a downward
exceptional sentence. Law, 154 Wn.2d at 96. However, once a trial court identifies a valid
mitigating factor justifying the imposition of an exceptional sentence, the trial court may
consider the SRA’s enumerated purposes in fashioning an appropriate exceptional sentence.
Alexander, 125 Wn.2d at 730. In other words, the SRA’s purposes “may provide support for the
imposition of an exceptional sentence once a mitigating circumstance has been identified by the
trial court.” Id. at 730 n.22. This approach is consistent with RCW 9.94A.535, which states that
a trial court “may impose a sentence outside the standard sentence range for an offense if it finds,
considering the purposes of [the SRA], that there are substantial and compelling reasons
justifying an exceptional sentence.” (Emphasis added.)
We interpret finding of fact 5 and the related conclusions of law as providing support for
the exceptional sentence rather than providing a stand-alone reason for imposing an exceptional
sentence. Under this interpretation, the trial court’s consideration of the SRA’s purposes in
conjunction with its valid reasons for imposing the exceptional sentence was appropriate.
Therefore, we hold that finding of fact 5 does not represent an invalid basis for imposing an
exceptional sentence.
Findings of fact 3 and 4 support the trial court’s imposition of an exceptional sentence,
and finding of fact 5 provides additional support for the exceptional sentence. Accordingly, we
affirm Bradley’s exceptional sentence.
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No. 46421-7-II
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW
2.06.040, it is so ordered.
MAXA, J.
We concur:
WORSWICK, J.
JOHANSON, C.J.
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State Of Washington, V Rodrea Vonshon Bradley
Combined Opinion