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ABF Freight System v. Illinois Workers’ Compensation Comm’n,
2015 IL App (1st) 141306WC
Appellate Court ABF FREIGHT SYSTEM, Respondent-Appellant, v. THE ILLINOIS
Caption WORKERS’ COMPENSATION COMMISSION et al. (John
Rodriguez, Petitioner-Appellee).
District & No. First District, Workers’ Compensation Commission Division
Docket No. 1-14-1306WC
Filed December 11, 2015
Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 13-L-50911; the
Review Hon. Robert Lopez-Cepero, Judge, presiding.
Affirmed.
Judgment
Counsel on Matthew Ignoffo, of Keefe, Campbell, Biery & Associates, LLC, of
Appeal Chicago, for appellant.
Ivan M. Rittenberg, of Rittenberg, Buffen, Gulbrandsen, Robinson &
Saks, Ltd., of Chicago, for appellee.
Panel JUSTICE HUDSON delivered the judgment of the court, with
opinion.
Presiding Justice Holdridge and Justices Hoffman, Harris, and Stewart
concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 I. INTRODUCTION
¶2 Respondent, ABF Freight System, appeals an order of the circuit court of Cook County
that confirmed a decision of the Illinois Workers’ Compensation Commission (Commission)
granting benefits to claimant, John Rodriguez, in accordance with the Illinois Workers’
Compensation Act (Act) (820 ILCS 305/1 et seq. (West 2010)). Respondent raises a number
of arguments as to why the Commission’s decision should not stand. As we find none of
these arguments well founded, we affirm.
¶3 II. BACKGROUND
¶4 It is undisputed that claimant suffered a compensable injury on August 22, 2011, when he
backed a forklift into a raised steel structure on a loading dock while in respondent’s employ.
Claimant described the collision as “violent.” He felt pain shoot down his left leg. His
primary care physician, Dr. Leo Pepa, referred him to Dr. Tom D. Stanley, a board certified
orthopedic surgeon. Stanley first examined claimant on August 24, 2011. He ordered a
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, which revealed that a “large left para-central disc
extrusion at the L5-S1 level with superior migration, [sic] is compressing the same sided S1
traversing nerve root and the thecal sac” and showed “[d]iffuse disc bulges at the L1-L2 and
L2-L3” levels. Claimant also complained of pain in his right knee. On October 6, 2011,
Stanley performed a hemilaminotomy discectomy. This surgery was paid for by respondent’s
workers’ compensation carrier. During an October 21, 2011, follow-up visit, claimant
reported that he was doing well and his pain had largely resolved. He was released to
light-duty work.
¶5 One month later, during another follow-up visit, claimant reported that he had begun
experiencing radicular symptoms in his left leg. Stanley diagnosed a recurrent disc herniation
and possibly a meniscus tear in the right knee. In December 2011, Stanley ordered another
MRI. A number of medical professionals disagreed on what this MRI showed. Stanley
interpreted it as revealing a recurrent disc herniation at the L5-S1 level. A radiologist
interpreted the MRI as representing “postsurgical changes.” He noted, “There is intermediate
T1 signal material extending posteriorly from the disc space in a left paracentral location
approximately 7 mm.” He continued, “This enhances on postcontrast axial images and is
therefore compatible with epidural fibrosis rather than disc protrusion.” The material
“displaces the origin of the left S1 nerve root posteriorly.”
¶6 On January 30, 2012, claimant was examined by Dr. Andrew Zelby on respondent’s
behalf. He believed the MRI simply showed postoperative changes. He opined that repeating
the discectomy surgery was not warranted, as the MRI indicated no disc protrusion. Further,
claimant was not a candidate for a fusion due to his degenerative disc disease, smoking, and
obesity. Zelby believed a fusion would create more problems than it solved. Zelby noted
certain inconsistencies during his examination of claimant. For example, the results of the
lying straight-leg raise and the sitting straight-leg raise were different despite the fact that
they are essentially the same test. Zelby recommended a work-hardening program.
¶7 Stanley reviewed and responded to Zelby’s findings. In a letter, Stanley wrote, “I do not
really understand [Zelby’s] evaluation of the MRI because clearly on the MRI you can see
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the current disc herniation.” Stanley suggested that if there was any doubt as to the December
2011 MRI, a repeat MRI be performed with a “high-definition machine.” A repeat MRI was
performed on May 25, 2012. It showed a large disc herniation.
¶8 However, between the times of the two MRIs, claimant suffered an injury. On March 20,
2012, his newborn baby was crying. He went to change her and noted there were no diapers,
so he went to the garage, where more diapers were stored. Claimant described the incident
thusly: “And I went to step on a chair and noticed the chair was kind of flimsy; and when I
came down–there was a jagged edge on the chair. When I came down, I cut my leg open.”
Claimant suffered a 12-inch laceration on his leg and sought medical care at the St. Alexius
Medical Center. Claimant stated that if he had injured his back at this time, he would have
reported the injury to his doctors. He further testified that he did not fall off the chair.
Medical records from this visit corroborate claimant’s testimony. His back pain did not
change following this incident.
¶9 Subsequently, Zelby opined that this incident could have been an intervening cause.
Specifically, he stated, “I would say that if he fell off a chair with such force to lacerate his
leg, that could certainly be enough force to cause a recurrent herniation, particularly in
someone who weighs 388 pounds.” He based this opinion on his belief that the December
2011 MRI showed no recurrent disc herniation while the May 2012 MRI did.
¶ 10 Stanley again responded to Zelby’s updated opinion. He wrote, “Again, I don’t
understand Dr. Zelby’s interpretation because the recurrent disc herniation is clearly visible
on the first MRIs.” He further noted that to the extent Zelby based his opinion on claimant
having fallen from a chair, the medical records at St. Alexius Hospital “show that he was not
complaining of any other complaints other than the laceration.”
¶ 11 The arbitrator found that claimant’s condition of ill-being was causally related to his
employment with respondent. She first noted that there was no dispute as to accident,
causation as to the initial injury, and the appropriateness of claimant’s initial surgery. At
issue was whether claimant’s continuing condition of ill-being (the recurrent disc herniation)
was causally related to claimant’s at-work accident and whether claimant should receive
surgery for that condition. Also at issue was the causal relationship between the condition of
claimant’s knee and his employment. She expressly found Stanley’s testimony to be entitled
to greater weight than Zelby’s. She characterized claimant’s ongoing complaints as
“credible.” The arbitrator found Stanley’s readings of the MRIs to be entitled to greater
weight as well. Thus, to the extent Zelby’s opinion is based on his belief that the December
2011 MRI did not show a herniation, it was ill founded. She also found that the condition of
claimant’s right knee was causally related to his employment, relying primarily on the fact
that his knee problem developed concurrently with his work-related accident. Claimant’s
average weekly wage was determined to be $674.46, resulting in a temporary-total-disability
(TTD) rate of $449.64 (a finding later modified by the Commission, as will be explained
below). The arbitrator also overruled an objection by claimant to certain testimony from
Zelby asserting that it was not based on medical records or contained in his report (the
Commission overruled that arbitrator’s ruling here).
¶ 12 The Commission affirmed and adopted most of the arbitrator’s opinion; however, it
modified two aspects of it. The Commission noted that claimant’s testimony was unrebutted.
Furthermore, medical records corroborate that he experienced only a short period of relief
following the initial surgery. Prior to the December 2011 MRI, his symptoms gradually
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worsened. It found that, regarding the March 2012 incident involving the leg laceration, the
evidence and testimony contained “no indication of any type of fall or twisting to reinjure his
back.” It credited Stanley’s testimony that radicular symptoms were already present in
December 2011. It rejected Zelby’s opinion for a number of reasons, including that it failed
“to take into account the undisputed medical documentation of the return of [claimant’s]
radicular symptoms about three weeks post surgery.”
¶ 13 Regarding average weekly wage, the Commission modified the arbitrator’s decision,
finding as follows. When claimant began working for respondent, he was employed as a
“casual employee.” He held this position from December 11, 2010, to March 19, 2011. As a
casual employee, claimant was told the day before a shift whether respondent needed him to
come to work. He was nonunion and worked about 19 hours per week. After obtaining his
certification as a “spotter,” claimant became a full-time, union employee and worked about
36.6 hours per week. Essentially, the Commission determined that time spent as a casual
employee should not have been used to calculate claimant’s average weekly wage. However,
it also held that the arbitrator erroneously concluded that claimant had worked 213/7 weeks in
his new position rather than 22 weeks. The Commission, using 22 weeks, recalculated
claimant’s average weekly wage as $661.29, which yielded a TTD rate of $440.86. It
modified the arbitrator’s decision accordingly.
¶ 14 The Commission also reversed the arbitrator’s overruling of claimant’s objection to the
admission of the deposition of Zelby. The Commission determined that “Zelby’s opinions
contained within the deposition transcript were not based on medical records and not
contained in his § 12, [Independent Medical Evaluation (IME) report].” It thus concluded
that “[t]he Arbitrator erred in allowing the deposition transcript into evidence.” It further held
that this issue was moot, as the arbitrator found Stanley’s testimony to be entitled to more
weight.
¶ 15 Respondent appealed. The circuit court of Cook County confirmed the Commission
without significant comment. This appeal followed.
¶ 16 III. ANALYSIS
¶ 17 On appeal, respondent raises three main issues. First, it asserts that the Commission’s
decision regarding causation is contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence (it also attacks
a number of the Commission’s rulings that are derivative of this argument). Second, it
contends the Commission erred in calculating claimant’s average weekly wage. Third, it
contests one of the Commission’s evidentiary rulings.
¶ 18 A. CAUSATION
¶ 19 Respondent first attacks the Commission’s decision regarding causation. Causation
presents a question of fact. Certi-Serve, Inc. v. Industrial Comm’n, 101 Ill. 2d 236, 244
(1984). Accordingly, we will disturb the decision of the Commission on this issue only if it is
against the manifest weight of the evidence. Id. A decision is contrary to the manifest weight
of the evidence only if an opposite conclusion is clearly apparent. Caterpillar, Inc. v.
Industrial Comm’n, 228 Ill. App. 3d 288, 291 (1992). A claimant bears the burden of
establishing a causal connection between his or her condition of ill-being and employment.
Caterpillar Tractor Co. v. Industrial Comm’n, 129 Ill. 2d 52, 63 (1989). As the trier of fact,
the Commission is primarily responsible for resolving conflicts in the evidence, assessing the
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credibility of witnesses, assigning weight to evidence, and drawing reasonable inferences
from the record. Hosteny v. Illinois Workers’ Compensation Comm’n, 397 Ill. App. 3d 665,
674 (2009). This is especially true regarding medical matters, where we owe great deference
to the Commission due to its long-recognized expertise with such issues. See Long v.
Industrial Comm’n, 76 Ill. 2d 561, 566 (1979). On appeal, it is respondent’s burden, as the
appellant, to convince us that the Commission erred. See TSP-Hope, Inc. v. Home Innovators
of Illinois, LLC, 382 Ill. App. 3d 1171, 1173 (2008). It is not our role to reweigh evidence
and substitute our judgment for that of the Commission. Setzekorn v. Industrial Comm’n, 353
Ill. App. 3d 1049, 1055 (2004).
¶ 20 Unfortunately, respondent’s argument concerning causation is really an invitation for us
to do just that. Respondent begins its argument by attacking claimant’s credibility.
Respondent asserts that claimant only once presented to a doctor for back problems, yet
records from Stanley indicate a long history of back problems. Thus, respondent asserts,
claimant’s testimony is inconsistent with Stanley’s records. However, on their face, these
propositions are not inconsistent. If claimant had a long, albeit minor, history of back
problems that never warranted treatment, only seeking medical care once would not be
surprising. Essentially, respondent asks that we speculate here as to the severity of claimant’s
prior condition, determine claimant’s history was such that one visit is incredible, and draw
an adverse inference about claimant’s credibility. More fundamentally, credibility is
primarily for the Commission. See Hosteny, 397 Ill. App. 3d at 674. Furthermore, we note
that respondent’s argument ignores significant evidence that bolsters claimant’s credibility.
For example, as the Commission observed, “The medical records in evidence support
[claimant’s] testimony” regarding the recurrence of radicular symptoms after his surgery.
Moreover, the evidence concerning his treatment for the laceration of his leg indicated
that–as he testified–he did not fall. Thus, even if the purported discrepancy identified by
respondent existed, countervailing evidence would leave us unable to say that the
Commission’s decision is contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence.
¶ 21 Respondent next points to the disagreement between the doctors regarding the
interpretation of the December 2011 MRI. Respondent first asserts that Stanley “is not a
board certified neurologist.” We find this statement somewhat disingenuous, in that
respondent does not acknowledge that Stanley is, in fact, a board certified orthopedic surgeon
until later in its brief. It points out that Zelby is a board certified neurologist. However,
respondent never identifies anything that would allow us to conclude that a board certified
neurologist is more qualified to interpret an MRI than a board certified orthopedic surgeon.
As such, these assertions do nothing to establish that an opposite conclusion to the
Commission’s is clearly apparent.
¶ 22 Respondent also points out that the radiologist, like Zelby, also did not read the MRI as
indicating a herniation. Thus, respondent contends, “This is not merely the situation of a
treating doctor versus an IME doctor.” However, it is well-established that the manifest
weight of the evidence is not measured simply by counting noses. Haas v. Woodard, 61 Ill.
App. 2d 378, 384-85 (1965) (“In determining the question of manifest weight, it is clear that
the number of witnesses may be a factor, but it is not the controlling consideration ***.”); see
also Augustine v. Stotts, 40 Ill. App. 2d 428, 433 (1963) (“The number of witnesses testifying
to a particular set of facts is not significant ***.”). Thus, the mere fact that two doctors
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interpreted the MRI as not showing a herniation while one did is not, in itself, enough for us
to say that an opposite conclusion to the Commission’s is clearly apparent.
¶ 23 Respondent next argues that Stanley’s comments noting the lack of complaints about
claimant’s back during claimant’s visit to the St. Alexius Medical Center for treatment for his
laceration is not dispositive of the issue of whether claimant sustained a back injury on that
date. We agree; however, we note that, while not dispositive, it, along with medical records
from that visit and claimant’s testimony, supports an inference that claimant did not injure
his back at that time. Respondent continues, “[I]t stands to reason the only complaint which
would be identified on this date would be related to the extensive laceration as this would be
the emergency treatment being provided on this date.” We do not disagree with respondent,
but we point out that this is not the only inference possible. In essence, respondent would like
us to draw the inference it suggests and substitute our judgment for the Commission, which
drew the contrary inference that the absence of a complaint indicated that no back injury
occurred during this incident. This we simply cannot do. See Setzekorn, 353 Ill. App. 3d at
1055.
¶ 24 Respondent points out that claimant had a long-standing history of back problems.
However, it is well established that an employer takes an employee as he or she finds him.
Sisbro, Inc. v. Industrial Comm’n, 207 Ill. 2d 193, 204-05 (2003). Thus, the existence of a
pre-existing condition does not preclude recovery under the Act. Respondent’s observation
is, therefore, irrelevant. Moreover, respondent acknowledges that claimant’s initial injury and
treatment were related to his employment.
¶ 25 In short, we find none of respondent’s attacks upon the Commission’s decision on
causation persuasive; therefore, we affirm it. As we uphold this finding by the Commission,
respondent’s attacks upon the Commission’s awards of prospective medical treatment and
TTD necessarily fail, as they are wholly derivative of respondent’s first argument.
¶ 26 B. AVERAGE WEEKLY WAGE
¶ 27 Respondent next contends the Commission erred in calculating claimant’s average
weekly wage. Claimant worked as a “casual employee” for respondent from December 11,
2010, to March 19, 2011. He subsequently obtained a certification as a “spotter.” After
becoming a spotter, claimant was employed as a full-time employee for 22 weeks prior to his
accident. Claimant earned more as a spotter than he did as a casual employee. The
Commission only counted claimant’s time as a spotter in calculating claimant’s average
weekly wage. Respondent contends it should have used both periods during which claimant
worked for respondent, which would result in a lower average weekly wage. Section 10 of
the Act provides, in pertinent part, as follows:
“The compensation shall be computed on the basis of the ‘Average weekly wage’
which shall mean the actual earnings of the employee in the employment in which he
was working at the time of the injury during the period of 52 weeks ending with the
last day of the employee’s last full pay period immediately preceding the date of
injury, illness or disablement excluding overtime, and bonus divided by 52 ***.”
(Emphasis added.) 820 ILCS 305/10 (West 2010).
At oral argument, a question arose as to the meaning of the phrase “in the employment in
which he was working at the time of the injury.” Id. On the one hand, it was posited that
“employment” (which is not defined in the Act) referred to the occupation in which the
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employee was working at the time of the injury, i.e., as a spotter. On the other, it was
suggested the “employment” meant the period during which the employee worked for the
employer, which would encompass both the period claimant worked as a spotter and the
period he was a casual employee.
¶ 28 Generally, where the language of a statute is clear, we must give effect to its plain
language. General Motors Corp. v. Pappas, 242 Ill. 2d 163, 180 (2011). In People v. Nash,
409 Ill. App. 3d 342, 349 (2011), the court explained that when the legislature does not
define a term in a statute, we may consult a dictionary to ascertain its meaning. Hence, we
turn first to the dictionary to ascertain whether the language of section 10 is clear and
unequivocal on this point. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary contains several
definitions for the term “employment.” Pertinent here, it defines “employment” as “work (as
customary trade, craft, service, or vocation) in which one’s labor or services are paid for by
an employer.” (Emphasis added.) Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 743 (2002).
This definition, particularly the italicized portion, supports interpreting the term as referring
to the particular job in which claimant was engaged at the time of the injury. However, the
dictionary also defines “employment” as “the act of employing someone or something or the
state of being employed.” (Emphasis added.) Id. This definition suggest that the entire time
that claimant was employed by respondent (as he was in “the state of being employed”)
should be considered under the statute. Thus, we are confronted with an ambiguity, so we
turn to ordinary principles of statutory construction to resolve it. Norris v. Industrial
Comm’n, 313 Ill. App. 3d 993, 996 (2000). Our primary goal remains to ascertain and give
effect to the intent of the legislature. Patton v. Industrial Comm’n, 147 Ill. App. 3d 738, 741
(1986).
¶ 29 Of course, “if the meaning of an enactment is unclear from the statutory language itself,
the court may look beyond the language employed and consider the purpose behind the law
and the evils the law was designed to remedy.” Gruszeczka v. Illinois Workers’ Compensation
Comm’n, 2013 IL 114212, ¶ 12. We may further consider “the consequences that would
result from construing the law one way or the other.” County of Du Page v. Illinois Labor
Relations Board, 231 Ill. 2d 593, 604 (2008). It has repeatedly been held that “the Act is a
remedial statute and should be liberally construed to effectuate its main purpose.” Interstate
Scaffolding, Inc. v. Illinois Workers’ Compensation Comm’n, 236 Ill. 2d 132, 149 (2010); see
also Pathfinder Co. v. Industrial Comm’n, 62 Ill. 2d 556, 563 (1976). The main purpose of
the Act is to “provide financial protection for injured workers.” Interstate Scaffolding, Inc.,
236 Ill. 2d at 149.
¶ 30 The present case illustrates why the legislature intended “employment” to mean the
particular job a claimant was engaged in at the time of an injury rather than the continuous
period of employment with a single employer. At the time of his accident, claimant was
earning wages as a spotter–that is what he lost as a result of the accident. Having secured his
union position, there is no indication that claimant would ever return to casual employment
in the future. As such, the true measure of claimant’s loss is the wages he was earning at the
time he was injured, and that is what his award should be based on. This is consistent with
the remedial purposes of the Act. Hasler v. Industrial Comm’n, 97 Ill. 2d 46, 52 (1983)
(holding that the purpose of the Act is to make an injured employee whole).
¶ 31 Indeed, the contrary interpretation would run afoul of the absurd-results rule, which states
that we must presume the legislature did not intend an absurd or unjust result when it enacted
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a statute. Hubble v. Bi-State Development Agency of the Illinois-Missouri Metropolitan
District, 238 Ill. 2d 262, 283 (2010). Quite simply, at issue is claimant’s loss of future
earnings. Our supreme court explained in Flynn v. Industrial Comm’n, 211 Ill. 2d 546, 561
(2004), “The aim of the system of workers’ compensation is to make an employee whole for
the interference with his future earnings occasioned by an injury.” Essentially, respondent’s
proposed method of calculating claimant’s average weekly wage imputes an intent to the
legislature to measure the degree of claimant’s compensation by something he did not lose
(i.e., a casual employee’s wages). Claimant is now a spotter; he is no longer a casual
employee. There is no relationship between what claimant earned as a casual employee and
what he lost when he could no longer work as a spotter. What he earned in a position he no
longer holds provides no insight into his future earnings. Thus, the proper measure of
claimant’s damages is the pay he received as a spotter. If we were to presume that the
legislature intended to measure claimant’s loss by something to which it bears no
relationship, we would be attributing to it an absurd and unjust intent. This is something we
will never do. See Hubble, 238 Ill. 2d at 283.
¶ 32 Accordingly, we find respondent’s position untenable for two reasons: it is contrary to the
purpose of the Act, and it would require us to impute an absurd, unjust intent to the
legislature. Therefore, we hold that “employment” as used in the context discussed above
means the position in which a claimant was working at the time of his or her injury. In this
case, at the time of his injury, claimant was working as a “spotter” and earning a salary based
on that position. Thus, the Commission properly used claimant’s employment at the time of
his injury in calculating his average weekly wage.
¶ 33 C. EVIDENTIARY RULING
¶ 34 The Commission excluded the deposition of Zelby from evidence because, it explained,
“Zelby’s opinions contained within the deposition transcript were not based on medical
records and not contained in his § 12, IME report.” It continued, claimant “was apparently
not provided with proper notice of that testimony.” It also noted that the issue was moot since
“the [a]rbitrator placed more reliance and credibility in the opinions of Dr. Stanley and found
for [claimant] on the [relevant] issues above.” Such evidentiary issues are matters within the
discretion of the Commission. Greaney v. Industrial Comm’n, 358 Ill. App. 3d 1002, 1010
(2005).
¶ 35 Initially, we note that respondent has forfeited this issue. In contravention of Illinois
Supreme Court Rule 341(h)(7) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013), respondent provides no legal authority to
support its argument on this point. As such, it is forfeited. See Kic v. Bianucci, 2011 IL App
(1st) 100622, ¶ 23. Moreover, the Commission, like the arbitrator, rejected Zelby’s opinion
in favor of Stanley’s, stating “Dr. Zelby’s opinions appear less credible than Dr. Stanley who
had been seeing [claimant] over a long period of time.” Therefore, even if the Commission
had not struck Zelby’s deposition testimony, a different result would not have followed. In
other words, in addition to being forfeited, this issue is moot. See Hanna v. City of Chicago,
382 Ill. App. 3d 672, 677 (2008) (“Mootness occurs once the plaintiff has secured what he
basically sought and a resolution of the issues could not have any practical effect on the
existing controversy.”). Accordingly, this argument provides no basis for us to disturb the
Commission’s decision.
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¶ 36 IV. CONCLUSION
¶ 37 In light of the foregoing, the decision of the circuit court of Cook County confirming the
decision of the Commission is affirmed.
¶ 38 Affirmed.
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