STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, UNPUBLISHED
February 18, 2016
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v No. 323969
Ingham Circuit Court
VALENTINO LAHRON LEE STEWART, JR., LC No. 14-000463-FC
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: HOEKSTRA, P.J., and METER and M. J. KELLY, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendant was convicted, following a jury trial, of second-degree murder, MCL 750.317;
assault with intent to commit murder, MCL 750.83; carrying a concealed weapon (CCW), MCL
750.227; and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (felony firearm), MCL
750.227b. He was sentenced to concurrent terms of 300 to 600 months in prison for second-
degree murder, 200 to 400 months in prison for assault with intent to commit murder, and 24 to
60 months for CCW, to be served consecutively to a two-year prison term for felony firearm.
For the reasons explained in this opinion, we affirm defendant’s convictions but remand for a
Crosby1 hearing.
I. FACTS
According to the evidence introduced at trial, on June 26, 2013, defendant participated in
a shooting on North Pine Street in Lansing that resulted in the death of Anthony Kye. Kye’s
autopsy report showed that he had been shot three times, and that his wounds were consistent
with those caused by a high-powered rifle. Although Kye lost his life in the shooting, it appears
that he was not the intended victim. Rather, the shooters intended to kill someone known as “Fat
Cat,” who assaulted defendant several days prior to the shooting.
One of the principal witnesses at defendant’s trial was Mark Williams, who lived with
defendant and defendant’s family, including defendant’s brother, Jamon Hampton. Williams
1
United States v Crosby, 397 F3d 103, 117 (CA 2 2005).
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testified that on June 26, 2013, he agreed to defendant’s request to drive defendant and Hampton
to the store. Williams was new to the area, so Hampton provided directions; but it soon became
clear that Hampton was not directing him to a store. During the drive, Williams heard Hampton
ask defendant if “they were going to be doing this by their self [sic] or were we . . . meeting
somebody over there.” Hampton also asked defendant whether he had a “mag,” and defendant
responded that he had only three bullets. According to Williams, defendant owned a 9-
millimeter pistol which he was carrying that night.
Williams testified that Hampton eventually directed him to a corner near the intersection
of Lapeer and Pine streets. Williams offered Hampton the use of a firearm, which Williams had
stored in the trunk of his car. In response, Hampton asked to use his AR-15 assault rifle, so
Williams loaded the weapon and gave it to Hampton. Hampton and defendant then ran off into
the night.
Williams and other witnesses testified that they heard repeated gunfire, and Williams
testified that he recognized it as the sound of his assault rifle. Defendant and Hampton returned
to Williams’s car a few moments later, and he drove back to the apartment. Defendant called
someone while they were driving, and told the person to avoid the north side of town because it
was “hot,” and to meet them at the apartment. When they returned to the apartment building,
Jarvis Askew and Charles Mattox, who were friends of defendant and Hampton, were waiting in
the parking lot. Mattox testified that defendant told them that he had seen Fat Cat and shot twice
in the air. According to Williams, while they were discussing the shooting, they learned through
phone calls that the “wrong person” had been killed.
A jury convicted defendant of second-degree murder, assault with intent to commit
murder, CCW, and felony firearm. The trial court sentenced defendant as noted above.
Defendant now appeals as of right.
II. PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT
On appeal, defendant first argues that the prosecutor committed misconduct during
closing arguments when the prosecutor stated that defendant was a “member of a gang” and that
the shooting had been undertaken in retaliation for the beating suffered by defendant. Defendant
maintains that references to defendant’s gang membership were unsupported by the evidence and
that such remarks impermissibly urged the jury to convict defendant based on gang affiliation.
Defendant asserts that the mention of gangs is inherently prejudicial and that, therefore, the
prosecutor’s remarks require reversal of his conviction.
Defense counsel objected to the prosecutor’s remarks at trial, thereby preserving this
issue for appellate review. People v Bennett, 290 Mich App 465, 475; 802 NW2d 627 (2010).
We review de novo preserved claims of prosecutorial misconduct to determine whether the
defendant was denied a fair and impartial trial. People v Akins, 259 Mich App 545, 562; 675
NW2d 863 (2003). “Issues of prosecutorial misconduct are decided case by case, and this Court
must examine the entire record and evaluate a prosecutor’s remarks in context.” People v
Dobek, 274 Mich App 58, 64; 732 NW2d 546 (2007). The prosecutor’s comments are evaluated
in light of “the relationship the comments bear to the evidence admitted at trial.” Id.
“Prosecutors are typically afforded great latitude regarding their arguments and conduct at trial.”
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People v Unger, 278 Mich App 210, 236; 749 NW2d 272 (2008). They are permitted to argue
the evidence and all reasonable inferences arising from the evidence as they relate to the
prosecutor’s theory of the case. People v Lane, 308 Mich App 38, 63; 862 NW2d 446 (2014).
However, a prosecutor may not make a factual statement to the jury that is not supported by the
evidence. Dobek, 274 Mich App at 66.
In this case, during closing argument, the prosecutor discussed the motive for defendant’s
involvement with the shooting and he stated that the case was “just about a retaliation, a gang
retaliation shooting” that defendant had taken part in “because he is a member of a gang who
was beaten.” Defense counsel objected, and argued that no evidence had been presented to
support the prosecutor’s characterization of defendant as a gang member. The trial court
instructed the prosecutor to “move on.” The prosecutor continued by characterizing the case as a
story of “[r]etaliation between two warring groups,” and stated that Mattox had referred to his
friends, including defendant, Askew, Hampton, and Williams, as a “group” or “crew.”
Contrary to defendant’s arguments on appeal, the discussion of the motivation for the
crime did not deprive defendant a fair trial and these statements by the prosecutor were
reasonable inferences from the evidence presented at trial. For example, Mattox testified that
defendant had been in a fight with “Fat Cat and his crew,” a group that called themselves “STB”
or “Shaking the Bag,” which was a drug reference of some kind. In comparison, Mattox testified
that his “group” or “crew” consisted of defendant, Askew, Hampton, and Williams. In response
to the prosecutor’s questioning, Mattox agreed that his “group” as well as Fat Cat’s “crew” could
be characterized as “groups of people who are in gangs or loose association with each other.”
Based on Mattox’s testimony, the prosecutor’s reference to defendant as a gang member was a
reasonable inference. Similarly, the prosecutor’s statement that the case was about gang
“retaliation” was a reasonable inference based on Williams’s testimony that defendant wanted
revenge for his assault as well as testimony from Mattox that he and Askew were planning to
“squash” Fat Cat and “[t]o settle the situation” on the night of the shooting. In sum, the
prosecutor’s comments during closing argument were based on the evidence presented at trial.
Consequently, these remarks on the prosecutor’s theory of the case relating to the motive for the
shooting were not improper and defendant is not entitled to a new trial on this basis.
III. INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE
Defendant argues that the prosecutor presented insufficient evidence to establish the
elements of second-degree murder beyond a reasonable doubt because questions as to the
identity of the shooters were not satisfactorily resolved and because Williams and Mattox were
not credible witnesses.
We review de novo a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence. People v Harverson,
291 Mich App 171, 177; 804 NW2d 757 (2010). “We examine the evidence in a light most
favorable to the prosecution, resolving all evidentiary conflicts in its favor, and determine
whether a rational trier of fact could have found that the essential elements of the crime were
proved beyond reasonable doubt.” People v Ericksen, 288 Mich App 192, 196; 793 NW2d 120
(2010). The elements of a crime may be established by circumstantial evidence and reasonable
inferences from the evidence, and this Court will “not interfere with the jury's assessment of the
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weight and credibility of witnesses or the evidence.” People v Dunigan, 299 Mich App 579,
582; 831 NW2d 243 (2013).
In order to convict a defendant of second-degree murder, the prosecution must show that
there was “(1) a death, (2) caused by an act of the defendant, (3) with malice, and (4) without
justification or excuse.” People v Goecke, 457 Mich 442, 463-464; 579 NW2d 868 (1998). In
addition, “it is well settled that identity is an element of every offense.” People v Yost, 278 Mich
App 341, 356; 749 NW2d 753 (2008).
In this case, Williams testified to driving defendant and Hampton to the area where the
shooting occurred. While they were driving, defendant pointed out the intended victim, stating
“It’s him. It’s him.” After Williams parked the car, defendant and Hampton ran into the night
armed with guns, including the AR-15 carried by Hampton. The shooting followed shortly
thereafter, and an autopsy later showed that Kye died as a result of gunshot wounds. In addition,
defendant had a 9mm handgun in his possession that evening, 9mm shell casings were found at
the scene, defendant told Mattox that he saw “Fat Cat” that evening and that he shot the 9mm
handgun into the air, and defendant warned Askew via cell phone to avoid the area because they
had “just shot it up.” Defendant had a motive for the crime, insofar as he wanted revenge for the
assault perpetrated by “Fat Cat;” and, when informed that the wrong victim had been killed,
defendant stated that Kye “shouldn’t have been there.” While defendant challenges the
credibility of the testimony presented and argues that other inferences could be drawn, it was the
jury’s responsibility to determine the witnesses’ credibility and to decide the facts from the
evidence presented. See Dunigan, 299 Mich App at 582. Viewing the evidence in a light most
favorable to the prosecutor, there was sufficient evidence to establish defendant’s identity as one
of the shooters.
In contrast, defendant argues that the elements of the offense were not proven beyond a
reasonable doubt because one of the prosecution’s eyewitnesses described the suspect as a tall,
slender man who wore dreadlocks while, in comparison, defendant was a large and not
particularly tall person who did not wear dreadlocks in his short hair. Because the witness’s
description does not match defendant, defendant maintains there was insufficient evidence to
establish his identity. Again, it was for the jury to weigh this evidence, and the significance of
any inconsistency between this description and defendant’s physical appearance was for the jury
to resolve. See id. And, it is axiomatic that “a jury is free to believe or disbelieve, in whole or in
part, any of the evidence presented.” People v Perry, 460 Mich 55, 63; 594 NW2d 477 (1999).
Moreover, we note that, contrary to defendant’s argument, this was not the only eyewitness
description of a suspect. Defendant does not address the testimony of another eyewitness, who
observed that the suspect had short hair and was wearing brightly colored tennis shoes, which
arguably corroborated Mattox’s testimony that defendant was wearing red tennis shoes on the
night of the shooting. Overall, viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution,
the evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction for second-degree murder.
IV. JURY INSTRUCTIONS
In a Standard 4 brief, defendant argues that an instruction for voluntary manslaughter
should have been given at trial. Defendant did not request an instruction for voluntary
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manslaughter before the trial court. However, defendant argues that the trial court erred by
failing to instruct the jury on this offense sua sponte.
Because defendant failed to request the instruction at issue, his claim is unpreserved and
our review is for plain error affecting his substantial rights. People v Aldrich, 246 Mich App
101, 124; 631 NW2d 67 (2001); People v Sabin (On Second Remand), 242 Mich App 656, 657;
620 NW2d 19 (2000). “A criminal defendant is entitled to have a properly instructed jury
consider the evidence against him.” People v Riddle, 467 Mich 116, 124; 649 NW2d 30 (2002).
Voluntary manslaughter is a necessarily lesser-included offense of murder. People v Mendoza,
468 Mich 527, 540-541; 664 NW2d 685 (2003). When a defendant is charged with murder, he is
entitled to a jury instruction for voluntary manslaughter “if supported by a rational view of the
evidence.” Id. at 541.
In this case, a rational view of the evidence did not support the giving of a voluntary
manslaughter instruction, and thus defendant has not shown plain error. In particular, in order to
convict a defendant of voluntary manslaughter, the prosecutor “must show that the defendant
killed in the heat of passion, the passion was caused by adequate provocation, and there was not
a lapse of time during which a reasonable person could control his passions.” People v Reese,
491 Mich 127, 143; 815 NW2d 85 (2012) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
According to defendant’s argument on appeal, his actions during the night of the shooting were
provoked by Fat Cat’s assault on him. However, although the record is not clear as to the exact
amount of time that elapsed between the assault on defendant and the shooting (nor does
defendant clarify this point on appeal), Williams indicated at trial that at least several days had
passed between the two events. Given this significant lapse of time between the purported
provocation and the shooting, there was ample time for defendant to control his passions and a
rational view of the evidence did not support the giving of a voluntary manslaughter instruction.
See id.; Mendoza, 468 Mich at 541. Thus, defendant has not shown plain error in the trial court’s
failure to instruct the jury on voluntary manslaughter.2
V. SCORING OF OFFENSE VARIABLES
In his Standard 4 brief, defendant also asserts that he is entitled to resentencing due to
errors in the scoring of Offense Variables 2, 6, 9, 12, and 14.
“Determining whether a trial court properly scored sentencing variables is a two-step
process.” People v Marshall, 495 Mich 983; 843 NW2d 925 (2014). First, we review the trial
court's factual determinations for clear error, which “must be supported by a preponderance of
2
In the course of his jury instruction argument, defendant argues that, because there was
evidence that he shot into the air, the jury could not conclude that defendant shot Kye or that he
intended to do so. To the extent defendant attempts to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence
supporting his convictions, this argument is improperly presented, MCR 7.212(C)(5), and it is
clearly without merit. Even if defendant did not fire the fatal shots, the jury was also instructed
on an aiding and abetting theory. Under such a theory, there was ample evidence supporting
defendant’s convictions. See generally People v Robinson, 475 Mich 1; 715 NW2d 44 (2006).
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the evidence.” People v Hardy, 494 Mich 430, 438; 835 NW2d 340 (2013). Second, we must
decide “[w]hether the facts, as found, are adequate to satisfy the scoring conditions prescribed by
statute, i.e., the application of the facts to the law, is a question of statutory interpretation, which
an appellate court reviews de novo.” Id. See also People v Steanhouse, __ Mich App __, __; __
NW2d __ (2015) (Docket No. 318329), slip op at 19.
In this case, as originally scored, defendant’s total OV score for second-degree murder
was 161 points. At a sentencing hearing on September 3, 2014, with the agreement of the
parties, the trial court approved several changes that reduced defendant’s total OV score to 115.3
Specifically, the trial court changed the scoring of OV 2 from 10 to 5 points, reduced the scoring
of OV 6 from 50 to 25 points, altered the scoring of OV 9 from 25 to 10 points, and corrected the
scoring of OV 12 from 1 to 0 points. We mention these changes because many of the precise
changes requested by defendant on appeal were already made by the trial court—namely, those
changes to the scoring of OV 2, OV 9, and OV 12. Because the trial court already granted the
requested relief, this issue is moot and we need not consider it further. See People v Pennington,
240 Mich App 188, 197; 610 NW2d 608 (2000).
With regard to OV 6, defendant argues on appeal that OV 6 should have been scored 10
points, rather than the 25 points assessed by the trial court. MCL 776.36 governs the scoring of
OV 6, which “is the offender's intent to kill or injure another individual.” Under OV 6, 25 points
is appropriate if the offender “had unpremeditated intent to kill, the intent to do great bodily
harm, or created a very high risk of death or great bodily harm knowing that death or great
bodily harm was the probable result.” MCL 777.36(1)(b). In comparison, 10 points is properly
scored if the defendant “had intent to injure or the killing was committed in an extreme
emotional state caused by an adequate provocation and before a reasonable amount of time
elapsed for the offender to calm or there was gross negligence amounting to an unreasonable
disregard for life.” MCL 777.36(1)(c). The sentencing court is required to score OV 6
“consistent with a jury verdict unless the judge has information that was not presented to the
jury.” MCL 777.36(2)(a). Consequently, in this case, the trial court properly scored defendant at
25 points, which was consistent with the jury’s verdict of second-degree murder.
Next, defendant argues that the trial court should have scored OV 14 at 0 points, rather
than 10 points. OV 14 relates to an offender’s role in a multiple offender situation, and 10 points
is properly scored when the offender “was a leader in a multiple offender situation.” MCL
777.44(1)(a). When more than 3 offenders are involved, more than one individual may be
considered a “leader.” MCL 777.44(2)(b). Defendant argues that he should have been scored
zero points because he was not a leader and because several other people were involved in
orchestrating and carrying out the shooting. Before the trial court, defense counsel also noted
that defendant, at 16 years of age, “was by far the youngest person involved” in the shooting, and
argued that the evidence indicated that Askew “may have planned this or directed it,” although
counsel did not cite evidence in support of this assertion. The court rejected defendant’s
3
However, we note that a corrected sentencing information report does not appear in the lower
court records provided to us on appeal.
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argument and upheld the score based on Williams’s testimony that defendant selected the
individual to be shot when defendant announced “that’s him” while they were driving to the
location of the shooting. The trial court reasoned “that this defendant did pick out and identify
who was to be shot. That’s a leadership role.” Given the evidence presented, the court’s
decision was not clearly erroneous. Moreover, any error in the scoring of OV 14—which would
reduce defendant’s total OV score to 105—would not alter the recommended sentencing range.
See MCL 777.61. Thus, even assuming some error, defendant would not be entitled to
resentencing on this basis. See People v Francisco, 474 Mich 82, 89 n 8; 711 NW2d 44 (2006).
VI. JUDICIAL FACT-FINDING
Lastly, in a supplement brief filed pursuant to MCR 7.212(F), defendant argues that he is
entitled to resentencing following the recent Michigan Supreme Court decision in People v
Lockridge, 498 Mich 358; 870 NW2d 502 (2015). In Lockridge, the Court determined that
Michigan's sentencing guidelines violate the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial insofar as they
require a sentencing judge to find facts at sentencing that mandatorily increase the floor of the
recommended minimum sentencing range. Id. at 373-374. As a remedy to this constitutional
defect, following Lockridge, the sentencing guidelines are now “advisory only.” Id. at 391. That
is, while the guidelines “remain a highly relevant consideration in a trial court’s exercise of
sentencing discretion,” they are no longer mandatory, and a trial court may depart from the
recommended range without articulating substantial and compelling reason for the departure,
provided that the resulting sentence is “reasonable.” Id. at 391-392.
While declaring the guidelines advisory, Lockridge made clear that such claims of error
are amenable to plain error review. Id. at 394-395. To establish plain error, a defendant must
make a “threshold showing” on appeal, which would then entitle the defendant to a remand for a
Crosby hearing. Id. at 395. As explained in Lockridge:
[A]ll defendants (1) who can demonstrate that their guidelines minimum sentence
range was actually constrained by the violation of the Sixth Amendment and (2)
whose sentences were not subject to an upward departure can establish a threshold
showing of the potential for plain error sufficient to warrant a remand to the trial
court for further inquiry. [Id.]
Under the first prong, an unconstitutional constraint on a defendant’s Sixth Amendment right
may be shown when “facts admitted by a defendant or found by the jury verdict were insufficient
to assess the minimum number of OV points necessary for the defendant’s score to fall in the cell
of the sentencing grid under which he or she was sentenced.” Id.
In this case, defendant was not subject to an upward departure and it is clear that the trial
court’s calculation of the sentencing guideline range involved reliance on facts not admitted by
defendant or supported by the jury’s verdict. In particular, under MCL 777.61, defendant would
need a minimum of 100 points to be at OV level III for second-degree murder. As noted,
defendant had a total OV score of 115 points. However, this score involved findings that
members of the victim’s family suffered serious psychological injury (15 points for OV 5), that 2
to 9 victims were placed in danger of physical injury or death (10 points for OV 9), and that
defendant was a leader in a multiple offender situation (10 points under OV 14). If these
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variables had not been scored in this manner, defendant’s OV level would drop from III to II.
Thus, because these facts were neither admitted by defendant nor supported by the jury’s verdict,
it is plain that these judicially-found facts resulted in an increased minimum sentencing range.
Cf. People v Stokes, __ Mich App, __; __ NW2d__ (2015) (Docket No. 321303), slip op 6-7.
Consequently, defendant has made a threshold showing under Lockridge, entitling him to a
remand for a Crosby hearing. See Lockridge, 498 Mich 394-395.
“[T]he purpose of a Crosby remand is to determine what effect Lockridge would have on
the defendant’s sentence, so that it may be determined whether any prejudice resulted from the
error.” Stokes, slip op at 11. The trial court must decide whether it would have imposed the
same sentence absent the unconstitutional constraint on its discretion; and, if not, the court must
resentence the defendant. Lockridge, 498 Mich at 399. Because defendant faces the possibility
of a more severe sentence on resentencing, he must be given the option of promptly notifying the
trial judge that resentencing will not be sought. Stokes, slip op 11-12. If notification is not
received in a timely manner, the trial court shall continue with the Crosby remand proceedings as
set forth in Lockridge, 498 Mich at 395-398.
Affirmed, but remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not
retain jurisdiction.
/s/ Joel P. Hoekstra
/s/ Patrick M. Meter
/s/ Michael J. Kelly
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