In the Missouri Court of Appeals
Eastern District
DIVISION FOUR
STATE OF MISSOURI, ) No. ED102088
)
Plaintiff/Respondent, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
) of the City of St. Louis
v. )
)
DRANEL CLARK, ) Honorable Thomas Frawley
)
Defendant/Appellant. ) Filed: February 23, 2016
Introduction
Dranel Clark (Appellant) appeals from the trial court’s judgment entered after a
jury trial convicting him of assault in the second degree, armed criminal action, and
resisting arrest. We affirm.
Factual and Procedural Background
The State charged Appellant, as a prior offender, with assault in the first degree
(Count I), armed criminal action (Count II), attempted robbery (Count III), armed
criminal action (Count IV), unlawful use of a weapon (Count V), and resisting arrest
(Count VI). The evidence adduced at trial, viewed in the light most favorable to the
verdict, is as follows.
In October 2011, Edward White (White) worked at a bar doing odd jobs. At
approximately 10 p.m. on October 1, 2011, White left the bar and walked to a check
cashing place about two blocks away to get change for the bar. On his way there, White
saw a group of young men on the street that made him nervous. After getting about $200
in change, White left the check cashing place and crossed the street to avoid the group of
men he had seen earlier.
As he crossed the street, Appellant started walking, and then running, toward him.
White was walking through a White Castle parking lot when Appellant caught him and
tried to push him into a car. White resisted.
Appellant put a gun to White’s head and told him to “up it” which White believed
meant to give Appellant the money. Appellant put the gun to White’s temple and pulled
the trigger but White “ducked real quick” and the bullet missed him. White struggled
with Appellant and Appellant shot again, this time grazing the back of White’s head.
Appellant fired a third shot, but the gun jammed. Appellant then began hitting White in
the back of the head with the gun.
Officer Aaron Quarles (Quarles) was driving in his patrol car when he heard a
gunshot at the White Castle approximately 100 feet away. Quarles saw two people
fighting and a muzzle flash, then heard another gunshot. Quarles pulled into the lot and
saw Appellant beating White. When Quarles told Appellant to stop, Appellant looked at
him and ran away. Quarles pursued Appellant in his vehicle, with the lights and siren
activated. Quarles saw the magazine fall out of the gun Appellant was carrying and then
saw Appellant throw the gun. Once Appellant threw the gun, Quarles exited his vehicle
and pursued Appellant on foot. Quarles ordered Appellant to stop but Appellant
continued to run until Quarles drew his firearm. Appellant then stopped and put his
hands up. When Quarles holstered his weapon, Appellant turned toward Quarles and
assumed a “fighting stance.” Quarles took out his baton and, while attempting to strike
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Appellant’s arm, hit Appellant in the head as Appellant bent over. Appellant then
complied with Quarles’ orders and was placed under arrest.
After the altercation, White returned to the bar where someone called the police.
White received stitches for lacerations on the side of his head and over his right eye.
The jury found Appellant guilty of the lesser-included offense of second-degree
assault (Count I), armed criminal action (Count II), unlawful use of a weapon (Count V),
and resisting arrest (Count VI). The trial court sentenced Appellant to seven years for
second-degree assault, three years for armed criminal action, and four years each for
unlawful use of a weapon and resisting arrest. The court ordered the sentences to run
concurrently except the three-year sentence for armed criminal action, which was ordered
to run consecutively to the assault charge, for a total sentence of ten years. Following
sentencing, the trial court vacated the conviction for unlawful use of a weapon by
agreement of the parties. This appeal follows.
Points on Appeal
In his first point, Appellant argues the trial court abused its discretion in failing to
grant a mistrial because the jury panel saw Appellant in restraints, without good cause,
which made Appellant appear to be dangerous and destroyed the presumption of
innocence to which he was entitled.
In his second point, Appellant contends the trial court abused its discretion in
limiting Appellant’s defense by allowing the State to redact pages of White’s medical
records admitted into evidence which contained the results of blood tests performed on
White because the positive alcohol and cocaine blood test results were relevant and
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admissible evidence and corroborated Appellant’s defense that White was intoxicated and
attacked Appellant.
In his third point, Appellant asserts the trial court abused its discretion in
submitting Jury Instruction 6 for assault in the second degree, in that Appellant was not
assured a unanimous verdict because the submitted instruction did not specify the
“assault” charged and did not ensure the jury would unanimously convict Appellant of
the same conduct, in that it was a disputed fact at trial whether Appellant shot at or struck
White.
Discussion
Point I − Restraints
Before jury selection began, the court sent the venire panel to lunch. After
addressing several pretrial matters, the court told the deputies that if any jurors were in
the courtroom following the lunch break, the deputies should allow Appellant to walk
into the courtroom ahead of them so it would not appear that they were escorting him into
the room. After the lunch recess, defense counsel advised the court the deputies may
have escorted Appellant into the courtroom in front of the jurors:
[Defense Counsel]: Judge, it’s been brought to my attention they
may have walked my client in in front of everybody. I wasn’t here so I
don’t know.
The Court: I told them specifically how to do it before I left.
[Defense Counsel]: I wasn’t here.
The Court: I wasn’t specifically in the room, but I told them how to
do it and I trust my deputies to do what I tell them to do.
[Defense Counsel]: Okay. I guess I don’t know how it was done,
I’m just going by what he’s telling me, they walked in side by side with
him. If that is the case I would request a mistrial at this point.
[Prosecutor]: I wasn’t here. I do know the court was very specific
in the court’s instruction. I do know those deputies well, I would be
shocked if it is anything other than what the court instructed them to do.
The Court: Your request is denied.
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On appeal, Appellant contends the trial court erred in failing to grant his request
for a mistrial because he was denied his rights to due process of law and a fair trial before
an impartial jury, in that the venire panel knew Appellant was incarcerated and Appellant
appeared in restraints without good cause, destroying the presumption of innocence to
which he was entitled.
Granting a mistrial is a drastic remedy employed only in the most extraordinary
circumstances. State v. Whitt, 461 S.W.3d 32, 37 (Mo. App. E.D. 2015). The trial court
is in the best position to determine whether a mistrial is appropriate. Id. We review the
denial of a motion for mistrial for abuse of discretion. Id.
Here, nothing in the record supports Appellant’s position on appeal that he
appeared before the venire panel in restraints. The trial court record indicates only the
possibility that the deputies walked into the courtroom “side by side” with Appellant.
Appellant’s suggestion on appeal that he was shackled, or even possibly shackled, before
the venire panel is completely unsupported by the record. Furthermore, uniformed
officers escorting a defendant into the courtroom does not imply restraint and the use of
identifiable security guards in the courtroom is not inherently prejudicial. State v.
Vaughn, 271 S.W.3d 632, 633 (Mo. App. W.D. 2008). Appellant’s Point I is denied.
Point II – Redaction of Medical Records
At trial, White testified he drank two to three beers on the night of the assault.
White denied having five or six beers or being intoxicated. White’s boss also testified
White did not appear to be intoxicated. During cross-examination, defense counsel
proceeded to question White about his drug use:
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[Defense Counsel]: …Now we talked about alcohol. Were you
under the influence of any drugs that night?
A. No, man, I don’t use no drugs.
Q. So you weren’t using any drugs around that time period?
A. No.
During a sidebar, the State argued the defense’s questioning regarding drug use
was an attempt to introduce irrelevant testimony regarding prior bad acts. A discussion
ensued about hospital records showing White had “tested positive” for cocaine on the
night of the assault. Defense counsel argued White’s denial of drug use “around that time
period” was a lie. The prosecutor argued it was unclear from the medical records when
the cocaine was ingested. Defense counsel stated he was “fine” with White’s answer.
Before the defense’s case-in-chief, defense counsel advised the court he was
going to introduce White’s hospital records into evidence under a business-records
affidavit. The prosecutor indicated she had no objection to their admission but would
object to those portions “including prior bad conduct like we discussed, the cocaine
amount.” At the conclusion of Appellant’s case, defense counsel moved to admit the
records. The prosecutor did not object to admission of the records as long as certain
portions were redacted in the event the records were sent to the jury during deliberations.
During deliberations, the jury sent a note to the court requesting White’s hospital
records. The prosecutor objected to the inclusion of White’s alcohol and drug testing
results. Defense counsel argued the records should be provided to the jury without
redaction because they dispute White’s testimony that he was not using drugs “around
that time period.” The court redacted the records as requested by the State before
submitting them to the jury for consideration.
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On appeal, Appellant argues the trial court abused its discretion redacting the
blood alcohol and drug testing results from White’s medical records because the positive
alcohol and cocaine blood test results were relevant and admissible evidence as they
served to impeach White’s testimony, corroborated Appellant’s testimony that White was
intoxicated and attacked Appellant, and went to the issue of whether White accurately
recalled the incident.
The trial court has broad discretion when ruling on the admission or exclusion of
evidence at trial, and this Court will not disturb the court’s ruling absent a showing of an
abuse of that discretion. State v. Kemp, 212 S.W.3d 135, 145 (Mo. banc 2007). “[T]hat
discretion is abused when a ruling is clearly against the logic of the circumstances and is
so unreasonable as to indicate a lack of careful consideration.” Id. We will reverse on
claims of error in the admission or exclusion of evidence only if the error was so
prejudicial that it deprived the defendant of a fair trial. Id. “Trial court error is not
prejudicial unless there is a reasonable probability that the trial court’s error affected the
outcome of the trial.” Id. at 145-46.
With regard to White’s blood alcohol, the test revealed White had an ethanol level
of 176.0 milligrams per deciliter at 11:10 p.m. on the night of the assault. A section titled
“Interpretive Data” in the comment section indicates that “[i]f ethanol is the only drug
taken, the blood level can be roughly correlated with the clinical findings:…100-200
mg/dL Emotional instability[,] 150-200 mg/dL Confusion…”
The drug testing records of White’s urine screen showed a “Value” of “confirmed
positive” for “cocaine metabolite” but the “Ref. Range” was “None Detected.” The
result also indicated a “Flag” of “A” and a “Status” of “C” but the records provided no
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information as to the meaning of the “Flag” or “Status.” The records subsequently stated
the “Value” for cocaine metabolite to be “Presumptive.” Under “Interpretive Data” in the
comments section, the records stated the “Immunoassay Screen cutoff level 150 ng/mL.
Drug results are to be used only for medical purposes. All results, especially
unconfirmed screening results, must not be used for non[-]medical purposes.”
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in redacting White’s medical records
prior to submitting them to the jury. The meaning and implication of the alcohol and
drug testing records were unclear without the assistance of expert testimony to explain
the results. It is unknown what is meant by a positive result for cocaine metabolite
without a detected range. There is no evidence as to when White may have consumed the
drugs and, therefore, the test results do not impeach White’s testimony that he did not
consume drugs on the night of the assault or “around that time period.”
There is no evidence that White’s ethanol level of 176.0 milligrams per deciliter
would impeach White’s testimony that he consumed two to three beers and was not
intoxicated on the night of the assault. Nor is there any evidence explaining the effect
this amount of ethanol in White’s blood would have had on White. Based on the
foregoing, Appellant’s Point II is denied.
Point III – Second-Degree Assault Instruction
At trial, the jury was instructed on the charged offense of first-degree assault in
Instruction 5 and on the lesser-included offense of second-degree assault in Instruction 6.
These instructions provided in relevant part as follows:
Instruction 5
As to Count I, if you find and believe from the evidence beyond a
reasonable doubt:
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That on or about October 1, 2011, in the City of St. Louis, State of
Missouri, the defendant attempted to kill or cause serious physical injury
to Edward White by shooting at him and striking him with a gun, then you
will find the defendant guilty under Count I of assault in the first degree.
However, unless you find and believe from the evidence beyond a
reasonable doubt each and all of these propositions, you must find the
defendant not guilty of that offense.
…
Instruction 6
As to Count I, if you do not find the defendant guilty of assault in
the first degree as submitted in Instruction No. 5, you must consider
whether he is guilty of assault in the second degree.
As to Count I, if you find and believe from the evidence beyond a
reasonable doubt:
That on or about October 1, 2011, in the City of St. Louis, State of
Missouri, the defendant attempted to cause physical injury to Edward
White by means of a deadly weapon by shooting at him and striking him
with a gun, then you will find the defendant guilty under Count I of assault
in the second degree
However, unless you find and believe from the evidence beyond a
reasonable doubt each and all of these propositions, you must find the
defendant not guilty of that offense.
…
Defense counsel objected to Instruction 6 at trial, contending the jury may convict
Appellant of second-degree assault based on a finding Appellant either shot at or struck
White. The trial court rejected Appellant’s objection, noting both instructions required
finding Appellant both shot at and struck the victim.
On appeal, Appellant asserts the trial court abused its discretion in submitting
Jury Instruction 6 for assault in the second degree, in that Appellant was not assured a
unanimous verdict because the instruction did not specify the assault charged and did not
ensure that the jury would unanimously convict Appellant of the same conduct.
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The submission of or refusal to submit a tendered jury instruction is within the
trial court’s discretion. State v. Davis, 203 S.W.3d 796, 798 (Mo. App. W.D. 2006). On
appeal, we review the trial court’s decision for an abuse of that discretion. Id.
Again, Appellant’s point on appeal is completely unsupported by the record.
Appellant attempts to liken this case to State v. Celis-Garcia, 344 S.W.3d 150, 152 (Mo.
banc. 2011), involving instructions as to seven separate incidents of statutory sodomy
which failed to differentiate the various acts in a way that ensured the jury unanimously
convicted the defendant of the same act or acts. The case sub judice is distinguishable, in
that Appellant was charged with one count of assault that occurred in one place at one
specific time.
Instruction 6 clearly required the jury to find Appellant attempted to injure White
by “means of a deadly weapon by shooting at him and striking him with a gun” in order
to find him guilty of second-degree assault. (Emphasis added). Jurors are presumed to
follow the instructions provided. State v. Dominguez-Rodriguez, 471 S.W.3d 337, 344
(Mo. App. E.D. 2015). As such, this Court presumes the jury did not deviate from the
clearly worded instruction and, instead, presumes the jury found Appellant both shot at
and struck White with a gun in convicting him of second-degree assault. Contrary to
Appellant’s contentions otherwise, nothing in the record indicates the jury did not come
to a unanimous decision with regard to the criminal conduct supporting the conviction.
Notably, Instruction 6 effectively increased the State’s burden by requiring the jury to
find Appellant committed both acts in order to convict Appellant of second-degree
assault. See State v. Edwards, 365 S.W.3d 240, 249 (Mo. App. W.D. 2012)(submission
of verdict director requiring the jury to find two distinct acts of sodomy where one alone
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would have been sufficient to
o sustain con
nviction incrreased the Sttate’s burdenn of proof).
The trial
t court did
d not err in submitting
s In
nstruction 6 on second-ddegree assauult as writtenn.
Appeellant’s Pointt III is denieed.
Conclusion
C
The judgm
ment of the trial
t court is affirmed.
SHERR
RI B. SULLIV
VAN, J.
Lisa S. Van Amb
burg, C.J., annd
Kurt S. Odenwald
d, J., concurr.
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State of Missouri, Plaintiff/Respondent v. Dranel Clark
Combined Opinion