Filed 2/29/16 P. v. Ford CA2/3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
THE PEOPLE, B259678
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. SA086297)
v.
REGINALD BAMA FORD,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
Mark E. Windham, Judge. Affirmed.
Marta I. Stanton, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Steven D. Matthews and Robert
C. Schneider, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
_________________________
Defendant and appellant Reginald Bama Ford raises contentions of sufficiency of
the evidence and sentencing errors following his conviction of robbery and attempted
robbery, with prior serious felony conviction and prior prison term findings. For the
reasons discussed below, the judgment is affirmed.
BACKGROUND
Viewed in accordance with the usual rules of appellate review (People v. Ochoa
(1993) 6 Cal.4th 1199, 1206), the evidence established the following.
1. Prosecution evidence.
a. The Hoyt incident.
On August 24, 2012, Jillian Hoyt lived in Santa Monica. At about 10:30 a.m. that
day, she walked to her car, which was parked in the alley behind her apartment. Hoyt got
into the car, put her purse on the passenger seat, and was settling in with the driver’s door
open when she noticed there was someone walking behind her car. Suddenly a man stuck
a gun close to her head and said something like, “ ‘Give me all your money.’ ” Hoyt took
her wallet from her purse and handed the man her cash. The man also demanded her
iPhone and her rings, and Hoyt complied. The man then told her to throw her keys on the
floor and put her head down. Hoyt again complied. After she heard the man leave, Hoyt
returned to her apartment and called 9-1-1.
When she was subsequently shown a photo array by the police, Hoyt identified
defendant Ford as the man who had robbed her.
b. The Kendrick incident.
On October 9, 2012, Megan Kendrick was getting ready to leave for work from
her ground-floor condominium in Santa Monica at approximately 8:40 a.m. when she
heard her front door knob being jiggled. Looking through a window, she saw a man
wearing a light-colored or white shirt walking away from her front door. A few minutes
later, Kendrick walked out to her detached garage which opened onto an alley.
Kendrick entered the garage, got into her car, and started the engine. There was
construction going on in the alley; Kendrick noticed some construction equipment and a
work crew. As she was about to back out of her garage, someone approached the driver’s
side of her car. A man opened her car door and crouched next to her. The man “made
shh-ing noises and told [her] to be quiet.” He had a gun in his right hand. Kendrick
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could see his face. But instead of remaining quiet, Kendrick screamed loudly. The man
responded by standing up and running away. Kendrick called 9-1-1 and described her
assailant as an African-American man wearing a light-colored or white shirt.
Shown a photo array, Kendrick identified Ford as her assailant. Ford’s fingerprint
was lifted from Kendrick’s car door. Kendrick testified her car was new, that she had
only had it a few weeks, and that it was always in the garage at night. Kendrick’s
residence was about one mile from Hoyt’s residence.
2. Defense evidence.
Defendant elicited testimony from two police officers regarding discrepancies in
the descriptions the victims gave of Ford. A friend of Ford’s testified that, at the time of
these two incidents, Ford had a distinctive beard and haircut.
3. Trial verdict.
Ford was convicted of robbery and attempted robbery, with four prior serious
felony convictions and two prior prison term findings (Pen. Code, §§ 211, 664 & 211,
667, subds. (b)-(i), 667.5).1
CONTENTIONS
Ford contends: (1) there was insufficient evidence to prove he intended to rob
Kendrick; and (2) the trial court erred by denying his Romero motion seeking to vacate
three of his Three Strikes priors.
DISCUSSION
1. There was sufficient evidence Ford intended to rob Kendrick.
Ford contends that because he did not demand Kendrick’s money or any of her
personal property, there was insufficient evidence to substantiate the intent element of
robbery. There is no merit to this claim.
1
All further statutory references are to the Penal Code.
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a. Legal principles.
“In assessing a claim of insufficiency of evidence, the reviewing court’s task is to
review the whole record in the light most favorable to the judgment to determine whether
it discloses substantial evidence – that is, evidence that is reasonable, credible, and of
solid value – such that a reasonable trier of fact could find the defendant guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt. [Citation.] The federal standard of review is to the same effect: Under
principles of federal due process, review for sufficiency of evidence entails not the
determination whether the reviewing court itself believes the evidence at trial establishes
guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, but, instead, whether, after viewing the evidence in the
light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the
essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. [Citation.] The standard of
review is the same in cases in which the prosecution relies mainly on circumstantial
evidence. [Citation.] ‘ “Although it is the duty of the jury to acquit a defendant if it finds
that circumstantial evidence is susceptible of two interpretations, one of which suggests
guilt and the other innocence [citations], it is the jury, not the appellate court[,] which
must be convinced of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. ‘ “If the
circumstances reasonably justify the trier of fact’s findings, the opinion of the reviewing
court that the circumstances might also reasonably be reconciled with a contrary finding
does not warrant a reversal of the judgment.” ’ [Citations.]” ’ [Citation.]” (People v.
Rodriguez (1999) 20 Cal.4th 1, 11.)
The reviewing court is to presume the existence of every fact the trier of fact could
reasonably deduce from the evidence. (People v. Ochoa, supra, 6 Cal.4th at p. 1206.)
Even if the reviewing court believes the circumstantial evidence might be reasonably
reconciled with the defendant’s innocence, this alone does not warrant interference with
the trier of fact’s verdict. (People v. Towler (1982) 31 Cal.3d 105, 118.) It does not
matter that contrary inferences could have been reasonably derived from the evidence.
As our Supreme Court said in People v. Rodriguez, supra, 20 Cal.4th 1, while reversing
an insufficient evidence finding because the reviewing court had rejected contrary, but
equally logical, inferences the jury might have drawn: “The [Court of Appeal] majority’s
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reasoning . . . amounted to nothing more than a different weighing of the evidence, one
the jury might well have considered and rejected. The Attorney General’s inferences
from the evidence were no more inherently speculative than the majority’s; consequently,
the majority erred in substituting its own assessment of the evidence for that of the jury.”
(Id. at p. 12, italics added.)
“Robbery is the felonious taking of personal property in the possession of another,
from his person or immediate presence, and against his will, accomplished by means of
force or fear.” (§ 211.) “The intent required for robbery has been described as the
specific intent to deprive the victim of the property permanently. [Citations.] Thus, ‘the
act of force or intimidation by which the taking is accomplished in robbery must be
motivated by the intent to steal . . . .’ [Citation.]” (People v. Anderson (2011) 51 Cal.4th
989, 994.)
b. Discussion.
Ford contends there was insufficient evidence that he intended to deprive
Kendrick of her property because he did not ask for her money or any other personal
property, nor did he attempt to take any of her property. He argues, “There are many
different possible motives for [his] conduct such as assault that do not include an intent to
permanently deprive.” Ford implies that in the absence of some indication that he was
demanding Kendrick’s property, his conviction was improperly founded on the mere
speculative assumption that he was attempting to commit a robbery.
We do not agree with Ford that the jury could not convict him of robbery absent
evidence that he demanded Kendrick’s property. The jury could have concluded from the
evidence presented that Ford was the same man Kendrick had seen minutes earlier
jiggling her front door knob in an apparent attempt to gain entry to her apartment. As the
Attorney General points out, “When appellant then appeared at Kendrick’s auto and
confronted her with a gun and instructed her to be quiet, a reasonable jury could infer that
appellant was moving from burglary to robbery in order to perpetrate his larcenous
intent.”
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People v. Gilbert (1963) 214 Cal.App.2d 566, involved a similar situation. Gilbert
had been loitering in a food market at closing time when Swift entered. Swift “drew a
pistol and approached the counter. [Gilbert] drew his gun and ordered employees and
customers to a room at the rear. As Swift reached the counter, he began to beat the
owner, one Eng, over the head with his gun, saying ‘You’re the man I wanted, . . . get in
the back.’ ” (Id. at p. 567.) At this point, Eng resisted and the two gunmen fled.
Appealing his conviction for attempted robbery and assault with a deadly weapon,
Gilbert argued there was insufficient evidence he intended to take any personal property
from Eng. The Court of Appeal disagreed: “Unquestionably, such intent is an essential
[element] of the crime of attempted robbery. But intent is manifested by the
circumstances connected with the offense. [Citation.] The presence of two armed
strangers in a market shortly after closing time, their substantially simultaneous display
of weapons, one pointing at the proprietor near the cash drawer and the other herding the
remaining occupants to a rear room, is an unfortunately familiar situation readily
suggesting intent to rob. The lack of some such phrase as ‘this is a stickup,’ or ‘hand
over your money,’ does not bar the reasonable inference that the forceful taking of
property is intended [citations]. It is argued that the only fair inference is that an assault
or battery upon Eng was intended. But there is direct evidence that Eng did not know
defendant, and a strong implication that he had never seen Swift. The more reasonable
inference, and that drawn by the jury, is that robbery was intended.” (Id. at pp. 567-568.)
In the case at bar, too, it was a fair inference that Ford intended to commit a
robbery. Someone wearing similar clothing had moments before jiggled Kendrick’s front
door knob; subsequently, Ford knelt next to Kendrick’s car with a gun in his hand and
told her to keep quiet. It was apparent from her testimony that Kendrick was not
acquainted with Ford. As our Supreme Court taught in People v. Rodriguez, supra,
20 Cal.4th 1, Ford’s argument that he might have been planning only to assault Kendrick
is simply an invitation to reweigh the evidence in a case where the jury’s attempted
robbery finding was “no more inherently speculative” (id. at p. 12) than Ford’s assault
suggestion.
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There was sufficient evidence to sustain Ford’s conviction of attempted robbery of
Kendrick.
2. Trial court properly denied Ford’s Romero request.
Ford contends the trial court abused its discretion by refusing to dismiss, under the
authority of People v. Superior Court (Romero) (1996) 13 Cal.4th 497 (Romero), three of
the four prior serious felony convictions used to enhance his sentence under the Three
Strikes law. We do not agree.
a. Legal principles.
The factors to be considered in ruling on a Romero motion were set forth in
People v. Williams (1998) 17 Cal.4th 148, 161: “[I]n ruling whether to strike or vacate a
prior serious and/or violent felony conviction allegation or finding under the Three
Strikes law . . . ‘in furtherance of justice’ pursuant to Penal Code section 1385(a), or in
reviewing such a ruling, the court in question must consider whether, in light of the
nature and circumstances of his present felonies and prior serious and/or violent felony
convictions, and the particulars of his background, character, and prospects, the
defendant may be deemed outside the scheme’s spirit, in whole or in part, and hence
should be treated as though he had not previously been convicted of one or more serious
and/or violent felonies.”
“[A] trial court’s refusal or failure to dismiss or strike a prior conviction allegation
under section 1385 is subject to review for abuse of discretion.” (People v. Carmony
(2004) 33 Cal.4th 367, 375.) “In reviewing for abuse of discretion, we are guided by two
fundamental precepts. First, ‘ “[t]he burden is on the party attacking the sentence to
clearly show that the sentencing decision was irrational or arbitrary. [Citation.] In the
absence of such a showing, the trial court is presumed to have acted to achieve legitimate
sentencing objectives, and its discretionary determination to impose a particular sentence
will not be set aside on review.” ’ [Citations.] Second, a ‘ “decision will not be reversed
merely because reasonable people might disagree. ‘An appellate tribunal is neither
authorized nor warranted in substituting its judgment for the judgment of the trial
judge.’ ” ’ [Citation.] Taken together, these precepts establish that a trial court does not
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abuse its discretion unless its decision is so irrational or arbitrary that no reasonable
person could agree with it.” (Id. at pp. 376-377.) Hence, “ ‘[w]here the record
demonstrates that the trial court balanced the relevant facts and reached an impartial
decision in conformity with the spirit of the law, we shall affirm the trial court’s ruling,
even if we might have ruled differently in the first instance’ ” (Id. at p. 378.)
b. Discussion.
Ford asserts that at least three of his prior serious felony convictions should have
been vacated because “[h]is prior strikes arose from one 1993 case and are remote (21
years old),” and “[t]he victims in the current case were not injured.”
Ford’s probation report demonstrates that he has a substantial criminal history. As
a juvenile in 1991, Ford was charged with robbery and battery, although only the battery
charge (§ 242) was sustained. As an adult, Ford was convicted in 1993 of forcible rape,
sexual penetration by a foreign object, robbery and attempted robbery (§§ 261, 289, 211,
664 & 211). As to each of these four convictions, he was found to have used a firearm.
Ford acknowledges these crimes involved “multiple victims.”2 As a result of these 1993
convictions, he was sentenced to prison for a term of 24 years 4 months. In 2006, after
being charged with robbery and evading a peace officer (§ 211; Veh. Code, § 2800), Ford
was found to be in violation of parole and was returned to prison. The People’s
opposition to the request for Romero relief asserted (and Ford does not dispute), that he
was paroled in September 2005, violated parole in March 2006, paroled again in
December 2006, again violated parole in March 2009, and was ultimately discharged in
September 2009. The current crimes were committed just three years later.
Given the seriousness of Ford’s overall record and his recidivism, we cannot say
the trial court abused its discretion by denying the Romero motion. (See People v. Strong
(2001) 87 Cal.App.4th 328, 338 [“the overwhelming majority of California appellate
courts have reversed the dismissal of, or affirmed the refusal to dismiss, a strike of those
2
After examining the complaint in the 1993 matter, the prosecutor represented to
the trial court that the robbery and the attempted robbery had been committed against two
different victims on two different dates.
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defendants with a long and continuous criminal career.”]; see also People v. Carmony,
supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 378 [“ ‘[w]here the record demonstrates that the trial court
balanced the relevant facts and reached an impartial decision in conformity with the spirit
of the law, we shall affirm the trial court’s ruling, even if we might have ruled differently
in the first instance’ ”].)
The trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying Ford’s Romero request.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
EDMON, P. J.
We concur:
ALDRICH, J.
JONES, J.*
*
Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
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