[Cite as Newland v. AEC S. Ohio College L.L.C., 2016-Ohio-675.]
COURT OF APPEALS
STARK COUNTY, OHIO
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
ANGELA NEWLAND : JUDGES:
: Hon. Sheila G. Farmer, P.J.
Plaintiff-Appellee : Hon. W. Scott Gwin, J.
: Hon. John W. Wise, J.
-vs- :
:
AEC SOUTHERN OHIO COLLEGE :
LLC D/B/A BROWN MACKIE :
COLLEGE NORTH CANTON : Case No. 2015CA00145
:
Defendant-Appellant : OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Appeal from the Court of Common
Pleas, Case No. 2015CV00759
JUDGMENT: Reversed and Remanded
DATE OF JUDGMENT: February 22, 2016
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellee For Defendant-Appellant
LEE E. PLAKAS BRETT KRANTZ
BRANDON O. TRENT JUSTINE LARA KONICKI
220 Market Avenue South One Cleveland Center
8th Floor 29th Floor
Canton, OH 44702 1375 East Ninth Street
Cleveland, OH 44114-1793
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00145 2
Farmer, P.J.
{¶1} On October 7, 2011, appellee, Angela Newland, entered into an enrollment
agreement with appellant, AEC Southern Ohio College LLC dba Brown Mackie College
– North Canton, to participate in its paralegal program.
{¶2} On April 10, 2015, appellee filed a complaint against appellant, claiming
fraudulent and negligent misrepresentation regarding the program's accreditation, fraud,
and civil conspiracy. On May 15, 2015, appellant filed a motion to compel arbitration and
stay litigation as set forth in the enrollment agreement. Appellee opposed the motion. A
hearing was held on June 22, 2015. By judgment entry filed July 7, 2015, the trial court
denied the motion, finding the arbitration clause was procedurally and substantively
unconscionable and therefore unenforceable.
{¶3} Appellant filed an appeal and this matter is now before this court for
consideration. Assignments of error are as follows:
I
{¶4} "THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AS A MATTER OF LAW WHEN IT REFUSED
TO ENFORCE THE ARBITRATION PROVISION IN THE AGREEMENT."
II
{¶5} "THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED PLAIN ERROR WHEN IT
CONDUCTED INDEPENDENT DISCOVERY."
I
{¶6} Appellant claims the trial court erred in finding the arbitration clause in
appellee's enrollment agreement was unenforceable because it was both substantially
and procedurally unconscionable. We agree.
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00145 3
{¶7} As set forth in Taylor Building Corporation of America v. Benfield, 117 Ohio
St.3d 352, 2008-Ohio-938, ¶ 2, our standard of review is de novo: "We hold that the proper
standard of review of a determination whether an arbitration agreement is enforceable in
light of a claim of unconscionability is de novo, but any factual findings of the trial court
must be accorded appropriate deference."
{¶8} A review of the transcript of the June 22, 2015 hearing reveals sworn
testimony was not taken, nor were any affidavits submitted. The only evidence before
the trial court was the enrollment agreement. During a rather one-sided colloquy between
the trial court and appellant's attorney, certain concessions were made: 1) appellant
drafted the agreement, 2) the parties were not on equal footing in negotiating the
agreement, and 3) a scrivener's error in the arbitration clause stated a student could
select "one of these organizations as the administrator" when in fact only "JAMS" was
listed as the designated arbitration administrator. T. at 10, 16-17, 20.
{¶9} Appellee concedes: 1) she signed the agreement and initialed the page
containing the arbitration clause, and 2) the claims asserted in her complaint fall under
the arbitration clause if found to be valid. Appellee's Brief at 12; T. at 36.
{¶10} Therefore, our de novo review is limited to these five concessions and the
four corners of the enrollment agreement.
{¶11} R.C. Chapter 2711 governs arbitration. R.C. 2711.02(C) states the
following:
Except as provided in division (D) of this section, an order under
division (B) of this section that grants or denies a stay of a trial of any action
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00145 4
pending arbitration, including, but not limited to, an order that is based upon
a determination of the court that a party has waived arbitration under the
arbitration agreement, is a final order and may be reviewed, affirmed,
modified, or reversed on appeal pursuant to the Rules of Appellate
Procedure and, to the extent not in conflict with those rules, Chapter 2505.
of the Revised Code.
{¶12} R.C. 2711.01(A) states the following:
A provision in any written contract, except as provided in division (B)
of this section, to settle by arbitration a controversy that subsequently arises
out of the contract, or out of the refusal to perform the whole or any part of
the contract, or any agreement in writing between two or more persons to
submit to arbitration any controversy existing between them at the time of
the agreement to submit, or arising after the agreement to submit, from a
relationship then existing between them or that they simultaneously create,
shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, except upon grounds that exist
at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.
{¶13} "In examining an arbitration clause, a court must bear in mind the strong
presumption in favor of arbitrability and resolve all doubts in favor of arbitrability."
Neubrander v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 81 Ohio App.3d 308, 311 (9th Dist.1992).
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00145 5
{¶14} In its judgment entry filed July 7, 2015, the trial court found the arbitration
clause was unenforceable because it was both substantially and procedurally
unconscionable.
{¶15} In Taylor Building, supra, at ¶ 34 and 42, respectively, the Supreme Court
of Ohio stated the following on the issue of "unconscionability":
Unconscionability includes both " 'an absence of meaningful choice
on the part of one of the parties together with contract terms which are
unreasonably favorable to the other party.' " Lake Ridge Academy v.
Carney (1993), 66 Ohio St.3d 376, 383, 613 N.E.2d 183, quoting Williams
v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co. (C.A.D.C.1965), 350 F.2d 445, 449; see
also Collins v. Click Camera & Video, Inc. (1993), 86 Ohio App.3d 826, 834,
621 N.E.2d 1294. The party asserting unconscionability of a contract bears
the burden of proving that the agreement is both procedurally and
substantively unconscionable. See generally Ball v. Ohio State Home
Servs., Inc., 168 Ohio App.3d 622, 2006-Ohio-4464, 861 N.E.2d 553, ¶
6; see also Click Camera, 86 Ohio App.3d at 834, 621 N.E.2d
1294, citing White & Summers, Uniform Commercial Code (1988) 219,
Section 4–7 ("One must allege and prove a 'quantum' of both prongs in
order to establish that a particular contract is unconscionable").
Similarly, when a party challenges an arbitration provision as
unconscionable pursuant to R.C. 2711.01(A), the party must show that the
arbitration clause itself is unconscionable. If the court determines that the
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00145 6
arbitration clause is enforceable, claims of unconscionability that relate to
the contract generally, rather than the arbitration clause specifically, are
properly left to the arbitrator in the first instance.
{¶16} In Brunke v. Ohio State Home Services, Inc., 9th Dist. Lorain No.
08CA009320, 2008-Ohio-5394, our brethren from the Ninth District explained the
following:
"Procedural unconscionability concerns the formation of the
agreement and occurs when no voluntary meeting of the minds is
possible." Porpora [v. Gatliff Building, Co., 160 Ohio App.3d 843, 2005-
Ohio-2410] at ¶ 7, citing Bushman v. MFC Drilling, Inc. (July 19, 1995), 9th
Dist. No. 2403-M. "This Court has held that when determining procedural
unconscionability, a reviewing court must consider factors bearing directly
to the relative bargaining position of the parties." Ball [v. Ohio State Home
Services, Inc., 168 Ohio App.3d 622, 2006-Ohio-4464] at ¶ 7. Those factors
include "age, education, intelligence, business acumen, experience in
similar transactions, whether terms were explained to the weaker party, and
who drafted the contract." Featherstone [v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner
Smith, Inc., 159 Ohio App.3d 27, 2004-Ohio-5953] at ¶ 13, quoting Eagle [v.
Fred Martin Motor Co., 157 Ohio App.3d 150, 2004-Ohio-829] at ¶ 31.
"Substantive unconscionability encompasses those factors that concern the
contract terms themselves[.]" Eagle at ¶ 31. "Contractual terms are
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00145 7
substantively unconscionable if they are unfair and commercially
unreasonable." Ball at ¶ 7, citing Porpora at ¶ 8.
{¶17} The Taylor Building court stated at ¶ 44:
"Factors which may contribute to a finding of unconscionability in the
bargaining process [i.e., procedural unconscionability] include the following:
belief by the stronger party that there is no reasonable probability that the
weaker party will fully perform the contract; knowledge of the stronger party
that the weaker party will be unable to receive substantial benefits from the
contract; knowledge of the stronger party that the weaker party is unable
reasonably to protect his interests by reason of physical or mental
infirmities, ignorance, illiteracy or inability to understand the language of the
agreement, or similar factors." Restatement of the Law 2d, Contracts
(1981), Section 208, Comment d.
{¶18} In its judgment entry filed July 7, 2015, the trial court found the agreement
to be an adhesion contract, explained in Taylor Building, supra, at ¶ 49, citing Black's Law
Dictionary (8th Ed.2004) 342, as: "a standardized form contract prepared by one party,
and offered to the weaker party, usually a consumer, who has no realistic choice as to
the contract terms." As noted by Justice Cupp in Taylor Building at ¶ 50, not all adhesion
contracts are unconscionable per se:
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00145 8
To be sure, an arbitration clause in a consumer contract with some
characteristics of an adhesion contract "necessarily engenders more
reservations than an arbitration clause in a different setting," such as a
collective-bargaining agreement or a commercial contract between two
businesses. Williams v. Aetna Fin. Co., 83 Ohio St.3d at 472, 700 N.E.2d
859. However, even a contract of adhesion is not in all instances
unconscionable per se. As the Seventh Circuit recently observed in
rejecting a claim that an arbitration clause was unconscionable, "few
consumer contracts are negotiated one clause at a time." Carbajal v. H &
R Block Tax Servs., Inc. (C.A.7, 2004), 372 F.3d 903, 906. Indeed, so-
called "form contracts" can provide advantages to consumers. "Forms
reduce transactions costs and benefit consumers because, in competition,
reductions in the cost of doing business show up as lower prices * * *." Id.
{¶19} This observation is undeniably true. If all adhesion contracts were
procedurally unconscionable, none of us would be bound by car lease/rental agreements,
standard credit card agreements, standard cell phone agreements, or airplane tickets (to
mention a few). As consumers, on a daily basis we accept and agree to terms included
in agreements in which we are not the drafters, we are not on equal footing, and the
agreements are on a "take-it-or-leave-it" basis.
{¶20} As cited above, the case law directs us to look at the arbitration clause and
the weaker party's circumstances such as age and experience and the availability of other
entities offering the same opportunity. It was conceded at the hearing that appellee was
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00145 9
thirty-five years old and had two years of post-high school education. T. at 10, 34. As for
available alternatives to appellant's program, we can state Stark County has four four-
year colleges/universities and one technical college, as well as online for-profit schools.
Alternatives are not a defining issue.
{¶21} The six-paragraph arbitration clause sub judice includes the following
language in part:
If a student decides to initiate arbitration, the matter will be submitted
to JAMS, which will serve as the arbitration administrator pursuant to its
rules of procedure. If Brown Mackie College intends to initiate arbitration it
will notify the student in writing by regular mail at the student's latest address
on file with Brown Mackie College, and the student will have 20 days from
the date of the letter to select one of these organizations as the
administrator. If the student fails to select an administrator within that 20-
day period, Brown Mackie College will select one.
{¶22} The clause provides for either side to initiate arbitration and for appellant
(the drafter) to pay filing fees charged by the arbitration administrator, up to $3,500 per
claim. It further explains, in capital letters, what a person gives up in agreeing to arbitrate:
IF EITHER A STUDENT OR BROWN MACKIE COLLEGE
CHOOSES ARBITRATION NEITHER PARTY WILL HAVE THE RIGHT TO
A JURY TRIAL, TO ENGAGE IN DISCOVERY, EXCEPT AS PROVIDED
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00145 10
IN THE APPLICABLE ARBITRATION RULES, OR OTHERWISE TO
LITIGATE THE DISPUTE OR CLAIM IN ANY COURT (OTHER THAN IN
SMALL CLAIMS OR SIMILAR COURT, AS SET FORTH IN THE
PRECEDING PARAGRAPH, OR IN AN ACTION TO ENFORCE THE
ARBITRATOR'S AWARD). FURTHER, A STUDENT WILL NOT HAVE
THE RIGHT TO PARTICIPATE AS A REPRESENTATIVE OR MEMBER
OF ANY CLASS OF CLAIMANTS PERTAINING TO ANY CLAIM SUBJECT
TO ARBITRATION. THE ARBITRATOR'S DECISION WILL BE FINAL
AND BINDING. OTHER RIGHTS THAT A STUDENT OR BROWN
MACKIE COLLEGE WOULD HAVE IN COURT ALSO MAY NOT BE
AVAILABLE IN ARBITRATION.
{¶23} The enrollment agreement as a whole, including the arbitration clause,
provides for a six day cancellation period with a refund of all fees paid by the applicant.
Right above appellee's signature is the acknowledgment in bold letters: "My signature
below certifies that I have read, understood all aspects of this agreement, and
agreed to my rights and responsibilities, and that the College's cancellation and
refund policies have been clearly explained to me. It also affirms that I have
received an exact copy of this agreement."
{¶24} From the four corners of the agreement and the undisputed facts, we find
nothing in the record to conclude the arbitration clause was concealed from appellee, she
did not have the opportunity to read it, or she "was limited in understanding its impact in
any way." Schaefer v. Jim Brown, Inc., 11th Dist. Lake No. 2014-L-073, 2015-Ohio-1994,
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00145 11
¶ 16. In fact, appellee had six days to read and understand the agreement and could
have chosen to cancel it with a full refund of any monies paid. We find despite the fact
that the agreement is an adhesion contract, appellee has not met her burden of
establishing that the arbitration clause is procedurally and substantively unconscionable.
{¶25} Upon review, we find the trial court erred in finding the arbitration clause to
be unenforceable.
{¶26} Assignment of Error I is granted.
II
{¶27} Based on our decision in Assignment of Error I, we find this assignment of
error to be moot.
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00145 12
{¶28} The judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of Stark County, Ohio is
hereby reversed, and the matter is remanded to said court for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion
By Farmer, P.J.
Gwin, J. and
Wise, J. concur.
SGF/sg 115